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Art is the meeting ground of the world inside and the world outside.

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- Elinor Ulman

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Ellen Dissanayake

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coined the term "making special"; this activity could actually define our species

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Art as existentialism

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making sense of a world full of dysfunction, leads to mindfulness

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Rollo May

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creativity as a struggle against disintegration and a means to bring into existence "new kinds of being"

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Art as communication

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debate about a further means to verbalize

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Art as soul

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Shaun McNiff views the arts as an unconscious religion Art as mastery Art as personal metaphor

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curative aspects

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Art as empowerment Art as work Art as play Art as relationship Art as structure and chaos Art as hope Art as benevolence Art as emotional release

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fundamental principles

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Meta-verbal therapy Talk as validation No discriminatory borders Creative action is validating Artistic expression is a healthy act Treatment is enhanced through the use of imagination Art making allows for creation of objects that represent elusive and hidden thoughts and feelings The artistic portrayals serve as a container/focus point for the client's feelings around events in their lives

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Art therapists have ___ and __________ as tools for their work

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-art -themselves

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MacGregor

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The Discovery of the Art of the Insane (art as an aid to treatment of mental illness)

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"Art Brut" - art created outside the boundaries of official culture

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Jean DuBuffet

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outsider art

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"Outsider art", "visionary art", "folk art" Social and personal implications of labeling? Exhibiting? How to place work by self-taught artist within historical canon? Art for personal exploration Boundaries between public and private

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-Interested in visual symbols in dreams and art -Huge influence on psychotherapy -By allowing a mood or problem to be personified in representation, we can understand it more deeply and clearly and experience the emotions contained within it -Spiritual experience is important to our well-being -Made art alongside his patients

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carl jung

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Father of modern psychology Dreams, thoughts, and feelings are experienced primarily in visual form Art is closer to unconscious because images come before words Many of our preverbal thoughts are images

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sigmund freud

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Referred to as the "Mother of Art Therapy" Founded Walden school with her sister Florence Cane; later worked in psychiatric settings "Dynamically-oriented art therapy" Unconscious can be communicated through symbolic expression No specific theory for interpreting art expressions, but client's free associations were key to understanding images they created

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Margaret Naumburg

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-Combined art activities with meditative awareness -Theories became the basis for transpersonal approach to art therapy -Emphasized art in overall development of children

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florence cane

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Most often associated with psychoanalytic approach British pediatrician Donald Winnicott devised a squiggle game to use with children (child and therapist would alternate making squiggly lines - "scribble chase") Margaret Naumburg used scribble drawings for client to release spontaneous images from the unconscious and encourage free association Florence Cane (therapeutic art teacher) used the scribble technique to encourage creativity in children. She used scribbling, movement, and sound

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scribble drawing

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***THIRD HAND*** ***"Art as therapy"*** Worked in therapeutic schools and directly applied ideas in educational settings Trained as an artist, art educator, and a psychoanalytically informed psychotherapy Used psychoanalytic framework Emphasized sublimation and other defense mechanisms Synthesis of content and form achieved by transforming emotional material into fully formed images Felt product was as important as process Felt art therapy should be more in category of humanities than psychology

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Edith Kramer

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Adrian Hill, suffering from tuberculosis, drew and painted and coined the term, "art therapy" (late 1940s); suggested art-making to fellow patients Artist Edward Abramson met Hill and established an open art studio in a "long stay" mental hospital Held the title of "art director" Worked alongside patients; did not like psychological interpretation Encouraged free expression - the act of creating was all that mattered Saw people healing through making art Published "Art as Healing" in 1984 Served as founder and first chairman of the British Association of Art Therapists

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Roots in England

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***Coined the phrase "art +therapy=?*** " the blending of art and therapy Author and filmmaker A marriage of art and psychology Includes aspects of visual arts, the creative process, human development and behavior, personality, and mental health *Appeared on Mr. Rogers as the "art lady" to convey the therapeutic value of art to viewers

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Judith Rubin

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-Research and family art therapy -Ulman, Kramer and Kwiakowski co-authored a book that explained art therapy to the general public

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Kwiatkowski

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-Editor and writer -Great abilities as a writer to synthesize and illuminate complex ideas

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Elinor Ulman

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Making and viewing art have inherent potential (art therapy view) Drawing assessment "method of projection" were used in 20th century Some art therapists improvise assessments to suit a clinical purpose Art therapists emphasize the client's interpretation/explanation of their art Models from behavioral sciences used to conduct art therapy research

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Assessment and research

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approaches to art therapy: Psychodynamic

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including Freudian and Jungian

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Humanistic

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creativity is life-enhancing - person-centered, Gestalt, existential

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Psycho-educational

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cognitive-behavioral, developmental

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Integrative

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eclectic; with other creative art forms

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diversity

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Every human being is inherently possessed of the capacity for vast intelligence and still possesses it unless severe damage has been done to the human's forebrain.

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diversity

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All human being are inherently "good," (kind, cooperative, compassionate, committed to justice). This "goodness" is another aspect of our intelligence, not separate from it. Our goodness exists independently of what we do or accomplish.

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diversity

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The natural emotional tone of a human being is zestful enjoyment of life. The natural relationship between any two human beings is loving affection, communication, and co-operation.

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diversity

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There is no rational conflict of interest between human beings. Any really good solution is a good solution for everyone.

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diversity

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The special human capacity for rational response can be interrupted or suspended by an experience of physical or emotional distress

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diversity

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Distress patterns tend to force their victim through a re-enactment of the original hurt that caused the pattern. Thus patterns are addictive in their actions.

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diversity

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While hurting, physically or emotionally, our flexible human intelligence stops functioning

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diversity

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Punishment, reproach, shaming, ostracism, isolation, condemnation or enforcement have never worked well in dealing with human problems

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diversity

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We do not have human beings with inherent conflicts which they must learn to live with; we have consistent human beings warped into apparent self-conflict by acquired distress patterns which act contrary to their inherent rational nature.

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diversity

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We do not have bad people; we have good people acting bad when they are short-circuited by the emotional scar tissue which has been loaded on them by the environment.

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diversity

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Human beings are equipped inherently, not only with vast intelligence and capacity to enjoy life and other people, not only with the susceptibility to having this endowment damaged and limited, but are also equipped with damage repair facilities, healing processes.

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diversity

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In any situation it is always possible for an individual to take the initiative and to take charge of the situation by so doing. Complete responsibility is the inherent, natural attitude of each human being. There is always at least one elegant solution for any real problem

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addressing

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Age and generational influences Developmental and acquired disabilities Religion Ethnicity Socioeconomic status Sexual orientation Indigenous heritage National origin Gender

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genograms

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Assists therapist and family members in understanding generational and intergenerational influences and heritage Helps identify culture of origin, organizing principles Pride/shame issues, intercultural marriage, role and impact of gender, spirituality Tangible and graphic representations of complex family patterns

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roll may quote

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Everyone's creative acts, whatever they may be, make constructive form out of the apparent formlessness of our lives.

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freud on creative process

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believed creativity comes from conflict; the creative process is a response to needing to solve conflicts

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ung on creative process

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believed that the creative process occurs in two modes: psychological and visionary. Art transcends life and generates universal responses from viewers

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psychological mode

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content comes from human consciousness - what we see around us

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visionary mode

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comes from the collective unconscious - the reactivation of archetype through an art form

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what is creativity?

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Creativity is often defined as the ability to bring something new and unique into existence; a union of opposites, impressions, ideas, and concepts that seem unrelated; giving birth to a new idea. Creativity is a form of pushing limits, inventing, breaking down boundaries, and rejecting accepted assumptions. ***Rollo May: creativity takes a great deal of courage***

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creativity

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Creativity has come to be defined as a human potential, a capacity we can develop in ourselves True creativity is playful, spontaneous, and imaginative

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promoting creativity

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An open, permissive attitude Letting go of fear of what others might think Letting go of self-criticism Accepting that there is no right answer Developing an intention and a passion

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flow

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"...being completely involved in an activity for its own sake. The ego falls away. Time flies. Every action, movement, and thought follows inevitably from the previous one...your whole being is involved, and you're using your skills to the utmost." a balance must be struck between the challenge of the task and the skill of the performer

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proposed this concept: a state of concentration or complete absorption with the activity at hand

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mihaly csikszentmihalyi

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Howard Gardner:

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-Big C: creativity that is responsible for social progress, the development of civilization -Little c: everyday problem solving; creating beauty

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flow is emotional intelligence at its best

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daniel goleman

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stages of creative process: Preparation

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gathering ideas and materials

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stages of creative process: incubation

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becoming absorbed

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stages of creative process: illumination

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experiencing a breakthrough

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stages of creative process: verification

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adding final touches or making final changes

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creating the environment

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Environment Surface Materials Storage Light Exhibition Safety Personal preferences (music, plants, etc) Time

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product

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-What affirms treatment goals for client (or, goal of artist) -Discuss it? (how?) -Enclose it/protect it? -Respond to it in another art form? -Show it (to a few others; publicly)?

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carl rogers

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creativity is closely linked to one's openness to new experiences

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Different approaches to art therapy

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Psychoanalytic, analytic, and object relations Humanistic Cognitive-Behavioral Solution-Focused and Narrative Developmental Expressive Art and Multimodal

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Psychoanalytic

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Strongly linked to the idea that spontaneous art expression provides access to the unconscious Therapist's role is to facilitate an interpersonal relationship that encourages the individual to create spontaneous images and discover personal meaning in one's expressions

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Object relations

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Humans have an innate drive to form and maintain relationships and it is through these relationships that our personality is formed Theory provides a framework to understand how clients superimpose early relationships and experiences on present ones Helping clients with issues of separation, individuation, dependence and interdependence, and intimacy are intrinsic "object" is person onto whom child projects desires, wishes, or other powerful emotions

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Humanistic

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"the third force" of psychology (behaviorism and psychoanalysis came before) Includes existential, person-centered, and Gestalt therapy Gerai defined the 3 overarching principles: emphasis on life problem solving, encouragement of self-actualization through creative expression, and emphasis on relating self-actualization to intimacy and trust in interpersonal relations and the search for self-transcendent life-goals

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Existential

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Liberating individual from fears and anxieties and living life to the fullest Creative work offers the experience of free choice and opportunity to make sense of what often seems meaningless Process of art making within therapeutic relationship serves as a metaphor for existential dilemmas and art making may lead person toward a state of mindfulness Art process serves as stage for search of purpose, values, and goals

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Gestalt

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Appropriate for people who are capable, active, and committed to realizing and achieving their potential; self-directed and self-motivated, personally responsible Emphasis on process (what is happening) over content (what is being talked about); focus is on individual's experience in the present moment

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Cognitive-behavioral

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Addresses dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors and cognitive processes and contents through a number of goal-oriented, explicit systematic procedures. CBT is "problem focused" (undertaken for specific problems) and "action oriented" (therapist tries to assist the client in selecting specific strategies to help address those problems).

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Solution- Focused and Narrative

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Help client understand personal problems and conflicts by externalizing them through telling stories and exploring new outcomes

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developmental

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The aim of this approach is to make the most constructive use of the skills children have, and apply that knowledge in designing art experiences for social-emotional growth Offers channels for communication, socialization, creativity, self-expression, self-exploration, and management of the environment

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Expressive Arts Therapy

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Linked to traditions and cultural precedents of world healing practices as they can involve all the arts In Greece, dramatic enactments including dance, music, and storytelling brought people together to experience cathartic release The Navaho employ sand paintings, song and dance to help heal members of the community

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Expressive arts therapy cont

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Basic premise is that visual arts, music, dance, and drama, allow people to explore unknown parts of themselves Natalie Rogers coined the term "creative connection" - one art form naturally stimulates another - can involve a sequential experience of the arts, with the facilitation of the therapist Knill proposes that the connection between self-expression through the arts taps the healing power of the imagination and is a fundamental phenomenon of human existence

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expressive arts

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Introduction of action into psychotherapy is the basis, no matter what theoretical stance is used Action within therapy is rarely limited to a single mode of expression Every person has a different expressive style (verbal, kinesthetic, tactile, etc) Each at form helps person make sense and meaning in a different way

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Creative Axis Model in Expressive Art Therapy

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-Stage 1: Contact - Client makes contact with the art form -Stage 2: Organization - client organizes various elements -Stage 3: Improvisation - client uses trial and error to explore the materials and characteristics of the medium -Stage 4: Central Theme - theme becomes clear and client invests more attention and effort in the aspect of the work -Stage 5: Elaboration(Variation) - person is preoccupied by modifying , developing, or improving the work -Stage 6: Preservation - ending of the experience, which may include distancing, preserving, putting away, or presenting the work

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Art serves as a helper in times of trouble

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Rudolph Arnheim

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A Person Picking An Apple From a Tree

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- useful in evaluating coping ability and resourcefulness

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A drawing of a bridge going from one place to another

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can yield information about patient's perceptions of present and expectations for the future. Can be an important question for patients facing life-threatening illnesses or making the transition following a long hospital stay

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Art therapy with children in the medical settings

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**Rebuild a sense of well-being** - as Edith Kramer said, bring order to chaos within; ill child may feel they need to protect adults from her feelings **Engender hope** - finished product is tangible evidence that child can accomplish a great deal **Gain a sense of mastery** **Communicate** perceptions, needs, and wishes Helps create a warmer and more aesthetically **pleasing environment** Provides **meaningful activity** during periods of recovery Brings **familiar** materials into the foreign land of medicine Creates **normalcy** (For medical staff) Helps **assess** patient strengths, coping styles, and cognitive development

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Medical art therapy for people with cancer

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verbal and nonverbal

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verbal

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explanation is medical description of the illness with a rational recounting of condition based on medical knowledge

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nonverbal

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is the personal and often private perception. It may or may not be conscious and may include apprehension, confusion, misunderstanding, fear, or anxiety

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Medical art therapy for people with cancer (and other life-threatening illnesses)

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-Personal empowerment -A way to convey painful confusing and contradictory experiences of illness (countering loss of control in terms of time, body) -Stress reduction -Drawing is a repetitive activity can induce relaxation and well-being

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Reauthoring life stories

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Helps transform feelings and perceptions into a new life story and create a new sense of self Development of new outlooks Revisions on the way one lives Creation of solutions or resolutions Discovery of an explanation of why one is ill Discovery of answers to life's unanswered questions Shift from thinking about illness

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Goals of art therapy group work for people with chronic illness

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-Confronting mortality -Create a lasting visual legacy -Finding meaning -Crisis resolution - Reducing symptoms of anger, fear, anxiety -Authentic expression - Help live more fully and deeply (communication of complexities of disease is difficult, and many do not want to burden families, etc, with this

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therapeutic benefits: Study of mandalas

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simply drawing within a circular outline produces a physiologically measurable relaxation response

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therapeutic benefits

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Creating art can be a powerful component of caring for oneself (studies show increased compliance in patients who get education and information about their medications take some responsibility for taking them)

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cancer in adults

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Adult cancer patients often reflect on life histories, priorities, and relationships; sometimes these individuals discover and reintegrate long-denied aspects of themselves, and in some instances spontaneous remission of their cancer follows (Patients may gain insight into life choices that contribute to illness and make changes that facilitate health).

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may be art making's most powerful therapeutic aspect

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transcendence

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Reasons for group art therapy

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Promotes social skills Mutual support and mutual problem-solving Sense of belonging and identity Universality/reduces isolation Different perspectives Learning from feedback Insight about family roles and trying new roles Catalysts for developing latent resources and abilities More democratic, sharing power and responsibility

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Altruism

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members can provide support to one another

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Catharsis

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expression of painful experiences and feelings

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group art therapy 2

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Reclaiming positive parts of childhood - play and experimentation Suitable for people who find one-on-one therapy too intimate An economical way of using expertise to help several people at the same time Ability to experience both pride and shame

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Disadvantages to group work

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Confidentiality is more difficult to ensure Need more resources Difficult to organize Less individual attention A group may be labeled and thus acquire a stigma Must examine group dynamics as well as the therapeutic elements

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group art therapy set up

answer

Aims and goals Facilities and resources Group members Open and closed groups (fixed amount of time or not) Ground rules Therapist roles Choosing and developing themes

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Deciding themes

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Feelings and issues from previous session In a setting, concerns at larger program Work made in previous sessions Choice of themes Begin with sharing current feelings, thoughts, start discussion from there

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Patterns of sessions

answer

Introduction and warm-up Main art activity Discussion and closing of group

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Art therapy in addictions treatment

answer

Addicted person's relationship with the substance becomes primary and affects the person's psychological adjustment, economic functioning, social and family relationships. Progresses to the point at which alcohol or the addictive substance is necessary to feel normal Similar processes with other compulsive behavior such as gambling, overeating, sex May have led to arrests, divorce, loss of health, or employment Conditioned response to stress and pain

question

addiction treatment

answer

Shame reduction is critical to treatment Resistance can take the form of silence, limit testing, anger, noncompliance, confusion, and projection Differentiating between the shame of "What I did" from "Who I am". Creativity helps humans establish a bond between themselves and the world and enlarges the world in an enriching and expansive way

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Task 1: Establishing safety with self and group

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Helping develop a language for self - collage is particularly effective (premade images) Providing safety and containment for raw and unprocessed feelings Learning self-reliance (choices and control, unlike the unmanageability of the addiction) Introduce yourself in a picture

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Task 2: Understanding the nature of addictive illness

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Labeling the addiction Unmanageability and powerlessness Draw the unmanageability of the addiction, or how powerlessness feels to you

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Task 3: Breaking through denial

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Forms of denial - denial masks shame - blaming others, ignoring the problem, minimizing severity of impact of behaviors AT breaks down defenses more quickly and less traumatically (bypass intellectual controls) ***Draw a picture of all you have lost due to your addiction*** Forms of denial: rationalizing, minimizing, intellectualizing, compartmentalizing, blaming, etc. ***Illustrate three forms of denial you have used*** Becoming aware of situations that trigger acting out ***Draw a picture of yourself with the tools of recovery to help you deal with triggers***

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Task 4: Surrendering to the process of recovery

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Support involvement in a 12-step community and sponsorship ***Draw yourself surrounded by people who nurture you*** Help addicts structure a belief on a Higher Power of their choice ***Use a cartoon strip format to dialogue with your Higher Power***

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Task 5: Understanding the origins of shame

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Addressing family-of-origin messages ***Draw the outline of a house. Outside the house, draw the image that the family portrayed to others. Inside, draw the family the way it really functioned*** Breaking through addicts' myths and rules such as their perfectionism and need for control or their fear of change Self-affirmation and empowerment ***Clients work together to build a road to recovery***

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Veterans & Homelessness

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Veterans are more at risk of becoming homeless than non-veterans The number of homeless Vietnam-era veterans, male and female, is greater than the number of soldiers who died during the war.

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Primary causes of homelessness among veterans

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-Lack of income due to limited education -Lack of transferable skills from military to civilian life (especially true of younger veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan) -Combat-related physical health issues and disabilities -Combat-related mental health issues and disabilities -Substance abuse problems that interfere with job retention -Weak social networks due to problems adjusting to civilian life -Lack of services

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veterans Health and wellness issues

answer

The incidence of PTSD and suicide rates among veterans is climbing.

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female veterans

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The risk of women veterans becoming homeless is four times greater than for male veterans (less housing for women and children set aside)

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most effective veteran programs

answer

Community-based, nonprofit, "veterans helping veterans" groups, which feature transitional housing with the camaraderie of living in structured, substance-free environments with fellow veterans who are succeeding at bettering themselves.

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Art therapy with veterans

answer

-Participants may suffer from various problems including chronic pain, isolation, depression, thoughts of suicide, insomnia, anxiety, etc. -Themes can include tolerance vs. anger, grief and loss, new beginnings, etc.

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Art therapy with veterans - benefits

answer

-Evoke positive emotions -Externalize emotions -Gain insight into their PTSD symptoms -To aid discussion and feelings of empathy with other veterans -Foster discussion and allow veterans to show empathy for one another

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U.S. model

answer

-Social service context - activities are "therapeutic" -Overriding goals are therapeutic, healing, treatment, etc. -Process over product -Values all artwork -Art therapists generally act in therapeutic role, closer to therapists than artists

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Jean DuBuffet

answer

-Eschewed traditional standards of beauty in favor of what he referred to be a more authentic and humanistic approach to image-making -In 1945 went to Switzerland and viewed art in a mental asylum -Was impressed with the extreme individualism, free from all social and cultural constraints ***Coined the term "Art Brut" also known as Outsider Art, or Raw Art***

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European Model

answer

**Based on the Art Brut model** -Programs are geared towards the development of artists -Tend to look for and nurture talent (portfolio review; one needs to have motivation) -(One Dutch program said) "It's not art therapy because these people are not sick." -Normalization principle: destigmatize age- and culturally **appropriate activities rather than grafting " -therapy" onto every activity** -Art and work rather than sickness and therapy -Uses more art-based language -Freedom to choose, to belong, the have dignity -Normal life experience as a citizen -More likely to work on books and presentations of programs

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Drawbacks of European model

answer

-Issues of property, dual relationships, profits, confidentiality -Does not value all client work (some are excluded) -Requires knowledge, contacts, and understanding of exhibiting work and the art world

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Integrating the European model in the US

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-Could help marginalized people find a valued place in society -Helping to manage "career" aspects could be understood as another part of the art therapist's role rather than in conflict -Would require stepping away from valuing all client work -Art therapists would need to know the art world and about management

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neologisms

answer

newly coined words or phrases, word salad, schizophrenia patients use them often

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veterans actiivies

answer

-graphic depictions to get out emotions (brains out, honoring fallen soldiers with dog tags), making masks of outside vs inside

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therapeutic alliance

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he relationship between a psychologist or psychotherapist and a patient, regarded as important for the outcome of psychological therapy.

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dual diagnosis art therapy

answer

Although many drug rehab programs claim to provide dual diagnosis treatment, rarely is this approach integrated into the treatment plan from the beginning. An exceptional program will develop personalized plans that address all underlying issues fueling an addiction, such as anxiety, depression or trauma. -focus on mindfulness and root of all issues and addressing more than one issue

question

culturally sensitive art therapy

answer

**To create a therapeutic alliance with a client, the art therapist needs to he sensitive to the cultural differences which can bias the relationship.** -culturally aware, white privilege, we benefit from things without even having to try

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family art therapy

answer

-help explore fam interactions, communication, origin of issues, family past, current problems or help individual family members -provide new experience of communication and expression for all members -provide new experience of communication and expression for all members

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family art therapy techniques

answer

-nonverbal art team task - within fam, members choose partner, make joint drawing, come up with a title -fam drawing, collage to mural- assign theme, guide family, and interview about impressions -genograms- traditional or creative, help understand problems -family portraits- abstract or realistic portrait of family -indie picture from a scribble - each fam member draws scribble, makes a picture from it, then display and share

question

advantages of fam art therapy

answer

equalizer: all members participate equally - simultaneous expression during activities -enhances communication -use creative process to solve problems and support changes in behavior -uncovers family patterns of interaction

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