Test Answers on Bact/Myc – Microbiology – Flashcards
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| What organism causes Aspergillosis? |
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| Aspergillus fumigatus |
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| What can keratitis lead to? |
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| Blindness |
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| What condition does Aspergillosis cause in chicks? |
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| Brooder Pneumonia |
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| What condition does Aspergillosis cause in cattle? |
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| Mycotic Abortion |
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| What condition does Aspergillosis cause in horses? |
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| Guttural Pouch Mycosis; Keratomycosis; Keratitis |
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| What is keratitis? (Fungal keratitis) |
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| Inflammation of Cornea |
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| What enables Aspergillosis/Brooder Pneumonia in chicks? |
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| Poor hygienic conditions |
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| What is seen in guttural pouch mycosis? |
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| Plaques on arteries (internal carotid); Aspergillus hyphae in pouch wall |
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| What condition does Aspergillosis cause in dogs? Describe it. |
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| Nasal Aspergillosis; Destruction of turbinate bones, profuse blood-tinged exudate from nose |
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| What condition does Aspergillosis cause in humans? |
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| Farmers Lung |
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| What is a distinguishing morphological characteristic of Aspergillus? |
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| Fruiting Head (chains of pigmented conidia) |
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| What are some means of visualizing/diagnosing Aspergillus fumigatus? |
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| Wet mount from culture (Lactophenol Cotton Blue stain); Culture of Sabouraud Agar; KOH Wet Mount of deep scrapings (tissue or lung sample); Radiograph; Rhinoscopy; Serological Test (AGID) for dogs |
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| Is there a membrane covering the conidia of A. fumigatus? |
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| No |
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| Describe the pathogenesis of brooder pneumonia. |
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| Aspergillus produces elastases & proteases which destroy structural barriers of lung |
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| What is visualized in a wet mount of culture using lactophenol cotton blue stain for Aspergillus? |
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| Typical Conidial heads; Fruiting head of conidiophore |
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| What birds are susceptible to Aspergillosis? |
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| Chicks, Pigeons, Pet birds |
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| What is present on an aborted calf as a result of Aspergillosis? |
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| Raised cutaneous plaques resembling ring-worm lesions |
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| Describe the pathogenesis of A. fumigatus mycotic abortion. |
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| Aspergillus spores --> Blood --> Placental Invasion --> Impaired Circulation --> Fetal death |
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| What organism can cause fungal keratitis? |
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| A. fumigatus |
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| What is seen in a corneal section infected w/ A. fumigatus? |
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| Fungal hyphae |
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| What is the Tx for guttural pouch mycosis in horses? |
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| Antifungal Infusion; Surgical Occlusion of artery to prevent bleeding |
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| Describe the pathogenesis of nasal aspergillosis in dogs. |
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| Elastase, proteases, dermonecrotoxin --> Destruction of turbinate bones --> Epistaxis (bleeding from nose) |
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| Can Gram stain be used to diagnose Aspergillosis? |
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| No |
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| AGID |
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| Agarose Gel Immunodiffusion |
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| What is seen in necrotic material in the case of Aspergillosis? |
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| Mycelia |
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| How is Aspergillosis controlled in poultry? Cattle? |
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| Litter change; Avoid bad hay & silage |
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| What is the Tx for Aspergillosis in horses? |
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| Ketoconazole locally + Itraconozole systemically; Natamycin or Miconazole topical for keratitis |
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| What is the preferred Tx for nasal aspergillosis in dogs? What is a 2nd option? |
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| Clotrimazole nasal infusion; Fluconazole systemic |
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| Can Gram Stain be used for yeasts? |
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| Yes |
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| Are yeasts unicellular or multicellular? |
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| Unicellular |
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| What is the shape of yeasts? What may occur in yeast-infected tissues? |
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| Round/Oval; Hyphae |
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| Where are yeasts commonly found? |
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| Skin, mucus membranes |
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| Where is Malassezia a commensal in the body? |
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| Skin, Ears |
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| What can cause yeast dz? |
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| Immunosuppression; Antibacterial therapy |
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| Is Cryptococcus a commensal? |
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| No |
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| Where is Candida a commensal in the body? |
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| Intestinal mucosa, Genital tract, Mouth |
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| What are 3 important yeasts? |
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| Candida, Cryptococcus, Malassezia |
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| What do Candida form in tissue? |
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| Pseudohyphae |
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| What dz is caused by Candida? |
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| Candidiasis; Moniliasis; Thrush |
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| What is a commensal of the alimentary tract that causes endogenous infections? |
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| Candida albicans |
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| What dz does Candida cause in dogs & cats? |
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| Mycotic stomatitis; Genital Candidiasis |
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| What does Candida cause in young animals on prolonged antibacterial therapy? |
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| Enteritis |
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| What dz does Candida cause in poultry? |
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| Crop Mycosis/Thrush/Monoiliasis |
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| What does Candida cause in horses? |
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| Metritis; Vaginitis |
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| What is seen in the crop of a chicken w/ Monoiliasis/Thrush? |
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| Whitish plaques |
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| What is seen in the oral cavity & genital mucosa of dogs & cats w/ Candidiasis? |
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| Whitish plaques |
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| Candida often proliferates after _____. |
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| Prolonged antibacterial therapy |
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| Describe the morphology of Candida albicans. |
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| Dark purple oval bodies |
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| Can Gram stain be used for Candida? |
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| Yes |
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| How is Candida diagnosed in a calf w/ enteritis? |
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| Gram stain of Fecal smear |
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| What drug can be used to treat Candida-induced enteritis? |
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| Nystatin |
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| Is nystatin BS or NS? |
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| NS |
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| Candida albicans switches from ____ to ____ state in tissue. |
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| Yeast; Filamentous |
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| How is Candida albicans diagnosed? |
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| Sabouraud agar culture; KOH wet mount; Gram stain; Latex Agglutination |
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| What is the pathogenesis of Candidiasis? |
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| Candida adheres to mucus membrane; Pseudohyphae invade epithelium; Pseudomembranous ulcerative inflammation |
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| What is seen in a Gram stain of Candida? |
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| Budding yeasts |
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| What do Latex agglutination kits detect w/ Candida? |
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| Ag in body fluids |
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| What is the Tx for Candida? For GI overgrowth? |
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| Nystatin topical or Ketoconazole; Nystatin oral |
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| What is nystatin specific against? |
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| Yeasts |
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| What is the habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans? |
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| Soil & Pigeon droppings |
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| In what animals does Cryptococcus neoformans cause sporadic dz? |
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| Cats (more); Dogs |
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| Describe how Cryptococcus neoformans is acquired. |
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| Airborne infection --> Nasal Granulomas --> Paranasal Sinuses --> Hematogenous Dissemination |
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| What are some symptoms of Cryptococcus neoformans inf? |
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| Sneezing, Snuffing, Mucopurulent/Hemorrhagic Nasal Discharge |
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| How is Cryptococcus neoformans diagnosed? |
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| Wet mounts, culture, agglutination test |
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| Can Gram stain be used for Cryptococcus? |
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| No |
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| What is used for Tx & Control of Cryptococcus neoformans? |
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| Itraconazole; Fluconazole (Both better than Ketoconazole); Decontaminate affected premises |
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| In dogs, symptoms of Cryptococcus neoformans inf. are similar to those associated w/ ______. |
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| Aspergillosis |
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| Name an antivirulence factor of Cryptococcus |
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| Anti-phagocytic capsule |
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| What distinguishes Cryptococcus from Malassezia & Candida in a wet mount? |
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| Capsule |
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| Is Cryptococcus dimorphic? |
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| No |
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| Cryptococcus remains in ____ form in both environment (____C) & host (____C). |
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| Yeast; 25; 37 |
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| What areas are affected by Cryptococcus? Where are lesions located? |
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| Skin & Eyelids |
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| In cats, Cryptococcus spreads from ____ to ____. |
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| Sinuses; Skin & Eyes |
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| What can be found in the brain of a cat infected w/ Cryptococcus? Why? |
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| Cryptococcal capsular mass; Enzymes (phospholipases) disrupt host cell membranes & cause granulomas |
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| What condition is cause by Cryptococcus in cats? What can be seen in tissue sections? |
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| Encephalitis; Capsulated Cryptococcus |
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| What is another name for Malassezia pachydermatis? |
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| Pityrosporum canis |
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| Is Malassezia pachydermatis systemic? |
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| No |
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| What is the shape of Malassezia pachydermatis? |
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| Bottle, peanut, or footprint-shaped yeast |
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| What does Malassezia cause in dogs? |
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| Otitis externa |
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| What condition is associated w/ Malassezia pachydermatis? |
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| Chronic Dermatitis (Pruritis, Alopecia, Erythema) |
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| Describe how Malassezia causes chronic dermatitis. |
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| Lipids help attachment to cell wall components --> Pruritis --> Skin thickens (elephant-like skin) |
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| How is Malassezia diagnosed? |
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| Gram stain; Wet Mounts; Culture on SAB (fungus) & BA (bacteria) |
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| Tx for Malassezia: |
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| Nystatin or Clotrimazole topical; Ketoconazole oral for dermatitis |
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| Among azole drugs, which has the best activity against Malassezia? |
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| Ketoconazole |
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| Malassezia in dogs can cause ____ in abdominal area. |
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| Alopecia & Crusts |
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| Malassezia infection can cause ____ on the paws. |
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| Interdigital Dermatitis |
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| What yeasts is Nystatin used to treat? |
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| Candida; Malassezia |
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| What is the main animal species affected by dimorphic fungi blastomycosis? |
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| Dog |
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| Where does dimorphic fungi blastomycosis occur? |
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| USA |
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| What is the primary target of dimorphic fungi blastomycosis in humans? |
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| Lungs |
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| What is the habitat of dimorphic fungi blastomyces? |
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| Soil-borne (mycelial phase w/ spores) |
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| Describe the pathogenesis of dimorphic fungi blastomycosis. |
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| Aerosol inhalation --> Granulomatous lesions in lungs --> Respiratory distress |
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| Dimorphic fungi display ____ phase in the environment, & ____ phase in the animal body. |
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| Mycelial; Yeast |
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| With dimorphic fungi blastomyces, ____ from ____ may cause inf via respiratory tract. |
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| Spores; Mycelia |
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| Dimorphic blastomyces fungi cause canine _____; Fungal cells are seen in epitheliod ____. |
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| Pulmonary Blastomycosis; Granuloma |
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| Does blastomyces have a capsule? |
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| No |
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| Is Blastomycosis common in USA? CAN? |
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| Yes; No |
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| How is blastomycosis diagnosed? |
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| Wet mount of transtracheal aspirate or skin lesion exudate; Culture |
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| What form of blastomyces is seen w/ wet mount of transtracheal aspirate or skin lesion exudate? |
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| Budding yeast cells |
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| What form of blastomyces is seen w/ culture @ 25C? |
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| Mycelial |
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| Tx for Blastomycosis: |
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| Itraconazole (oral) for ~60 days |
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| Describe the blastomyces fungus. |
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| Thick cell wall, no capsule; hematogenous spread to skin & organs may occur |
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| In pulmonary blastomycosis, what does the lung look like? |
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| Liver |
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| Is blastomycosis contagious? |
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| Only by biting |
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| What animals are most affected by Histoplasmosis? |
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| Dogs & Cats |
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| What dimorphic fungus causes Histoplasmosis? |
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| Histoplasma capsulatum |
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| What is the source of Histoplasma capsulatum? |
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| Soil enriched w/ bat or bird excreta |
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| Where does Histoplasmosis occur? |
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| USA |
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| Describe the pathogenesis of histoplasmosis. |
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| Infection via inhalation --> Granulomatous lesions/nodules in lungs; Intestine may be affected |
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| What are symptoms of histoplasmosis? |
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| Chronic cough, diarrhea, emaciation |
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| How is histoplasmosis diagnosed? |
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| Histopath; Buffy coat smear; Serology |
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| What is seen in a blood smear with histoplasmosis? What stain is used? |
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| Multiplication of yeast cells in macrophages; Wright stain |
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| What is seen in culture w/ Histoplasma capsulatum? |
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| Mycelia & typical tuberculate macroconidia |
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| Is Histoplasma infectious to humans? |
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| Highly |
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| What is the Tx for Histoplasma capsulatum? |
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| Itraconazole or Fluconazole (oral) |
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| Which dimorphic fungus is cartwheel-like? |
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| Histoplasma capsulatum |
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| What dimorphic fungus causes "Valley disease" in humans? Where? |
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| Coccidiodomycosis; Arizona & California |
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| What is the habitat of Coccidioides immitis? |
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| Soil or dust-borne; Southern USA; S Am |
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| What animal is most affected by coccidioidomycosis? |
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| Dog |
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| Describe the pathogenesis of Coccidioidomycosis. Is there horizontal transmission? |
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| Infection by inhaling infective arthrospores; No |
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| What is the shape of Coccidioides immitis? |
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| Barrel-shaped arthrospores |
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| What population of humans is especially susceptible to Coccidioidomycosis? |
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| Construction workers |
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| What organs are affected by Coccidioidomycosis? |
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| Lungs; Lymph nodes |
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| What is seen in a lung section w/ Coccidioidomycosis? |
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| Acute inflammation; Mature "spherule" w/ endospores surrounded by eosinophilic layer |
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| What are signs of Coccidioidomycosis in dogs? |
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| Dyspnea, Weight loss, Lymphadenopathy, Seizures |
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| How is Coccidioidomycosis diagnosed? |
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| Serology, DTH to coccidoidin, Skin Test, Histopath |
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| Atypical Mycobacteria is _____ & can cause ____ in cattle; ____ in turtles. |
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| Saprophytic; Skin nodules; Lesions |
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| What is Tx for Coccidioidomycosis? |
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| Ketoconazole or Itraconazole for up to 12 months |
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| How is Coccidioidomycosis controlled? |
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| Reduce exposure to dust in endemic areas |
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| How should suspect cases of Coccidioidomycosis be tested? |
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| Serologically |
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| Canine lnn. affected w/ Coccidioidomycosis: Wet mount of pus/exudate may show ______ characteristic of Coccidoides immitis. |
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| Spherules |
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| What is the habitat of the dimorphic fungus Sporotrichosis? |
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| Soil; World-wide |
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| What animals are infected with Sporotrichosis? |
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| Horses, Mules (rarely dogs, cats) |
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| What organism causes Sporotrichosis? |
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| Sporothrix schenckii |
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| Describe the pathogenesis of Sporotrichosis. |
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| Infection via skin wounds --> Lymphatic spread |
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| Name some dimorphic fungi. |
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| Blastomyces, Histoplasma, Sporothrix, Coccidioides |
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| Is Sporotrichosis zoonotic? |
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| Yes |
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| What does Sporotrichosis cause in cats? |
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| Head lesions |
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| What is the Tx for Sporotrichosis for horses? Cats? |
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| Potassium Iodide & Sodium Iodide; Itraconazole |
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| What organisms cause Zygomycosis? |
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| Rhizopus; Mucor; Absidia; Mortierella |
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| Organisms that cause Zygomycosis are _____. |
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| saprophytes |
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| Zygomycosis is caused after _____ or _____. |
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| Inhalation; Ingestion |
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| Pathogenesis of Zygomycosis is similar to _____. |
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| Aspergillosis |
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| Describe Rhizopus |
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| Closed sporangium (all spores enclosed); Aseptate hyphae in tissue |
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| What is the Tx for Rhizopus inf? What is the prognosis? |
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| Amphotericin B; Poor |
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| How is Rhizopus distinguished from Aspergillus? |
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| Wet mount |
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| What condition is caused by Zygomycosis? |
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| Mycotic Abortion |
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| What are Mycotoxins? |
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| Toxins produced by fungi |
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| What are mycotoxicoses produced by? |
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| Mycotoxins formed by mold growing in feed |
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| Give some characteristics of mycotoxicoses. |
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| Acute or chronic poisoning, immunosuppression, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity; Non-contagious, Sporadic |
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| How is mycotoxicosis diagnosed? |
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| Demonstration of toxin (in liver) |
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| What may indicate mycotoxicosis? |
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| Decreased feed consumption or feed refusal |
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| Does boiling kill mycotoxins? Autoclaving? |
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| No; No |
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| What are 4 examples of mycotoxicoses? |
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| Facial Eczema; Aflatoxicosis; Ochratoxicosis; Ergotism |
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| What is the Tx for mycotoxicoses? |
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| Antitoxin (neutralize toxin); Not Antibiotic; Not Antifungal |
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| What organism causes Aflatoxicosis? |
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| Aspergillus flavus (also Penicillium, Rhizopus, Mucor) |
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| What animals are affected by Aflatoxicosis? |
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| Mainly cattle; Poultry |
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| What are the 3 forms of Aflatoxicosis? |
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| Acute; Subacute; Chronic |
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| Describe Acute Aflatoxicosis. |
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| Bloody diarrhea; Death |
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| Describe subacute Aflatoxicosis. |
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| Icterus; Abortion |
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| Describe Chronic Aflatoxicosis. |
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| Decreased feed efficiency; Rough coat |
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| How is aflatoxicosis diagnosed? |
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| PM tissues, feed sample - HPLC, ELISA, chick embryo bioassay |
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| Describe prevention & control of Aflatoxicosis. |
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| Test Feed for toxins; Ammoniate Feed; Addition of toxin binders |
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| What organisms cause Ochratoxicosis? |
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| Aspergillus; Penicillium |
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| What organisms cause Ergotism? |
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| Claviceps purpurea |
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| What animals are affected by Ochratoxicosis? |
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| Pigs, Poultry, Horses |
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| What animals are affected by ergotism? |
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| Cattle, Sheep, Horses, Pigs, Poultry |
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| What are symptoms of Ochratoxicosis? |
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| Wt. loss, Kidney & Liver damage, Abortion |
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| What are symptoms of ergotism? |
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| Neurotoxicity; Convulsions; Gangrene of extremities |
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| How is Ochratoxicosis diagnosed? |
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| Demonstration of toxin in feed; kidney |
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| How is ochratoxicosis controlled? |
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| Test feed for toxin; Remove affected feed |
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| How is ergotism prevented? |
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| Ergots should be removed mechanically or by floatation methods |
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| Give an example of a feed that can have ergots. |
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| Rye grass |
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| What are some symptoms of cows w/ ergotism? |
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| Swollen leg w/ line of separation & terminal gangrene; tail gangrene |
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| Where is facial eczema an economically important dz? |
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| Australia, SA, US |
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| What organism causes facial eczema? |
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| Pithomyces chartarum |
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| How is facial eczema diagnosed? |
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| Jaundice, history, sporidesmin detection in blood by ELISA |
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| Describe the pathogenesis of facial eczema. |
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| Pithomyces chartarum --> Sporidesmin --> Liver damage --> buildup of phylloerithrin --> photodynamic activity --> necrosis, sloughing of skin |
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| How is facial eczema controlled? |
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| fungicide spray on pastures, zinc salts in feed to reduce liver toxicity |
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| What is the toxin produced by Pithomyces chartarum? |
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| sporidesmin |
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| Lesions are caused by _____ in sheep w/ facial eczema. |
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| Photosensitization |
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| What is seen on the udders of animals w/ facial eczema? |
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| Moist dermatitis & hyperemia |
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| Extensive ____ is seen in facial eczema. |
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| Skin slough |
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| What is seen in calves infected w/ facial eczema? |
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| Extensive photodermatitis on chest wall |
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| Is Staphylococcus Gr + or -? |
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| Gr + |
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| Describe the morphology of Staphylococcus. |
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| Grape-like clusters |
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| Is Staphylococcus Catalase + or -? |
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| + |
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| Is Streptococcus Catalase + or -? |
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| - |
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| How many species of Staphylococcus are there? |
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| >30 |
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| What are most species of Staphylococcus? |
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| Commensals of skin, mucus membranes |
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| What does Staphylococcus inf cause? |
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| Purulent lesions |
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| Where do Staphylococcus multiply? |
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| Milk, Cheese, etc. |
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| Where does Staphylococcus survive? |
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| Hospital environment |
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| What is done to differentiate Staphylococcus from Streptococcus? Describe the procedure. |
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| Catalase test; Add drop of 3% H2O2; Bubbling = Staph |
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| What is the most important virulence factor of Staphylococcus? What does it do? |
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| Coagulase; clots plasma |
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| What type of pathogen is Staphylococcus? |
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| Opportunistic (injuries, lowered defense) |
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| What are 2 spp. of Staph w/ coagulase? |
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| auerus, intermedius |
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| What is a 2nd toxin of Staph? Which species have it? |
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| Hemolysins; aureus, intermedius |
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| What are some tissue-destroying enzymes/toxins of Staphylococcus? |
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| Lipase, Hyaluronidase, Exfoliative toxins, Leukocidin |
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| What does Staphylococcus enterotoxin cause? |
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| Diarrhea in humans |
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| What do Staphylococcus Beta-lactamases do? |
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| Destroy penicillins, cephalosporins |
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| What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in all animal spp? |
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| Skin inf; Suppurative wound inf; Abscesses; Jt. inf |
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| What are Staphylococcus dz conditions cattle, sheep, & goats? |
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| Mastitis; Tick pyemia in lambs |
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| What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in swine? |
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| Exudative dermatitis/Greasy pig dz (young pigs); Mastitis |
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| What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in dogs? |
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| Otitis externa; UTI; Skin; Vaginal inf |
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| What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in cats? |
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| Secondary skin inf |
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| What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in horses? |
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| Botryomycosis (spermatic cord) |
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| What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in poultry? |
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| Bumble foot; Arthritis |
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| What are Staphylococcus dz conditions in pet birds? |
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| Diarrhea |
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| What are dz conditions of Staphylococcus intermedius in dogs? |
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| Otitis externa |
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| What is responsible for Staphylococcus pathogenesis? |
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| Virulence factors (aureus, intermedius): Coagulase, Leukocidin, Hemolysin |
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| What is typical of Staphylococcal pyoderma in dogs? |
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| Erythematous papular rash |
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| What is associated w/ Staphylococcus intermedius inf in dogs? |
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| Deep bacterial pyoderma; Erythematous alopecia; interdigital sinus |
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| In horses w/ Staphylococcus inf, what may be seen in the saddle area? |
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| Folliculitis; Very painful lesions w/ exudate |
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| What can Staphylococcus cause in chinchillas? |
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| Septicemia |
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| Bovine mastitis due to S. aureus can be ____ & ____. |
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| Acute; Gangrenous |
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| What may be involved w/ human impetigo? |
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| Staph or Strep |
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| What is a characteristic of both S. aureus & intermedius? |
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| Double zone hemolysis |
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| What is S. aureus important in? |
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| Bovine mastitis |
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| What is S. intermedius associated w/? |
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| Dogs (skin commensal) Pyoderma, otitis, UTI, eye inf |
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| What are 2 spp of non-hemolytic Staph? |
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| epidermidis & hyicus |
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| S. aureus are mostly ____ strains. |
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| Virulent |
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| What are 2 other species of Staph? |
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| S. felis (cats); S. schlieferi (dogs) |
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| What is a non-pathogenic skin commensal Staph? In what animals does it occasionally cause inf? |
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| S. epidermidis; Cats |
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| What is S. hyicus associated w/? |
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| Pigs Exudative Dermatitis ("Greasy pig" dz) |
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| What does S. epidermidis form on BA? |
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| Non-hemolytic colonies |
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| How is Staphylococcus diagnosed? |
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| Smear (grape-like clusters); Culture for antibiotic sensitivity; Catalase; Coagulase; ID (AGI-Staph ID) |
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| What has limited use in chronic Staph inf? |
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| Bacterins |
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| How is Staph inf prevented? |
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| Hygiene; Aseptic Sx (Chlorhexidine); Iodine based teat dips |
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| What drugs are used to treat Staph? |
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| Penicillin; Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; Cephalosporins; For mastitis: Cloxacillin, Methicillin, Vancomycin |
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| Describe Peracute bovine mastitis. |
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| (gangrenous) fever, depression, anorexia, recumbency, rapid heart rate |
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| What are the forms of bovine mastitis? |
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| Peracute; Acute; Subacute; Chronic; Subclinical |
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| How is S. aureus diagnosed? |
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| Culture; Somatic Cell Count; California Mastitis Test |
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| Treatment & Prevention of S. aureus: |
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| Antimicro suscept test req'd; Intra mamm infusion (& IM or IV for acute); hygienic precautions; Dry cow therapy; SCC monitoring program; Culling |
question
| What is the predominant type of coagulase + Staph on normal canine skin? |
answer
| S. intermedius |
question
| What does S. intermedius show on BA? |
answer
| Double zone hemolysis |
question
| What is the causative agent of pyoderma & otitis externa in dogs? |
answer
| S. intermedius |
question
| What is req'd for effective Tx of S. intermedius? |
answer
| Antibiotic sensitivity testing |
question
| What drugs can be used to treat S. intermedius? |
answer
| Clavamox; Cephalosporins; Enrofloxacin; Penicillin (R common) |
question
| Greasy Pig Dz |
answer
| Exudative Epidermitis caused by S. hyicus |
question
| What is S. hyicus a commensal of? |
answer
| Skin, Vagina, Prepuce |
question
| In what age pigs does S. hyicus cause dz? |
answer
| 1-6 wk |
question
| S. hyicus enters via ____. |
answer
| Abrasions; Bite wounds |
question
| Describe greasy pig dz. |
answer
| Excessive sebacious secretion; Exfoliation; Greasy exudation on skin surface --> Non-pruritic dermatitis --> Anorexia, Dehydration --> Death of severely affected |
question
| Tx & Prevention of S. hyicus: |
answer
| TMS systemic + topical antiseptics (cetrimide); Fluid replacement; Autogenous bacterins (exfoliative toxin+) in sows |
question
| Bacterin |
answer
| Vacc made from bact. from lesion |
question
| Describe Streptococcus. |
answer
| Gr + cocci in pairs or chains |
question
| Describe BA hemolysis of Strep. |
answer
| Variable; alpha, beta, gamma; complete, partial, none |
question
| How is Strep serologically classified? |
answer
| Latex aggln. kit into Lancefield groups |
question
| What are Lancefield groups of Strep? |
answer
| A, B, C, D, F, G |
question
| What group are S. equi & S. canis? |
answer
| C |
question
| What type of Strep is S. equi? (BA) |
answer
| Beta hemolytic |
question
| What type of Strep are S. uberis & pneumoniae? (BA) |
answer
| alpha hemolytic; greening/incomplete hemolysis |
question
| What is the habitat of Strep? |
answer
| Commensal or obligate pathogen of skin, mucus membranes |
question
| Describe long-term survival of Strep off host. |
answer
| Poor |
question
| What type of inf does Strep cause? |
answer
| Endogenous or Exogenous; Pyogenic, often localized |
question
| What does Strep cause in young animals? |
answer
| Septicemia, meningitis |
question
| What are some virulence factors of Strep? |
answer
| Anti-phagocytic capsule; Hemolysins; Hyaluronidase; Streptokinase (fibrinolysin) |
question
| What is an important virulence factor of Strep? |
answer
| M protein |
question
| What does hemolysin do? |
answer
| Lyses RBCs |
question
| What does streptokinase do? |
answer
| Indirectly digests fibrin clots |
question
| What does hyaluronidase do? |
answer
| Digests ground substance of CT |
question
| S. canis: spp _____; type ____ |
answer
| Dogs, Cats; Pyogenic Septicemic |
question
| S. equi subsp. equi: spp _____; type ____ |
answer
| Horse; Strangles |
question
| S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus: spp _____; type ____ |
answer
| Horse; Endometritis, pneumonia |
question
| S. Suis: spp _____; type ____ |
answer
| Pig (commensal); Septicemia in young |
question
| S. porcinus: spp _____; type ____ |
answer
| Pigs; Jowl abscesses |
question
| S. agalactiae: spp _____; type ____ |
answer
| Cattle; Mastitis (Chronic) |
question
| S. dysgalactiae: spp _____; type ____ |
answer
| Cattle; Mastitis (Acute) |
question
| S. uberis: spp _____; type ____ |
answer
| Cattle; Mastitis (Acute) |
question
| Is S. equi zooepidemicus commensal or exogenous? S. equi equi? |
answer
| Commensal; Exogenous |
question
| What is S. canis a commensal of? |
answer
| Anal & Vaginal mucosa |
question
| What does S. canis cause? |
answer
| Suppurative conditions; puppy strangles; Juvenile pyoderma/lymphadenitis; TSS; Neonatal septicemia in kittens; Necrotizing fasciitis/Myositis |
question
| What type of pathogen is S. equi equi? |
answer
| Obligate Pathogen |
question
| What type of colonies does S. equi equi form on BA? |
answer
| Mucoid beta hemolytic |
question
| What are symptoms of equine strangles? |
answer
| Purulent pharyngitis; Lymphadenitis; occasionally Inhalation Pneumonia |
question
| What is characteristic of S. equi equi? |
answer
| Long chain in pus; Mucoid hemolytic colonies on BA |
question
| How is S. equi equi transmitted? |
answer
| Horse to Horse, via fomites |
question
| Describe S. equi equi pathogenesis. |
answer
| Entry oral, nasal --> Attachment to tonsillar crypt mucosa --> lnn. (mandibular, retropharyngeal, cervical) --> Swelling, pus --> Occlusion of respiratory p'way ("strangles") |
question
| What happens in equine strangles if the submandibular ln ruptures? |
answer
| Discharge of highly infectious material |
question
| How long is S. equi equi shed? |
answer
| Up to 6 wk |
question
| What are the symptoms of equine strangles? |
answer
| Fever, nasal discharge, mild cough, swallowing difficulty, swollen lnn of head & neck |
question
| What rare, chronic form of equine strangles may occur? What does it cause? |
answer
| Bastard Strangles; Abscesses in many organs, Weight loss, Dyspnea |
question
| How is S. equi equi diagnosed? |
answer
| CS; Culture discharges/pus --> mucoid Beta hemolytic colonies, Gr C; Sugar fermentation tests |
question
| What is the Tx for equine strangles? |
answer
| Penicillin to infected & in contact horses |
question
| How is equine strangles controlled? |
answer
| Isolation, quarantine of new horses |
question
| What are Vaccines for equine strangles? |
answer
| Bacterin, M protein extract, modified live intranasal vacc (all partially effective) |
question
| How is S. equi zooepidemicus differentiated? |
answer
| Sugar Fermentation rxns; Smear from cervical exudate |
question
| Is S. suis zoonotic? What does it cause in humans? |
answer
| Yes; Meningitis, purpura & gangrene |
question
| How are Strep classified? |
answer
| b/o capsular Ag's |
question
| What group is S. suis? |
answer
| D |
question
| Where does S. suis infect? |
answer
| Tonsils, Nasal secretion, Feces, Reproductive tracts |
question
| What type of S. suis is virulent? |
answer
| 2 |
question
| What predisposes S. suis inf? |
answer
| Stress |
question
| What are CS of S. suis inf? |
answer
| Meningitis, arthritis, septicemia in young pigs, pneumonia, endocarditis, abortion |
question
| How is S. suis diagnosed? |
answer
| Smear; Culture; Typing |
question
| Tx for S. suis: |
answer
| Penicillin, Ampicillin, Tiamulin |
question
| Prevention & Control of S. suis: |
answer
| Reduce Stress factors, repeated vacc. w/ bacterins |
question
| What Strep causes chronic bovine mastitis? |
answer
| S. agalactiae |
question
| What does S. agalactiae show on BA? |
answer
| beta Hemolyisis (mostly) |
question
| Is S. agalactiae CAMP + or -? |
answer
| + |
question
| S. agalactiae is exclusively associated w/ ____. |
answer
| Mammary gland |
question
| CAMP + bacteria show ______. |
answer
| Arrow-head pattern hemolysis |
question
| What Strep causes acute bovine mastitis? |
answer
| S. dysgalactiae & uberis |
question
| What is S. dysgalactiae a commensal of? |
answer
| Buccal cavity, Genitalia, Skin of udder |
question
| Is S. dysgalactiae CAMP + or -? |
answer
| - |
question
| What does S. dysgalactiae show on BA? |
answer
| alpha hemolysis |
question
| Is S. uberis CAMP + or -? |
answer
| - |
question
| What does S. uberis show on BA? |
answer
| alpha hemolysis |
question
| Where is S. uberis found? |
answer
| Skin, Tonsils, Vagina, Feces |
question
| What does S. uberis cause? |
answer
| Acute environmental bovine mastitis, associated w/ bedding/straw |
question
| What is the Tx for bovine mastitis? |
answer
| Penicillin or cloxacillin intramammary |
question
| What is the multipoint mastitis control program? |
answer
| Maintain dry clean environment, Establish regular sanitizing & maintenance for milking equip, Individual wash/dry towels, teat dip, Dry-cow therapy, Somatic cell count monitoring, culling |
question
| What is Hog Strangles? |
answer
| Streptococcal lymphadenitis; abscesses in mandibular, pharyngeal, other lnn. |
question
| Is hog strangles a common dz? |
answer
| No |
question
| Where do S. porcinus carriers have the bact? |
answer
| Tonsils, Intestine |
question
| How is S. porcinus diagnosed? |
answer
| Clin findings, Exudate culture, Typing |
question
| How is S. porcinus controlled? |
answer
| Tetracyclines in feed @ weaning time, Early weaning reduces clin cases; Tx vacc not effective |
question
| Tx for S. suis: |
answer
| Penicillin, Ampicillin |
question
| What is seen w/ dermatophilosis in dogs? |
answer
| Crusty lesions |
question
| What Corynebacterium causes human diphtheria? |
answer
| C. diphtheriae |
question
| What Corynebacterium causes UTI in cattle? |
answer
| C. renale |
question
| What Corynebacterium causes caseous lymphadenitis in sheep & goats? |
answer
| C. pseudotuberculosis |
question
| What Corynebacterium causes human pharyngitis, & rarely bovine mastitis? |
answer
| C. ulcerans |
question
| What Corynebacterium causes abscesses in mice & rats? Is it common or rare? |
answer
| C. kutscheri; Rare |
question
| Describe the morphology of Corynebacterium. |
answer
| Pleiomorphic Gr+ rods |
question
| What type of inf do Corynebacterium cause? |
answer
| Pyogenic |
question
| What is the present name of C. pyogenes? |
answer
| Arcanobacterium pyogenes |
question
| What is the present name of C. equi? |
answer
| Rhodococcus equi |
question
| What is the present name of C. suis? |
answer
| Eubacterium/Actinobacterium suis |
question
| What are the members of Corynebacterium renale group? |
answer
| C. renale, C. pilosum, C. cystitidis |
question
| What does C. renale cause in cattle? What are the carriers? |
answer
| Pyelonephritis; Healthy bulls |
question
| How is C. renale transmitted? |
answer
| Venereal or via urine splash |
question
| Describe C. renale pathogenesis. |
answer
| Adhere w/ pili --> ascending inf --> bladder --> ureters --> kidneys (pyelonephritis) (urease --> ammonia --> inflammation) --> purulent blood-stained urine w/ mucus |
question
| What is the pigmentation of a C. renale smear? |
answer
| Yellow |
question
| Does Corynebacterium grow on MacConkey agar? |
answer
| No |
question
| How is C. renale diagnosed? |
answer
| Examine urine sediment (Gram's, culture) |
question
| C. renale Tx: |
answer
| Penicillin 10 days; isolate cow; destroy contaminated bedding |
question
| Is antibiotic sensitivity testing necessary for Corynebacterium? |
answer
| No |
question
| What does C. renale cause in sheep & goats? |
answer
| Posthitis (pizzle rot, sheath rot)/Ulcerative balanoposthitis |
question
| How is Posthitis controlled? |
answer
| Reduce protein in diet (switch from legume hay to grassy or mixed hay); Sx; Antiseptic infusion |
question
| What does C. pseudotuberculosis cause? |
answer
| Caseous lymphadenitis in sheep & goats; Thin Ewe Syndrome; Rarely, ulcerative lymphagitis in horse (chest abscesses) |
question
| Describe C. pseudotuberculosis pathogenesis. |
answer
| Skin commensal - Injury --> Inf & Abscessation of lnn --> spread via lymphatics --> greenish caseous pus (later, onion-like concentric layers) |
question
| Where does caseous lymphadenitis cause abscesses? |
answer
| lnn. & lungs |
question
| How is caseous lymphadenitis diagnosed? |
answer
| Smear, culture, ELISA |
question
| How is caseous lymphadenitis controlled? |
answer
| Improve management (culling, improve shearing, clean dip; Pre-importation ELISA (detects Ab's in serum) |
question
| What is the morphology of R. equi? |
answer
| Gr+ coccoid or short/pleiomorphic rods |
question
| What does R. equi look like on BA? |
answer
| Mucoid pale pink (salmon-pink) colonies |
question
| What is the habitat of R. equi? |
answer
| Intestine of horses, Soil, stables contaminated w/ horse manure |
question
| Does R. equi grow on MacConkey agar? |
answer
| No |
question
| How is R. equi diagnosed? |
answer
| Radiography, culture (transtracheal aspirate) |
question
| What animals are most susceptible to R. equi? |
answer
| Foals ~6 wks old |
question
| What does R. equi cause in foals? |
answer
| Suppurative bronchopneumonia |
question
| In what animals does R. equi cause dz? |
answer
| Young horses, rarely pigs, humans, cats |
question
| What does R. equi inf cause in cats? |
answer
| Lesions on leg |
question
| What do cats w/ R. equi respond well to? |
answer
| Lincomycin |
question
| Describe R. equi pathogenesis. |
answer
| Org. inhaled via contaminated dust; Facultative intracellular parasite; Destruction of mac's; Destruction of lung parenchyma, suppurative bronchopneumonia, abscesses in lung & lnn |
question
| What are the symptoms of R. equi? |
answer
| Dyspnea, Fever, Later Emaciation |
question
| How is R. equi controlled? |
answer
| Hygiene to reduce environmental load; Remove foal manure from pasture frequently; Dust control in holding pens; Admin of hyperimmune serum (from dam or other source) to foal 2-3 wks old |
question
| R equi Tx: |
answer
| Clin cases w/ Erythromycin + Rifampin >/= 4 wks; During outbreak, prophylactic Tx Penicillin G inj into newborn foals |
question
| Are there vacc's for R. equi? |
answer
| No |
question
| What organism causes Actinomycetes? |
answer
| Arcanobacterium pyogenes |
question
| What animals are susceptible to Arcanobacterium pyogenes? |
answer
| Cattle, Sheep, Pigs |
question
| What is the morphology of Arcanobacterium pyogenes? |
answer
| Gr+ pleomorphic rods (no filaments) |
question
| What is the habitat of Arcanobacterium pyogenes? |
answer
| Mucus membranes; Skin (of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; rarely rabbits) |
question
| What does Arcanobacterium pyogenes look like on BA? |
answer
| Tiny colonies w/ narrow zone hemolysis |
question
| What does Arcanobacterium pyogenes cause in cows? |
answer
| Endometritis; purulent discharge w/ blood; Infertility |
question
| What type of pathogen is Arcanobacterium pyogenes? |
answer
| Opportunistic (wound, injury, parturition, navel inf) |
question
| Is Fusobacterium aerobic or anaerobic? |
answer
| Anaerobic |
question
| What does Arcanobacterium pyogenes cause in goats? |
answer
| Neck abscesses |
question
| What does Arcanobacterium pyogenes cause in pigs? |
answer
| Tail biting; Paravertebral abscesses; Lung abscesses |
question
| Describe the dz conditions associated w/ Arcanobacterium pyogenes. |
answer
| Abscesses, Pneumonic inf (secondary), Mastitis, Pyometritis, Arthritis, Liver abscesses (w/ Fusobacterium), Role in foot-rot lesions in sheep, SC abscesses |
question
| What is evident in smears from milk w/ Arcanobacterium pyogenes? |
answer
| Pleomorphism |
question
| How is Arcanobacterium pyogenes diagnosed? |
answer
| Gr stain of pus, jt. fluid; Culture on BA |
question
| Arcanobacterium pyogenes Tx: |
answer
| Penicillin effective; Poor response when abscess encapsulated, Sx drainage req'd |
question
| Actinomycetes are ______, _____-like bacteria. |
answer
| Higher, Fungus-like |
question
| What are some Actinomycetes? |
answer
| Actinomyces, Arcanobacterium, Actinobaculum, Nocardia, Dermatophilus |
question
| Are Actinomycetes Gr + or -? |
answer
| Gr + showing tenacious colonies |
question
| Some actinomycetes have ______. |
answer
| branching filaments |
question
| What type of lesions do actinomycetes cause? |
answer
| Pyogranulomatous |
question
| Dz prevalence from Actinomycetes is ______. |
answer
| Low/sporadic |
question
| Is Actinomyces bovis aerobic or anaerobic? |
answer
| Anaerobic |
question
| What does Actinomyces bovis require? |
answer
| Anaerobic atmosphere + CO2 |
question
| What is Actinomyces bovis a commensal of? |
answer
| Oral cavity of cattle |
question
| Describe pathogenesis of Actinomyces bovis |
answer
| Trauma of oral mucosa --> Localized osteomyelitis (Lumpy Jaw), pyogranuloma w/ fistulous tracts & swelling |
question
| What organism causes "Lumpy Jaw" in cattle? |
answer
| Actinomyces bovis |
question
| How is Actinomyces bovis diagnosed? |
answer
| Smear |
question
| Morphology of Actinomyces bovis: |
answer
| Gr + branching filaments; Crushed granules + for clubs/rosettes |
question
| Actinomyces bovis Tx: |
answer
| early cases: Penicillin; advanced cases: Sx + iodine dressing, Sodium iodide IV |
question
| What does Actinomycetes viscosus cause? |
answer
| Granulomatous abscesses of skin/SQ in dogs & cats |
question
| How is Actinomycetes viscosus treated? |
answer
| Surgical drainage, Penicillin, Tetracycline |
question
| What does Actinomycetes hordeovulneris cause? |
answer
| Localized abscesses or rarely pleuritis, peritonitis, arthritis; associated w/ grass (Hordeum) awns in dogs |
question
| What do unclassified Actinomycetes spp cause? |
answer
| Pyogranulomatous mastitis (pig); Poll evil/fistulous withers (horse) |
question
| What is a morphological characteristic of Actinomycetes hordeovulneris? |
answer
| Branching |
question
| What is the current name of Eubacterium suis? |
answer
| Actinobaculum suis |
question
| What is the environment of Actinobaculum suis? |
answer
| Anaerobic; Healthy boars are carriers |
question
| What does Actinobaculum suis cause? |
answer
| Cystitis & pyelonephritis in pigs |
question
| What are symptoms of Actinobaculum suis? |
answer
| Anorexia, arching of back, dysuria, hematuria |
question
| Drug of choice for Actinobaculum suis: |
answer
| Penicillin |
question
| What is the morphology of Nocardia? |
answer
| Gr+ branching |
question
| What is the most common Nocardia sp? |
answer
| N. asteroides |
question
| What is the environment of Nocardia? |
answer
| Saprophytic |
question
| What does Nocardia grow on? |
answer
| BA (yellow adherent colonies), SAB |
question
| Describe Nocardia asteroides on BA after 5 days incubation. |
answer
| Vivid white, adherent colonies |
question
| What is seen in a Nocardia abscess smear? |
answer
| Branching filaments |
question
| What is used to treat Canine nocardiosis? |
answer
| TMS (Trimethoprimsulfa) or Tetracycline; (Penicillin-Resistant) |
question
| What does Nocardia cause in cattle? |
answer
| Bovine mastitis |
question
| Describe Nocardia bovine mastitis pathogenesis. |
answer
| Entry via contaminated infusion equipment; Nocardia multiplies in devitalized tissue; fibrosis; discrete hard nodules |
question
| How is Nocardia controlled? |
answer
| Prevention; Culling |
question
| What is used to treat Nocardia mastitis in cattle? |
answer
| No Tx; Cull |
question
| What does Nocardia cause in dogs? |
answer
| Canine Nocardiosis |
question
| Describe the cutaneous form of canine nocardiosis. |
answer
| Indolent ulcer or granulomatous swelling w/ discharging fistulous tracts |
question
| What is seen in pus w/ canine nocardiosis? |
answer
| Granules; branching filaments |
question
| How is respiratory canine nocardiosis acquired? What does it lead to? |
answer
| Inhalation; Fluid accumulation in thoracic cavity; fever, respiratory distress |
question
| What occurs in the disseminated form of canine nocardiosis? |
answer
| Abscesses in various organs, brain |
question
| Is Dermatophilus congolensis systemic? |
answer
| no |
question
| Describe the morphology of Dermatophilus congolensis. |
answer
| Gr + branching; RR track; Zoospores |
question
| What does Dermatophilus congolensis cause? |
answer
| Dermatophilosis/Streptothricosis: skin inf of cattle, horses, sheep, goats (occasionally dogs, cats, humans); Rain scald/Rain Rot; Lumpy wool dz; Strawberry foot rot |
question
| What animals are most affected by Dermatophilus congolensis? |
answer
| Horses in N Am |
question
| Why does Dermatophilus congolensis have RR-like appearance? |
answer
| development cycle |
question
| What does Dermatophilus congolensis cause in sheep & goats? |
answer
| Lumpy Wool Dz; face lesions |
question
| Describe the pathogenesis of Dermatophilus congolensis. |
answer
| Motile zoospore (ineffective form) released in wet conditions from infected skin --> transmission by flies, contact --> Germination --> Hyphal branches penetrate epidermis (injury) --> Exudation --> Neutrophils collect beneath epidermis --> Epidermal cells die --> Scab |
question
| What can predispose an animal to Dermatophilus congolensis? |
answer
| Skin trauma, Tick infestation |
question
| What is used to stain Dermatophilus congolensis? What is seen? |
answer
| Giemsa; Branching filaments |
question
| What is seen in Strawberry foot rot? |
answer
| Leg lesions; Reddish discoloration |
question
| How is Dermatophilus congolensis diagnosed? |
answer
| Make smear from scab undersurface; stain w/ Gr or Giemsa (+ if RR-track hyphae); Culture only if smear inconclusive |
question
| What is Tx for Dermatophilus congolensis? |
answer
| Penicillin + Streptomycin or long acting Tetracyclines; Mild cases: remove scabs w/ mild soap, apply iodine comds or chlorhexidine |
question
| How is Dermatophilus congolensis controlled? |
answer
| Reduce skin trauma, control ticks |
question
| What is the drug of choice for Dermatophilus congolensis? |
answer
| Penicillin |
question
| What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in pigs? |
answer
| Swine erysipelas/Diamond dz |
question
| What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in turkeys? |
answer
| Septicemia; Erysipelas |
question
| What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in sheep? |
answer
| Arthritis |
question
| What is swine erysipelas? |
answer
| Septicemia/Skin form/Arthritis/Endocarditis |
question
| What does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in humans? |
answer
| Erysipeloid (localized cellulitis) |
question
| What is the current name of E. rhusiopathiae in dogs? |
answer
| E. tonsillarum |
question
| What does E. tonsillarum cause in dogs? |
answer
| Endocarditis |
question
| What does culture of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae look like? |
answer
| Chronic=Rough/Acute=Smooth colonies, & accompanying forms (Chronic=Long; Acute=Short) |
question
| What is the morphology of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? |
answer
| Nonmotile, Gr+ rods (filamentous in chronic inf, & when smooth colonies change to rough form) |
question
| What is the habitat of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? |
answer
| Tonsils, Mucus membranes of carrier pigs, Soil inhabited by pigs, Fish body slime layer |
question
| What is the pathogenesis of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? |
answer
| Inf of non-immune pigs orally via fish meal, contaminated feed, water; Skin wounds, insect bites |
question
| How many serotypes of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae are there? How virulent are they? |
answer
| Many; varies |
question
| What are the symptoms of septicemic form of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? |
answer
| acute in young pigs: fever, red/purple skin patches, death if untreated |
question
| What are symptoms of the skin form of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? |
answer
| less acute, diamond shaped red, raised areas --> necrosis --> scabs (thrombi --> lesions) |
question
| What is seen in arthritis caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? |
answer
| Chronic changes |
question
| What are symptoms of the cardiac form of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? |
answer
| Valvular endocarditis; dyspnea; sudden death may occur (strains adhere to valves) |
question
| What is the #1 cause of jt inf/arthritis in pigs in N Am? |
answer
| Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae |
question
| What % of arthritis in hogs is caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? S. suis? |
answer
| 45%; 16% |
question
| What is the Tx for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? |
answer
| Penicillin or Ampicillin; Cull chronic cases; good vacc's - single market for pigs, annual for breeding pigs |
question
| What is the Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae vaccine for pigs? |
answer
| Modified Live; Multivalent (Sowvac) |
question
| How is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae diagnosed? |
answer
| CS; Quick response to Penicillin; Culture blood, organs (septicemic cases); Colony, Gr morphology: smooth colonies: short rods, Rough colonies: filaments; Motility (-) |
question
| What does Listeria monocytogenes cause? |
answer
| Listeriosis in sheep, cattle, goats, humans; Head tilt, Facial paralysis in sheep |
question
| Is Listeriosis contagious? |
answer
| No |
question
| What is the morphology of Listeria monocytogenes? |
answer
| small Gr + coccobacilli/rods |
question
| At what temperature does Listeria monocytogenes grow? |
answer
| 5-45C |
question
| At what temperature does Listeria monocytogenes display tumbling motility? |
answer
| 25-30C |
question
| What stain is used for Listeria monocytogenes? |
answer
| Giemsa |
question
| What does Listeria monocytogenes look like on BA? |
answer
| Hemolytic colonies & cocco-bacilli & small rods |
question
| What is the habitat of Listeria monocytogenes? |
answer
| Saprophyte, found in poor quality silage (pH >4.5), decomposing vegetation, sewage, wild rodent feces |
question
| What is another name for Listeriosis? |
answer
| Silage dz |
question
| What are the virulence factors of Listeria monocytogenes? Pathogenesis? |
answer
| Enzymes, mainly Listeriolysin O (hemolysin/cytolysin) disrupt phagosomal membrane --> invasion of cytoplasm --> intracellular growth; A glyceride factor --> monocytosis in non-rum monocytes |
question
| To avoid Listeriosis, silage should be _____. |
answer
| Acidic (pH <4.5) |
question
| Describe the pathogenesis of Listeria monocytogenes. |
answer
| Oral entry --> epithelial invasion --> migrate via trigeminal n. --> microabscesses of BS --> meningoencephalitis --> circling dz; Intestinal mucosa --> Blood --> Placental damage --> Fetal inf --> Abortion, stillbirth |
question
| What organism causes circling dz? |
answer
| Listeria monocytogenes |
question
| What is seen w/ listeriosis in chinchillas? |
answer
| Multi-focal liver abscesses |
question
| What are some dz manifestations of Listeria monocytogenes? |
answer
| Neural form; Abortion; Septicemic form; Iritis, keratoconjunctivitis, mastitis (bovine) |
question
| What is implicated in iritis, keratoconjunctivitis, mastitis (bovine) from Listeria monocytogenes? |
answer
| Silage |
question
| What is the neural form of Listeria monocytogenes? |
answer
| Meningoencephalitis/Circling dz (rum), Complete paralysis, Death in 2-3 days in sheep |
question
| In what animals does Listeria monocytogenes cause abortion? |
answer
| Sheep, cattle |
question
| What is the septicemic form of Listeria monocytogenes? |
answer
| Chinchillas, Poultry (feed contamination from rodents); Young rum: multifocal necrosis of liver & spleen |
question
| What does routine culture of Listeria monocytogenes include? |
answer
| BA |
question
| What are some ways to diagnose Listeria monocytogenes? |
answer
| Culture on BA; Cold enrichment in liquid media --> Plate on BA or selective media; FAT on tissues, exudates; Serological: many false +'s; PCR |
question
| What is seen in BA of Listeria monocytogenes? |
answer
| Colonies w/ Complete hemolysis |
question
| Control of Listeriosis: |
answer
| Eliminate bad silage, keep animals off pasture identified for silage; Prevent abrasions in eyes from silage |
question
| Is there a vacc for Listeriosis? |
answer
| No |
question
| Human listeriosis is a ______ dz that causes ___ & ___. |
answer
| Food-borne; Meningitis, Abortion |
question
| What humans are more susceptible to listeriosis? |
answer
| Pregnant women |
question
| What is Tx for Listeriosis? |
answer
| Penicillin, Ampicillin, Tetracycline in early stages - high doses |
question
| Bacillus is mostly ____, except ____. |
answer
| Nonpathogenic; B. anthracis |
question
| Where is Bacillus found? |
answer
| Environment; Soil |
question
| What is the morphology of Bacillus? |
answer
| Gr+ large spore-forming rods |
question
| Bacillus rods may be arranged as _____ |
answer
| Chains or Threads |
question
| What does Bacillus colonize? |
answer
| Ground glass surface & irregular edges |
question
| Is Bacillus anthracis contagious? |
answer
| Yes |
question
| Is Bacillus cereus pathogenic? |
answer
| No |
question
| What is the morphology of Bacillus cereus? |
answer
| Hemolytic large flat colonies w/ irregular edges |
question
| What is the morphology of Bacillus subtilis? |
answer
| rough, irregular colonies on BA |
question
| Is Bacillus subtilis pathogenic? |
answer
| No |
question
| Is B. anthracis capsulated? Are other Bacillus spp? |
answer
| Yes; No |
question
| What does B. anthracis cause? |
answer
| Septicemia, death esp in cattle |
question
| What does B. anthracis cause in calves? |
answer
| Exudation of tarry blood from rectum |
question
| What does B. anthracis cause in horses? |
answer
| Edematous swelling of neck, throat; dyspnea; high fever |
question
| How S are rum's to B. anthracis? |
answer
| ++++ |
question
| How S are pigs to B. anthracis? |
answer
| ++ |
question
| How S are horses to B. anthracis? |
answer
| ++/+++ |
question
| How S are humans to B. anthracis? |
answer
| +++ |
question
| How S are birds to B. anthracis? |
answer
| Not S |
question
| What animals are most S to B. anthracis? |
answer
| Rum's |
question
| Why are birds not S to B. anthracis? |
answer
| High body temp |
question
| What are virulence factors of B. anthracis? |
answer
| Antiphagocytic capsule; Tripartite toxin (edema factor, protective Ag, Lethal factor) |
question
| What is required for full activity of tripartite toxin of B. anthracis? |
answer
| All 3 components |
question
| What does tripartite toxin cause? |
answer
| Edema, extensive necrosis, damage of blood clotting |
question
| What is the pathogenesis of anthrax? |
answer
| Germination in enterocytes, local edema, necrosis --> Spores formed --> Phagocytosis, germination of spores --> regional ln --> hemorrhagic lymphadenitis |
question
| What is the pathogenesis of B. anthracis after invasion of the spleen? |
answer
| Bacteremia --> Toxemia --> Tripartite toxin increases capillary permeability --> fluid leak --> fall in BP; blood clotting damaged --> Hemorrhages, Death |
question
| What condition does B. anthracis cause in the spleen? |
answer
| Splenomegaly |
question
| ______ may be contaminated w/ B. anthracis spores. |
answer
| Meat & Bone meal |
question
| Where do outbreaks of anthrax occasionally occur in wild animals? |
answer
| Africa |
question
| What is seen in wild animals who have died from Anthrax? |
answer
| Exudation of tarry blood from rectum; Bleeding from nose; Lack of rigor mortis |
question
| What happened in Zambia in 1987? |
answer
| >500 hippos died of anthrax in Luangua Valley River |
question
| Describe Anthrax pathogenesis in Africa. |
answer
| Spores survive in soil; germinate in organic matter after flooding; Vultures in anthrax endemic area (birds don't get anthrax) |
question
| Anthrax in wildlife: What can spread inf? |
answer
| Flies & Carnivorous animals |
question
| What is an abiotic source of anthrax? |
answer
| Waterhole |
question
| How can humans contract anthrax from animals? |
answer
| Skin form from abrasions while handling infected animals |
question
| What is seen in cutaneous anthrax in humans? |
answer
| Facial lesions |
question
| Describe the pathogenesis of B. anthracis in ruminants. |
answer
| Entry via ingestion --> Multiplication in throat/local lnn. --> Invasion of blood, spleen; Tripartite toxin --> fall in BP, shock; Damaged blood clotting --> Hemorrhages --> Exudation of tarry blood from body orifices --> Death |
question
| How is anthrax diagnosed? |
answer
| Blood smears from ear (cattle): heat fix, methylene blue stain; *No PM |
question
| What is done w/ carcasses of anthrax victims? |
answer
| Incineration; Premises disinfection |
question
| What is done in cases of anthrax? |
answer
| Report to authorities; Incinerate carcass or bury deep in calcium oxide; 10% formalin for 10 min for disinfection; vacc animals at risk w/ spore vacc |
question
| What is used in humans infected w/ anthrax? |
answer
| Penicillin or ciprofloxacin |
question
| How is anthrax controlled in wildlife? |
answer
| Burn contaminated fecal matter, vegetation; Close infected waterholes; Dispose all carcasses properly; Keep vultures & coyotes away; Remove healthy animals from affected area |
question
| Should Penicillin be given w/ anthrax spore vacc? |
answer
| No (No antibiotics w/ live vacc) |
question
| What is the morphology of Clostridium? |
answer
| Large Gr + spore-forming rods; Older cells often Gr - |
question
| What is the habitat of Clostridium? |
answer
| Anaerobic/Saprophytic; Soil, digestive tracts |
question
| Clostridium causes dz via ______ |
answer
| Toxins, Enzymes |
question
| What are toxin forming (neurotoxic) non-invasive Clostridia? |
answer
| C. tetani & botulinum |
question
| What are histotoxic Clostridia? |
answer
| C. chauvoei, septicum, & novyi; C. hemolyticum, C. perfringens |
question
| What are enterotoxemic Clostridia? |
answer
| C. perfringens |
question
| What does C. perfringens cause? |
answer
| Hemorrhagic diarrhea |
question
| What is the morphology of C. tetani? What is its habitat? |
answer
| Terminal spores/drumstick-like; Soil |
question
| What does C. tetani cause in animals & humans? |
answer
| Tetanus/Lockjaw |
question
| What is the pathogenesis of C. tetani? |
answer
| Entry via wound - incubation (days-months) --> spore germination --> multiplication in necrotic tissue (tetanolysin, a hemolysin helps further tissue necrosis); neurotoxin (tetanospasmin) --> CNS --> spastic paralysis (prevents m. relaxation) (glycine, GABA inhibited) --> resp impairment/death |
question
| In what animal is tetanus common? |
answer
| Horses (subsequent to deep wound inf) |
question
| What is the hemolysin of C. tetani? What is the neurotoxin? |
answer
| Tetanolysin; Tetanospasmin |
question
| How is tetanus diagnosed? [What should not be examined?] |
answer
| CS: Lock jaw, stiff ears, limb, back, tail, 3rd eyelid paralysis (horse); Hx, wound smear; Culture necrotic tissue(if smear -) [Blood] |
question
| What animals are more S to tetanus? |
answer
| Farm animals |
question
| How is tetanus prevented? |
answer
| Vacc. w/ tetanus toxoid |
question
| How is tetanus treated? |
answer
| Antitoxin, Penicillin; Protect affected animal from light & noise |
question
| Should wounds be bandaged in cases of tetanus? |
answer
| No; aerate |
question
| 1 cause of SIDS is _____. |
answer
| Botulism |
question
| Is C. botulinum aerobic or anaerobic? |
answer
| Anaerobic |
question
| What can cause botulism? |
answer
| Bad hay w/ decomposing rat; fly maggots (hghly toxigenic) on decomposing duck carcass |
question
| What are the toxigenic types of botulism? |
answer
| A-G |
question
| What is the source of C. botulinum? |
answer
| Feed, Abattoir offal; Dead fish; Maggots; Honey w/ spores --> infant botulism |
question
| What is C. botulinum toxin encoded by? |
answer
| Bacteriophages |
question
| What does botulism cause in mice? |
answer
| Respiratory paralysis (diaphragm paralyzed) |
question
| What is the pathogenesis of botulism? |
answer
| Toxin --> Intestine --> Blood --> Binding to peripheral nn. (neuromuscular junction) --> interferes w/ release of ACh --> Flaccid paralysis of mm. (inability to contract) --> Resp paralysis --> Death |
question
| What does recovery from botulism d/o? |
answer
| Dose |
question
| What are CS of botulism? |
answer
| Straddled posture; Profuse Salivation (cattle); Paralyzed tongue; Wing paralysis & neck paralysis in birds |
question
| What is seen in birds w/ botulism? |
answer
| Limberneck; wing & leg paralysis, paralysis of eyelids; Death by drowning |
question
| Is there a botulism/tetanus vacc? |
answer
| Yes; For horses in US (BotVax B) (Tetanus toxoid) |
question
| Should m. relaxants be given to animals w/ botulism? |
answer
| No |
question
| How is botulism confirmed? |
answer
| Toxin demonstration using ELISA or mice inoc |
question
| Dx of botulism: |
answer
| CS; Hx; Examine food, crop contents (birds), serum/blood for toxin (mice inoc, ELISA) |
question
| Prevention/Control of Botulism |
answer
| Vacc for mink, pheasants, cattle; Admin of antitoxin; Remove birds from H2O; Oral fluids, activated charcoal to bind toxin; Prevent exposure to potential toxin sources |
question
| Should antibiotics be given for botulism? |
answer
| No |
question
| Where is avian botulism endemic? |
answer
| Utah |
question
| What is the pathogenesis of histotoxic clostridia? |
answer
| Toxigenic clostridia in wound/traumatized tissue --> local lesions (cellulitis, gas gangrene) --> toxin absorbed systemically --> Toxemia |
question
| Cellulitis |
answer
| Inflam. of SQ tissue |
question
| What dz is caused by C. chauvoei? |
answer
| Black Leg in rum's, esp young, thriving cattle |
question
| Describe Black Leg. |
answer
| Sudden onset; acute; Lesions usually in PL m. mass |
question
| What organism causes Black Leg? |
answer
| C. chauvoei |
question
| What does m. look like in black leg? |
answer
| Dark, crepitus |
question
| C. chauvoei pathogenesis: |
answer
| Spores in damaged m --> germinate, multiply --> toxin (hemolytic, necrotizing, DNAse, etc) --> necrotizing myositis, emphysematous gangrene --> dark crepitant mm. (lysis of RBCs, gas, rancid odor from butyric acid) --> systemic toxemia, death |
question
| Myositis |
answer
| Muscle Inflam |
question
| What are symptoms of black leg? |
answer
| Fever, lameness, crepitus m.; Mostly fatal |
question
| How is black leg diagnosed? |
answer
| CS; m. smears - Gram stain, FAT |
question
| How is Black Leg prevented? |
answer
| Vaccinate cattle in endemic areas (Covexin 8) |
question
| Does Covexin 8 vacc against C. botulinum? |
answer
| No |
question
| How is Black Leg treated? |
answer
| Penicillin |
question
| What animals are infected by C. septicum? |
answer
| Dogs; Humans |
question
| What is caused by C. septicum? |
answer
| Malignant Wound edema; Abpmasitis (braxy) in sheep; Gas Gangrene |
question
| Is wound exudate from C. septicum FA + or -? |
answer
| FA + |
question
| What is req'd to confirm C. novyi? |
answer
| FAT |
question
| C. septicum is a common ___ invader. |
answer
| pm |
question
| ____ wounds can be infected w/ C. septicum. |
answer
| Deep, Dirty |
question
| How do sheep get braxy? |
answer
| Acute abomastitis after eating frozen grass |
question
| What does C. novyi cause in rams? |
answer
| Big head (following fighting) |
question
| What does C. novyi cause in sheep? What predisposes? |
answer
| Black Dz (generalized blood stained sc edema --> black color); Liver Fluke inf |
question
| What predisposes C. septicum? |
answer
| Trauma, Sx, Parturition |
question
| What is caused by type D C. novyi? |
answer
| Bacillary hemoglobinuria |
question
| Do Clostridial vacc contain C. novyi? C. septicum? |
answer
| Yes (both) |
question
| What common dz's are caused by C. perfringens? |
answer
| Necrotic enteritis in piglets, chickens; Classical enterotoxemia in sheep (fatal, wound inf); Diarrhea/Hemorrhagic enteritis in dogs |
question
| What less common dz's are caused by C. perfringens? |
answer
| Yellow lamb dz; Gangrenous mastitis in cows; Struck in sheep; Hemorrhagic diarrhea in foals |
question
| What is "Struck" in sheep? (Org responsible) |
answer
| Sudden death, fluid internally (C. perfringens) |
question
| What predisposes dogs to C. perfringens? |
answer
| Stay in hospital/shelter/kennel; ingestion of spoiled meat |
question
| What is seen in C. perfringens inf. in dogs? |
answer
| Soft to watery feces w/wo blood, mucus |
question
| How is C. perfringens diagnosed? |
answer
| Wound inf: smear, cluture; Lg # of clostridia, spores in fecal smear |
question
| How is C. perfringens confirmed? |
answer
| Enterotoxin test on feces (ELISA or latex aggln test) |
question
| How is C. perfringens treated? |
answer
| Tylosin or Metronidazole; High fiber diet |
question
| What is usually needed for horses w/ clostridial myositis? |
answer
| Hospitalization & supportive therapy |
question
| What is seen w/ C. perfringens on BA? |
answer
| Double zone hemolysis |
question
| What is the only anaerobic bact to cause double zone hemolysis? |
answer
| C. perfringens |
question
| What does C. perfringens cause in sheep? How is it tested? |
answer
| Enterotoxemia; ligated intestine in ice to lab - toxin tests |
question
| What does C. perfringens cause in pigs in N Am? How is in tested? |
answer
| Necrotic enteritis; Gr smear of mucosal scraping |
question
| What animals can be vaccinated for C. perfringens? |
answer
| Pigs; Sheep |
question
| What is used for necrotic enteritis from C. perfringens? |
answer
| Penicillin or Bacitracin in feed; Prev/Treat parasitic inf |
question
| What is used to treat dogs w/ C. perfringens? |
answer
| Tylosin or Metronidazole |
question
| What is used to treat clostridial myositis in horses? |
answer
| Penicillin or Metronidazole |
question
| What does C. difficile cause in humans? |
answer
| Pseudomembranous colitis |
question
| What does C. difficile cause in dogs? |
answer
| Chronic diarrhea |
question
| What does C. difficile cause in piglets? |
answer
| Diarrhea, Mesocolonic edema |
question
| How is C. difficile diagnosed? |
answer
| Toxin detection; Kits for humans |
question
| How is C. difficile in dogs treated? Horses? |
answer
| Tylosin; Metronidazole (not if pregnant) |
question
| What is the morphology of Mycobacteria? |
answer
| Gr + rods, but classic species don't stain w/ Gr - Acid Fast + |
question
| What are Classic Mycobacterium spp? |
answer
| M. tb & M. bovis |
question
| Is mycobacterium aerobic or anaerobic? |
answer
| Strictly aerobic |
question
| What is the isolation time for M. tb & bovis? |
answer
| 4-8 wks |
question
| What is used to culture M. tb & bovis? |
answer
| Tubes rather than petri dishes |
question
| M. tb & bovis grow in _____ media |
answer
| Egg-based |
question
| In what spp. does M. bovis cause Tb? |
answer
| Cattle, humans, monkeys |
question
| In what spp. does M. tb cause Tb? |
answer
| Humans, parrots (psittacine birds), monkeys, elephants |
question
| In what spp. does M. avium cause Tb? |
answer
| Birds (poultry), Pigs |
question
| What does M. avium paratuberculosis cause? In what animals? |
answer
| Johne's dz; Cattle |
question
| What is the pathogenesis of Tuberculosis? |
answer
| Entry (oral, resp) --> mac's --> local lnn. --> lymphatic vessels --> blood --> lungs, liver, spleen --> nodules (tubercles) (granulomatous response) --> necrosis, caseation --> calcification |
question
| What are virulence factors of TB? |
answer
| Glycolipids; Wax D |
question
| Wax D + Mycobacterial proteins --> ____ |
answer
| DTH |
question
| Is CAN M. bovis free? USA? |
answer
| Yes; Mostly |
question
| What does M. bovis cause in cattle? |
answer
| TB; nodules in lung, intercostal space, lnn. |
question
| Where are lesions from M tb? |
answer
| d/o route of inf; any organ can be affected |
question
| What is the habitat of M. avium? |
answer
| Saprophytic; Soil |
question
| How is TB diagnosed? |
answer
| TB Test (DTH); Aggln test; ELISA (detects Abs); PM @ slaughterhouse, lesions, histo; Gamma interferon test (detects sensitization to mycobacterial Ags); Culture of aspirates, trunk washing |
question
| Are Ab's protective against TB? |
answer
| No |
question
| What is another name for the TB test? |
answer
| Mantou Test |
question
| Mycobacteria stain ____ w/ acid fast stain; other/host cells stain ____. |
answer
| Red; Blue |
question
| Where do Mycobacteria multiply? |
answer
| Intracellularly |
question
| What is an anti-TB drug? |
answer
| Rifampin; Isoniazid (Use together 3-6 mo) |
question
| What is the TB vacc? What is the Dx agent? |
answer
| BCG; Tuberculin |
question
| How is TB controlled? |
answer
| TB testing & elimination of +'s; Aggln test in case of birds w/o wattle; Quarantine new additions 60-90 days; Disinfect contaminated premises w/ cresylic compounds (not alcohol); Food animals not treated (destroyed) |
question
| What is used to treat elephants & exotic birds w/ TB? |
answer
| Rifampin + Isoniazid |
question
| What animals is BCG vacc used in? |
answer
| Calves; Children (not in US & CAN) |
question
| What animals are infected w/ Johne's dz? |
answer
| Cattle, Goats, Sheep |
question
| What organism causes Johne's dz? |
answer
| M. avium paratuberculosis |
question
| Where is Johne's dz prevalent? |
answer
| Throughout world (incl US, CAN) |
question
| What does Johne's dz cause? |
answer
| Chronic, Debilitating diarrhea; Emaciation, Decreased milk production; submandibular swelling |
question
| Does Johne's dz cause lung tubercles? |
answer
| No |
question
| What is the incubation period of Johne's dz? |
answer
| 2 yrs |
question
| What is the analog of Johne's dz in humans? |
answer
| Chron's dz |
question
| What is the epidemiology of Johne's dz? |
answer
| Calves ingest infective fecal matter --> CS appear after 2 yrs |
question
| What are the cattle in herds infected w/ Johne's dz? |
answer
| Clinically ill; Asymptomatic shedders; Infected, but neither ill nor shedding |
question
| What is the pathogenesis of Johne's dz? |
answer
| Ingestion --> organism penetrates mucosa of ileum, colon --> phagocytosed --> multiply in intrepithelial mac's --> granulomatous rxn --> chronic inflammatory response --> thickening, corrugation of intestinal mucosa --> impaired intestinal function, leakage of PP --> wasting, diarrhea |
question
| How is Johne's dz diagnosed? |
answer
| Microscopy of rectal sample from microspatula (acid fast stain) --> Clumps of pink bacilli indicate intracellular growth; Fecal smear & culture followed by PCR; Immunological tests (detect Abs, eg ELISA); [Culture + ELISA] |
question
| In Johne's dz, Ab's, although not ____ are ____. |
answer
| Protective; Diagnostic |
question
| Johne's dz is endemic to _____ |
answer
| N Am |
question
| How is Johne's dz controlled? |
answer
| Remove all clinical cases; regularly test herds (6-12 mo) by fecal culture + ELISA; Cull + animals; Prevent inf via feces (app of calcium oxide/lime to pasture may help); Separate newborn calves; Thoroughly test replacement animals |
question
| What is the Tx for Johne's dz? |
answer
| No Tx; Antibiotics NOT used |
question
| Is there a vacc for Johne's dz? Why/why not? |
answer
| No; Interference w/ testing |
question
| Is M. lepramurium zoonotic? Does it cause dz in humans? |
answer
| No |
question
| What organism causes human leprosy? |
answer
| M. leprae |
question
| What is another name for leprosy? |
answer
| Hansen's dz |
question
| Describe leprosy. |
answer
| Chronic, affects skin & peripheral nn. |
question
| What animals are S to M. leprae? Is it zoonotic? |
answer
| Armadillos in S US; Yes |
question
| Are domestic animals affected by M. leprae? |
answer
| No; Monkeys rarely |
question
| How is M. leprae diagnosed? |
answer
| Not cultured; grown in mouse foot pads; Lepromin test (for DTH); ELISA |
question
| What drug is used for M. leprae? |
answer
| Dapsone (sulfonamide-like compound) |
question
| What organism causes feline leprosy? |
answer
| M. lepraemurium |
question
| Feline leprosy is a _____. |
answer
| syndrome |
question
| What is the transmission of M lepraemurium? |
answer
| Infected rats --> Cats --> Cutaneous nodules |
question
| What is M lepraemurium Tx? |
answer
| Sx removal of nodules; antitubercular drug used in combo w/ 2nd antibiotic |
question
| Isolated, sporadic cases of M lepraemurium occur in _____ |
answer
| US & CAN |
question
| What drug can be used to treat M lepraemurium? |
answer
| Clarythromycin |
