ATI Fundamental of nursing Diabetes management – Flashcards
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Diabetic types
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Type 1- is the destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas Type 2- cellular insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion Gestational- manifest during pregnancy, may resolve after delivery and weight loss
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Type 1 diabetes symptoms
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Polydispia Polyphagia polyuria and unexplained weight loss
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hyperglycemia
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fasting blood sugar greater than 110 mg/dl or random plasma blood glucose greater than 200 mg/dl
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Hypoglycemia
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fasting blood sugar below 60 mg/dl
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hypoglycemia characterization
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pallor, tremor, diaphoresis (sweating), palpitations, hunger, visual disturbances, weakness, paresthesias, confusion, agitation, coma and death
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Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) C
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medical emergancy often present with a glucose level above 300 mg/dl common in people with type 1 diabetes
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Characterization of ketoacidosis
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hyperglycemia, ketones in the urine, an increased respiratory rate, and a fruity breath odor.
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Hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar state
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medical emergency common with people with type 2 diabetes Blood glucose level typically above 600 mg/dl
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Characterization of Hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar
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hyperglycemia, only slight or no ketosis, and profound dehydration
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Infections
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slow to heal, common found in the skin, urinary tract and vagina
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Macrovascular complications
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coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular accident and peripheral vascular disease increases the risk of early death
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microvascular complications
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retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy
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Diabetes in pregnancy
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high risk of perinatal infant mortality and congenital anomalies High risk for larger birthweight babies, perinatal hypoglycemia, respiratory distress, hypertensive disorder, cardiac dysrhythmias
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Treatment of type 2 diabetes
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1. exercise and diet therapy 2. initiate therapy with one oral hypoglycemic. medication depends on body composition and severity of hyperglycemia 3. treat with two oral hypoglycemics or with one oral hypoglycemic plus insulin 5. treat with insulin alone
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Sulfonylures
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increase insulin secretion by the beta cells of the pancreas side effects weight gain and hypoglycemia combination drugs used with: metformin (glucophage) thiazolidinediones, alpha- glucosidase inhibitors Common drug names- glyburide (Micronase) glipizide (glucotrol) and glimepiride (Amaryl).
