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alpha-glucosidase inhibitor

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type of oral antidiabetic agent that delays the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestines

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beta cell

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type of cell in the pancreas that secretes insulin

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casual plasma glucose (random blood glucose)

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glucose concentration in the blood of a specimen taken at any time of day regardless of the time since the person's last meal

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diabetes insipidus

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disorder of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that causes excessive thirst and excretion of large volumes of dilute urine

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duration

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referring to drugs, the length of time a drug exerts a therapeutic effect

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fasting

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ingesting only water or nothing at all for a predetermined length of time

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fingerstick

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use of a small lancet to puncture the skin on the side of a fingertip to obtain a single drop of capillary blood for diagnostic testing

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glucometer

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a device used to determine the approximate concentration of glucose in the blood

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glucose

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simple sugar that is the end product of carbohydrate metabolism

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hyperglycemia

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an elevated blood glucose level

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hypoglycemia

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a low blood glucose level

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injection

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insertion of fluid into the body or a container via a needle and syringe

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insulin

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hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

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insulin resistance

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impairment of the expected response to insulin, clinically defined as a requirement of 200 or more units of insulin per day

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islets of Langerhans

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tiny, irregular structures distributed throughout the pancreas and comprising its endocrine portion

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ketoacidosis

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accumulation of ketones (acids formed from the breakdown of free fatty acids in the absence of insulin) in the blood, associated with uncontrolled diabetes and resulting in metabolic acidosis

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lancet

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sharp, pointed device used to make small incisions or punctures in the skin

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metabolic syndrome

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group of abnormalities (including high levels of glucose and triglycerides) associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease

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microalbuminuria

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early sign of renal disease involving the presence of albumin in the urine in amounts greater than expected but too low to be detected by dipstick testing

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nephropathy

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long-term complication of diabetes that involves damage to the cells of the kidneys and eventually leads to end-stage renal disease

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neuropathy

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any of numerous disturbances or pathologic changes in the peripheral nervous system, most often affecting sensation, and often a long-term complication of diabetes

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non-sulfonylurea secretagogue (glinide)

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type of oral antidiabetic agent that stimulates insulin release

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onset

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the point when a drug begins to exert its therapeutic effect

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pancreas

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large gland that secretes digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon

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peak

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the point when a drug is at its highest concentration in the body

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polydipsia

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excessive thirst and fluid intake

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polyphagia

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excessive hunger

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polyuria

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excretion of abnormally large amounts of urine

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postprandial

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after a meal

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subcutaneous

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under the skin

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sulfonylurea

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type of oral antidiabetic agent that stimulates insulin release

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thiazolidinedione

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type of oral antidiabetic agent that reduces insulin resistance

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type 1 diabetes mellitus

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disorder involving the complete destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas and resulting in a lifelong need for daily insulin replacement therapy

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type 2 diabetes mellitus

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disorder involving insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion and resulting in the need for therapy that includes diet, exercise, oral medications, and possibly injectable medications

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vial

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a plastic or glass container in which liquid or powdered medication is packaged in an airtight and sterile environment and sealed with a rubber stopper

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A nurse is caring for a patient with type 1 diabetes who reports feeling anxious and having palpitations. The glucometer reads 50mg/dL. The nurse should give the patient: A. 1 tsp of honey B. 6 oz of apple juice C. 4 oz of skim milk D. one or two glucose tablets

answer

B. 6 oz of apple juice After confirming hypoglycemia, the nurse should give the patient 15 to 20 g of a rapid-acting, concentrated carbohydrate source, such as 4-6 oz of fruit juice, 8 oz of skim milk, 1 tbsp of honey, or three to four commercially prepared glucose tablets.

question

A nurse is documenting the plan of care for a patient who has type 1 diabetes mellitus that has remained unstable despite conventional insulin therapy. The provider has explained to the patient that the new plan will incorporate the use of a long-acting insulin preparation. The nurse should anticipate seeing a prescription for the addition of which of the following insulin preparations? A. Insulin glargine (Lantus) B. Insulin aspart (Novolog) C. Insulin glulisine (Apidra) D. Insulin lispro (Humalog)

answer

A. Insulin glargine (Lantus) long-acting insulin, such as insulin glargine (Lantus), is intended to provide basal glucose control. The dosage is typically once daily at the same time each day, usually with an evening meal.

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A nurse is teaching a patient newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes about the biguanide she has been prescribed, which is metformin (Glucophage). The nurse should explain that this type of medication acts by: A. reducing hepatic glucose production B. delaying carbohydrate digestion C. increasing the cellular response to insulin D. increasing insulin secretion by the pancreas

answer

A. reducing hepatic glucose production Biguanides reduce hepatic glucose production while increasing insulin action on muscle glucose uptake.

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A nurse is reviewing self-administration of insulin using a prefilled pen administration system with a patient who started using the pen system the previous week. The patient asks what he can do to reduce injection pain. The nurse should suggest that he: a. agitate the syringe slightly before the injection b. store the pens with the needle pointing upward c. insert the needle slowly d. keep the pen at room temperature for a few minutes

answer

d. keep the pen at room temperature for a few minutes injecting room-temperature insulin is less painful than injecting cold insulin.

question

A nurse is teaching a patient newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus how to check blood glucose levels. Which of the following is the appropriate instruction for transferring the patient's blood to the reagent portion of the test strip/monitor in most situations? a. smear the blood from the fingertip onto the test strip b. use a syringe and needle to collect and transfer blood c. hold the test strip next to the blood on the patient's fingertip d. use a capillary tube to collect and transfer the blood.

answer

c. hold the test strip next to the blood on the patient's fingertip this allows the blood to flow over the reagent pad until the amount of blood on the strip is adequate. a sample that is too small can result in falsely low readings.

question

A nurse is reviewing the results of routine laboratory tests performed as part of a 50-year-old woman's annual physical examination. The nurse notes a blood glucose level of 120mg/dL. The nurse should interpret this as an abnormal result for a: a. casual (random) blood glucose measurement b. fasting blood glucose measurement c. glycosylated hemoglobin measurement d. 2-hour measurement for an oral glucose tolerance test.

answer

b. fasting blood glucose measurement the result exceeds the acceptable range for a fasting blood glucose measurement, which is generally between 70-105mg/dL

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A nurse instructing a patient about using an insulin pump should explain that the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) increases with the use of a pump because: a. the pump must be removed for bathing b. insulin is injected continuously c. the pump uses intermediate-acting insulin d. the tubing could become occluded

answer

d. the tubing could become occluded malfunction of the pump from low battery power, occlusion of tubing or needles, or lack of insulin in the pump increases the risk of DKA, particularly if the patient is not aware of it.

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A nurse is teaching a patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus who is beginning a complex regimen of glycemic control about the properties and actions of the various types of insulin. the nurse should explain that the type of insulin that has an onset of 60-120 minutes, peaks in 6-14 hours and has a duration of 16-24 hours is: a. regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R( b. insulin glargine (Lantus) c. neutral protamine hagedorn (NPH) insulin d. insulin detemir (Levemir)

answer

c. neutral protamine hagedorn (NPH) insulin ** Remember our med surg book differs here... in our book it says NPH has onset of 1.5-4 hours, peak of 2-5 hours and duration of 12-18 hours. ** pg 1159 <-- Melody did stress that we know onset/peak/duration but I would learn it how the book and her slides say it!

ATI DIABETES ; Diabetes Term – Flashcards

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