question

People and animals learn about the consequences of behavior through:

answer

operant conditioning.

question

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of _____ behavior.

answer

observable

question

Through direct experience with animals, we anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates:

answer

associative learning.

question

_____ said, "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select, doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors."

answer

John B. Watson

question

In classical conditioning, a person learns _____, while in operant conditioning, a person learns _____.

answer

to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events; to associate a response (behavior) and its consequence

question

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

answer

observable behavior.

question

_____ is being able to learn new behaviors that help an organism cope with new or changing circumstances.

answer

Adaptability

question

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus, which after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response, is called a(n):

answer

conditioned stimulus (CS).

question

Conditioning is the process of:

answer

learning associations.

question

Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) _____ comes after a(n) _____.

answer

CS; US

question

Conditioning is the process of learning _____.

answer

associations

question

Nate had cancer as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made him nauseous. As he underwent a year of treatment, just walking into the waiting room made him nauseous. The chemotherapy is the:

answer

unconditioned stimulus.

question

People and animals learn about the consequences of behavior through _____ conditioning.

answer

operant

question

Pavlov's dog stopped salivating to the bell when the food was no longer paired with the bell. This is called:

answer

extinction.

question

In psychology, _____ refers to learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses.

answer

conditioning

question

Walter was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. Today, he is fearful of all dogs. His reaction best illustrates:

answer

generalization.

question

_____ is the process of learning associations.

answer

Conditioning

question

Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) _____ repeatedly comes before a(n) _____.

answer

unconditioned stimulus (US); neutral stimulus (NS)

question

_____ is a relatively permanent behavior change due to experience.

answer

Learning

question

Edelia had cancer and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, just entering the waiting room made her nauseous. The waiting room became the:

answer

conditioned stimulus.

question

Animals and humans learn about the consequences of behavior through:

answer

operant conditioning.

question

Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through association, whereas observational learning involves learning through _____.

answer

imitation

question

Observational learning involves learning through _____.

answer

imitation

question

Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through imitation.

answer

association

question

Animals and humans learn about the consequences of behavior through _____ conditioning.

answer

operant

question

_____ is the ability to learn new behaviors that help a person to cope with new or changing circumstances.

answer

Adaptability

question

Loretta had cancer and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, just entering the waiting room made her nauseous. The _____ is the unconditioned stimulus.

answer

chemotherapy

question

In operant conditioning a person learns to associate a response and its _____.

answer

consequence

question

In classical conditioning a person learns to associate two _____.

answer

stimuli

question

Zach wants to train his dog to sit and lay down on command. Zach should use _____ conditioning to train his dog.

answer

operant

question

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the _____ was the unconditioned response (UR).

answer

fear of a loud noise

question

People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____ conditioning.

answer

classical

question

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the _____ , that after conditioning became the conditioned stimulus, was a white rat.

answer

neutral stimulus

question

Your psychology assignment is to observe and list any behaviors of your relatives that indicate learning. Which of these should be included on your list?

answer

Your little brother whines whenever he wants something.

question

People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____. People and animals learn the association between a behavior and a consequence through _____.

answer

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

question

Macy gave her dog a treat each time she came to Macy when she called her name. Soon the dog came every time Macy called the dog's name. This is an example of:

answer

operant conditioning.

question

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the fear of a loud noise was the _____.

answer

unconditioned response

question

Every time Maureen opens the cabinet where she stores her dog's treats, her dog begins to bark in anticipation. This is an example of _____ learning.

answer

associative

question

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the unconditioned stimulus (US) used to produce fear was a(n) _____.

answer

loud noise

question

In psychology, the term "conditioning" refers to:

answer

learning associations between events and behavioral responses.

question

Both Watson and Pavlov believed that psychology should study only objective and _____ psychological phenomena.

answer

observable

question

Five-year-old Destiny is frightened by the noise thunder makes. Thus, when Destiny sees lightning, she often cries in anticipation of the thunder. This is an example of:

answer

classical conditioning.

question

While 5-year-old Lolita was looking at one of the balloons her mother set out for her birthday, Lolita's brother Jorgan took a pin and popped the balloon, causing Lolita to flinch and blink. Later during the party, when Lolita's mother approached her with a balloon, she blinked and flinched. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

answer

classical

question

_____ is the ability to differentiate between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and other stimuli that have not been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US).

answer

Discrimination

question

Lightning is associated with thunder because it precedes it. Thus, when a person sees lightning, that person anticipates hearing thunder soon afterward. This is an example of:

answer

classical conditioning.

question

Both Watson and Pavlov believed that psychology should study only _____ and observable psychological phenomena.

answer

objective

question

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment with dogs, the tone was the _____ stimulus.

answer

neutral

question

Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate:

answer

two stimuli.

question

In their dismissal of "mentalistic" concepts such as consciousness, Pavlov and Watson underestimated the importance of _____ processes and biological constraints on an organism's learning capacity.

answer

cognitive

question

Watson and Rayner taught "Little Albert" to fear white rats by:

answer

repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat.

question

Watson and Rayner taught "Little Albert" to fear white rats by repeatedly pairing a _____ with the presentation of a white rat.

answer

loud noise

question

What happened after "Little Albert" was classically conditioned to fear a tame white rat?

answer

Stimulus generalization occurred; Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects.

question

Both Watson and Pavlov believed that psychology should study only _____ and _____ psychological phenomenon.

answer

objective; observable

question

Conditioning seldom occurs when a CS comes after a(n) _____.

answer

US

question

In classical conditioning the _____ elicits no response prior to conditioning. After conditioning, it will become the conditioned stimulus.

answer

neutral stimulus

question

_____ is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

answer

Spontaneous recovery

question

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus (CS) used to produce fear was:

answer

a white rat.

question

In classical conditioning, the _____ elicits no response prior to conditioning. After conditioning, it will become the conditioned stimulus.

answer

neutral stimulus (NS)

question

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the unconditioned stimulus (US) used to produce fear was:

answer

a loud noise.

question

In classical conditioning, something that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response is called a(n):

answer

unconditioned stimulus (US).

question

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the neutral stimulus, that after conditioning became the conditioned stimulus, was a(n) _____.

answer

white rat

question

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the _____ was the conditioned response (CR).

answer

fear of the white rat

question

Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) _____ repeatedly comes before a neutral stimulus (NS).

answer

unconditioned stimulus

question

What phenomenon was Pavlov focusing on when he began his studies on what eventually became known as classical conditioning?

answer

the digestive system

question

After Watson classically conditioned "Little Albert" to fear a tame white rat, _____ occurred, which caused Albert to respond fearfully to other furry animals and fuzzy objects.

answer

generalization

question

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the neutral stimulus, that after conditioning became the conditioned stimulus, was:

answer

a white rat.

question

In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring reaction to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

answer

unconditioned response (UR)

question

One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how psychology could be based on _____ methods.

answer

objective

question

In his experiments, Pavlov found that _____ often occurred after a conditioned response was extinguished if, after a few hours without the CS or the US, the tone was presented again.

answer

spontaneous recovery

question

In his experiments, Pavlov found that spontaneous recovery often occurred after a conditioned response was extinguished if:

answer

after a few hours without the CS or the US, the tone was presented again.

question

_____ is the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies only observable behavior.

answer

Behaviorism

question

This is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

answer

spontaneous recovery

question

_____ is the ability to differentiate between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and similar stimuli that have not been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US).

answer

Discrimination

question

"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select, doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors." Which psychologist made this statement?

answer

John B. Watson

question

Researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with an electric shock. The electric shock is a(n) _____.

answer

unconditioned stimulus

question

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the _____ was a white rat, which after conditioning, became the conditioned stimulus.

answer

neutral stimulus

Basic Learning Concepts and Classical Conditioning – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards