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Land Ordinance of 1785

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acerage of the Northwest to be sold and proceeds used to pay off National debt. established an efficient system to survey and auction lands west of the Appalachian Mountains.

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Northwest Ordinance of 1787

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A framework passed by the national Congress under the Articles of Confederation to decide which western U.S. territories (Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Indiana) could become states. Because the ordinance also abolished slavery and established basic civil liberties (trial by jury, freedom of religion) in the Northwest Territory, it is often seen as an important first step toward the creation of the Bill of Rights.

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Shay's Rebellion

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1786, Mass. had high taxes. 1/3 of average farmer's income. Farmers lost their farmer through mortgage, high taxes, debtor's jail, and so demanded lower taxes + paper money and rebelled. PART IN THE CONSTITUTION: Article 1, Section 8

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Debtor

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someone who owes money to government or bank, generally regular citizens or farmers in debt after revolution due to agricultural depression. Want printed money.

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Creditor

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ex.foreign government, wealthy businessmen, private banks. They do not want money to be printed because debts collected are worth less. Foreclosed on farmer's homes. Want government to raise taxes.

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Republicanism

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a policy in which the supreme power rests in the body of the citizens. People give up their individual rights for the general good. Virtuous citizens.

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Republic

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a society in which we elect officials/ government in which the citizens elect representatives

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disinterested

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not in it for personal glory, but for the country as a whole.

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Radical Whig

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concern over arbitrary power, particularly in the monarchy

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Causes of the American Revolution

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-Changing economic relationship and political ideas between Great Britain and colonies. -people who wanted to revolt, patriots (whigs) vs. people who didn't want to revolt, loyalists (tories)

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Large-state Plan

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Proposed by Virginia. Based on population.*

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Small-state Plan

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Proposed by New Jersey. Equal representation regardless of population. Feared bigger states would bond together and rule over the rest.

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Great Compromise

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larger states had representation by population in the House of Representatives, and smaller states had equal representation in Senate. Two senators per 1 state.

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Senate ratio

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Two senators per 1 state

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How is the President elected under the constitution?

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Electoral college

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Where does every tax bill of revenue originate?

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House of Representatives (so people have control over taxes)

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3/5 Compromise

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slaves are 3/5 of a person. Most states wanted to shut off African Slave trade at this time but South Carolina and Georgia were dependent on it.

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Questions

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Who makes up the electoral college? Northwest Ordinance of 1787? How are senators chosen?

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How are senators chosen?

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Indirectly by state legislatures *

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What is the only house with a direct vote?

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House of Representatives

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Republican motherhood

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raising kids to turn into virtuous citizens

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Charles Beard

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believes the American Revolution is an economic movement. He thinks the Constitution is to protect the interests of wealthy people; anti-democratic. Self interest motivated men to support the constitution.

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Articles of Confederation

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1777 Could: divide states, participate in foreign affairs, made treaties, made boundaries, pass laws, declare war/peace, borrow money, set standards for coins and weights, set up relations with Native Americans, and postal service Couldn't: tax, collect taxes, have a president, judicial matters, trade, no army, carry out or enforce laws, can't interpret laws. no executive branch, 1 vote for all states, things had to be unanimous to pass. Congress could not deal with commerce, or enforce tax collection. Some states had worthless paper money.

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Federalism

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Idea that power should be divided between the state and national government.

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Declaration-Articles Relationship

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The declaration was a statement of theory on what ends of government should be- articles was the first attempt at setting up structure to reach those ends.

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What did the declaration not do?

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Did not place responsibilities on citizens or have limitations on rights

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AOC-republicanism

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Republic in AOC survives based on self-interest, allowing citizens to pursue their own economic and political interests. The whole nation benefits from this. The best government would know the personal interest of groups of citizens.

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After the war, how was life like in America?

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Huge inflation and debt, which leads to economic instability. Congress issued 240 million in paper money and states issued 200 million more. "Not worth a continental" Once the war is over, the incentive for cooperation among states disappears. These problems led to support for a stronger central government.

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What did the war do?

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The war made the states work together in a central government. Once the war is over, the incentive for cooperation among states disappears.

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AOC- what can states do?

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Declare war, conduct foreign relations, control the courts, perform many other "executive" functions

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AOC- every state except what came to revise the AOC?

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Rhode Island

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AOC- who revised it?

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A select group of property owning men who were voted in

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Rule of Law

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the constitution is supreme to any one individual

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Living Document

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the constitution is constantly reinterpreted and it adapts to the times. It changes with the amendment process.

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Constitution-Articles-what are they about?

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I. Legislative II. Executive III. Judicial IV. Relationship among the states V. Amendment process VI. Supremacy of Federal government VIII. Ratification

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Antifederalists tended to be...

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poor, backcountry, frontier, debtors, wanted more money printed (ex. Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee) The constitution was a plot by the upper class to steal power from the common people.

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Federalists tended to be...

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Wealthier, from coastline, more educated, better organized. (ex. George Washington and Benjamin Franklin) Had control of the press. Feared mob rule.

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Highest population of the 13 colonies

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Pennsylvanina and Massachusetts

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Last state to agree to constitution

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New Hampshire

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The Federalist

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a book by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton

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Antifederalists thought...

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only 1 branch of Constitution represented people

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Federalists thought...

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all branches of Constitution represented people

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Compromises in the Constitution

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3/5 Compromise (Art. 1 Sec 2), Slave trade (Art. 1 Sec. 9) the add-on of the bill of rights, Great Compromise

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Constitution- used to defend slavery

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Art. 4 Sec. 1

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Branch thought of as least representative of the people

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judicial

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Constitution- Checks and Balances

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Art. 1 Sec. 7, Art. 2 Sec. 2, Art. 3 Sec. 3

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Constitution- Federalism

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Art. 1 Sec. 2, Art. 3 Sec. 2

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Constitution- Republicanism

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Art. 1 Sec. 2, Art. 1 Sec. 7

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Constitution- Separation of Powers

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Art. 1 Sec. 3, Art. 1 Sec. 5, Art. 1 Sec. 7, Art. 2 Sec. 1, Art. 2 Sec. 2, Art. 6 Sec 1

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Constitution- Good for anti-federalists

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Amendment 10

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Constitution- Good for federalists

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Supremacy Clause, Necessary and Proper Clause (WHERE IS IT?)*

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Bank of the United States

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A plan proposed by Alexander Hamilton for a treasury for federal money funded by private investors. The Bank sparked a debate between "strict constructionists" and "loose constructionists" regarding interpretation of the Constitution.

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Elastic Clause

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A nickname for Article I, Section 8, Paragraph 18 of the Constitution, which states that Congress has the power "to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper" to carry out its proscribed duties. Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists interpreted this clause to mean that the Constitution allows everything it does not expressly forbid, and used it to justify the creation of the Bank of the United States. George Washington agreed, and the clause has since given presidents and Congress ample justification for expanding federal power. The clause has been dubbed "elastic" because it gives federal policymakers great flexibility when drafting laws.

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The Federalist Papers

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A series of eighty-five articles written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay in 1787-1788 to convince New Yorkers to ratify the Constitution. The Federalist Papers are now regarded as some of the finest essays on the Constitution, American government, and republicanism.

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Great Compromise

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An agreement between the large and small states at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 to create a bicameral (two-house) Congress with one chamber of delegates assigned based on population (the House of Representatives) and another chamber in which all states had two representatives regardless of population (the Senate). The agreement ended the deadlock among the states and set a precedent for compromise in American politics.

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Sedition Act

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A 1798 act (passed simultaneously with the Alien Acts) that banned all forms of public expression critical of the president or Congress.

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Do the ideas of the constitution reaffirm or reject the ideals of the American Revolution?

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reject..virtual rep. affirm...democracy + laws, sep. of power, free market

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Necessary and Proper clause

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Art. 1 Sec. 8

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Supremacy Clause

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Art. 6 Sec. 2 (supports federalism)

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How "revolutionary" was the American Revolution? What social, economic and political changes did/did not occur?

answer

*

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How did weaknesses of A.O.C create instability in society?

answer

check sheet

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How did the constitution correct for major weaknesses of the A.O.C?

answer

check sheet

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How democratic were the writers of the constitution?

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Some were "cheating politicians" and some were smart, honest men. However, some can say it was an autocracy or conspiracy because a select group of white, property-owning men wrote this, and they wrote it without telling anyone. In fact, there were even guards at the doors. The men also all had backgrounds in politics. They were pretty representative in jobs and background education

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What were the major arguments for and against ratification?

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for: correct what had gone wrong under the A.O.C against: too much power for the federal government. Paving the way for a monarchy. This is why the bill of rights was instated.

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Bernard Bailyn

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believed the revolution was a struggle over power and its limitations. calls it a "rather old-fashioned view". He thinks the Revolutionary movement was a corrupt conspiracy against liberty

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Alexander Hamilton

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A brilliant New York lawyer and statesman who, in his early thirties, was one of the youngest delegates at the Constitutional Convention in 1787. An ardent Federalist, Hamilton supported the Constitution during the ratification debates even though he actually believed that the new document was still too weak. He helped write the Federalist Papers, which are now regarded as some of the finest essays on American government and republicanism. He served as the first secretary of the treasury under George Washington and established the first Bank of the United States.

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Patrick Henry

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A fiery radical who advocated rebellion against the Crown in the years prior to the American Revolution, as in his famous "Give me liberty or give me death" speech. Later, Henry was a die-hard Anti-Federalist who initially opposed ratification of the Constitution.

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John Jay

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A coauthor of the Federalist Papers, which attempted to convince Anti-Federalist New Yorkers to ratify the Constitution. Jay served as the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and became one of the most hated men in America after he negotiated Jay's Treaty with Britain in 1794.

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James Madison

answer

A Virginia Federalist who advocated for the ratification of the Constitution, coauthored the Federalist Papers, and sponsored the Bill of Rights in Congress. After ratification, he supported southern and western agrarian interests as a Democratic-Republican.

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Edmund Morgan

answer

views the revolution as an intellectual movement. Political leadership instead of church, and politics instead of religion. Revision of human thought.

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