Bio 105 Hope College
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emergent properties
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properties that do not occur at lower levels because they result from the INTERACTION of the entities at the lower levels of organization. Examples: population growth, flocking behavior, and consciousness
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Collective properties
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those that result simply from addictive properties of the system at lower levels of organization.
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Abiotic Factors
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are the non-living parts of an organism's habitat, impact the distribution and abundance of organisms.
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Tropical Deciduous
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Rainfall 130-280cm a year, hot year round, distinct dry season-2-3 months long, rainy season, trees lose leaves, open canopy, diverse animals, soil is fertile. Examples: India. Animal life: monkeys, antelopes, wild pigs, and tigers.
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Tropical Rain Forest
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Rainfall>320cm per year, hot year round, soils nutrient poor, dense canopy, diverse animal and plant life. Examples North South America, Central America, Western and Central Africa, SE Asia
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Temperate Deciduous Forest
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Rainfall between 75-200cm, Temps fall below freezing but not bellow -12C, low species diversity, mammals hibernate, and birds migrate. Examples: Eastern U.S., Western Europe, animal species: squirrels, wolves bobcats, foxes, bears, and mountain lions.
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Temperate Grassland (prairie)
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Rainfall 25-100cm, Temps fall to -10C summers 30C, different moisture gradients. Examples: Bison, pronghorn, wild horses, kangaroos, in N American, Russia, Argentina, and S Africa
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Cold Desert
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Rainfall less than 25cm/yr, Temps can be high in the summer, and around freezing in winter, not many plant species, and many burrowing species. Examples: Rodents, foxes, coyotes, Central Asia, North America , and East Argentina.
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Temperate Coniferous Forest (Taiga)
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Rainfall 30-100cm (often snow), Temp very cold, heavily furred animals. Examples: North America, and Russia, Evergreens conifers.
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Tropical grassland (Savannah)
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Rainfall between 50-130cm/yr, temp avg 24-29C, Poor soil, grasses with prevalent fires. Examples: Africa, North Aus, Antelope, zebra, wildebeest, cheetah, lion, leopard, hyena.
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Tundra
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>25cm rainfall per yr, permafrost (layer of permanently frozen soil), summer temps- 3-12C, Winters -32C, No trees, close to ground vegetation, low plant diversity, and heavily insulated animals. Examples: Mostly Northern Hemisphere, migratory birds.
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Temperate Rain Forest
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Rainfall >200cm/yr, temps do not fall bellow freezing but never exceed 27C, large evergreen trees. Examples: NW and SW America, mule deer, elk, squirrels, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.
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Hot Desert
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Rainfall less than 30cm/yr, temp very variable below freezing at night to 50C in the day. Examples: Sahara, plants: succulents, annuals, desert shrubs, animals: reptiles, birds, rodents, lizards, and snakes.
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Population Level Ecology
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3 general categories: 1) Clumped (or Aggregated) Ex: Wooly aphids 2) Uniform (or hyper-dispersed) Ex: Squirrels 3) Random (randomly distributed resources)
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Carrying Capacity
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The max number of individuals that can be supported by the environment.
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r selected
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lots of reproduction w/ the hope of a few surviving.
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k selected
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A few offspring at a time, lots of parental care. Ex: elephants and plants.
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Semelparity
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Breed once (some trees)
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Iteroparity
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seasonal and continuous, Examples (term is meant for breeding)
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Population change over time
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Change Population/ Change Time= Births- Deaths Nt= No * e^rt(or)((b-d)*t) N=population
