Art Combined – Flashcards
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- the study of what is beautiful - The branch of philosophy* that deals with art, its sources, its forms, and its effects on individuals and cultures.
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Aesthetics
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- A Western category of refined objects considered to be among the supreme cultural - EX: "Birth of Venus"
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Fine Art
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Often perceived as being more accessible, inexpensive entertaining, commercial, political, naive, colorful, or touristy than fine art.
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Pop Culture
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Ceramics (pottery) Wood Fibers Glass Metals
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Craft
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When artists challenge existing conventions of art
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Avant-Garde Art
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- Have an emotional appeal that is generalized, superficial or sentimental.
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Kitsch
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representing what is real; showing things as they actually appear in real life
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Naturalistic/ Representational Style
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similar to naturalistic but has representative qualities
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Idealized Style
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- refers to the Greek and Roman aesthetic - revived in the Renaissance and by Neoclassical artists in the 19th century - (classical) refers to art that is orderly, balanced, clear, and well proportioned vertically and horizontally.
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Classical Style
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A style of art that communicate heightened emotions and often a sense of urgency or spontaneity. Vigorous lines, strong contrasts
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Expressionist Style
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- refers to art with a bizarre arrangements of images or materials, as if tapping into the workings of the unconscious mind. - Salvador Dali
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Surreal Style
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Works whose shapes are distorted or converted into patterns that may be read by the viewer as interesting in their own right or as representing another vision of a subject
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Abstracted Style
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- Artworks that have no recognizable subject matter such as figures, flowers, buildings, etc. - not exactly the same as abstract
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Non-Objective/ Non-Representational Style
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- refers to its meaning (underlying theme) - more available when you take into consideration the culture - conveyed through the artwork's subject matter and through its symbolic or iconographic references - visual form enhances content - from the moment a work of art is made, it is subject to change
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Content
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Primarily a visual medium that is used to express our ideas about our human experience and the world around us.
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Definition of Art
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- has a horse - Seen as the ultimate symbol of imperial dignity and power (Roman) - usually made of bronze, hallow (most treasured)
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Equestrian Sculpture
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a. educating the general public b. serving as a profession in society c. protesting social injustice d. assisting in rituals
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Functions of Art
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- a. thematic b. geographical c. historical d. chronological - Vincent Van Gogh is caegorized as a member of a style group even as he is acknowledged as a great artist with a unique style.
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Categorizing Art
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Often no art object is made, but the artist initiates some actions, which are the art.
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Performance Art
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style of art rarely changed
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Ancient Egypt
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H: suggest rest V: assertiveness, strength, power, and stability D: imply action
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Horizontal/ Vertical Line/ Diagonal
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- calming and peaceful lines
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Curving Line
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dashes of a line; the mind connects the dashes to form a full line. Although it is not technically a continuous line, we understand that it represents a true line
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Implied Line
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the course of the movement of a line (horizontal, vertical, diagonal, or meandering)
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Directional Line
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attributes of a line, such as jagged, flowing, rough. angular, etc.
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Quality of Line
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- refers to 2D; designated by outline - triangle shape: christian - for architecture, shape refers to aerial and normal view (several shapes)
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Shape
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Mono: an artwork that contains the hue, tints and shades of only one color
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Monochromatic/ Polychromatic
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AC: next to each other on the color wheel CC: colors opposite in the shell (Xmas colors)
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Analogous / Complimentary Colors
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doesn't use colors
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Achromatic Value Scale
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Colors not duplicating nature as the eye sees it
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Arbitrary Colors
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includes both the actual color and the eye of the one who perceives it, which can alter the real color of an object.
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Perceptual Colors
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implied: mimic real texture actual: 3D approach, fur, etc.
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Texture (implied; actual)
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make illusions of space, i.e. three-dimensionality, are made on a two dimensional surface
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Perspective Systems
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- View from the top. Perfected by Leonardo da Vinci
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Atmospheric (aerial) Perspective
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-an illusion of depth is suggested, but the space doesn't seem coherent. perspective system is off
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Intuitive Perspective
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parallel lines appear to converge as they recede, seeming to to meet on an imaginary horizon line
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Linear Perspective (one point perspective)
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in linear perspective; represents eye level
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Horizon Line
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the lines that move to a vanishing point on a horizon line
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Orthogonal Lines
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in linear perspective; a point on the horizon line where parallel lines converge
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Vanishing Point
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Light & Shadow
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Focal Point; Area of emphasis
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the arrangement of the formal elements of art
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Composition
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- preferred by Renaissance artists - involves a mirror-like repetition on either side of a central axis
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Symmetrical Balance
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achieved in a composition by arranging dissimilar elements so that they exist in groupings of equal visual weight and attention
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Asymmetrical Balance
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- only for very specific compositions such as rose windows
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Radial Balance
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Can suggest a subject's relative importance
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Proportion and Scale
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- can have symbolic value depending on its' context - Rhythm: demonstrated by the repetition of one or more of the elements of art.
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Pattern/ Motif
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U: a quality achieved in an artwork when the artist organizes all the compositional elements so theat they visually work together V: opposing or contrasting visual elements in a composition that add interest w/o disturbing the unity
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Unity and Variety
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- EX: Marcel Duchamp "Nude Descending a Staircase"
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Implied Motion
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powdered substances combined with oil, acrylic, polymer, or other binders to create paint.
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Pigment
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- in a drawing, the use of various tones (black, white gray) to create the illusion of volume - first used by fifteenth century Italian painters - used to give the illusion of rounded forms on a flat surface
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Chiaroscuro
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- a perspective system for rendering a 3D object on a 2D surface by drawing all horizontal edges at a 30 degree angle from a horizontal base. All the verticals are drawn perpendicularly from the horizontal base - EX: drawing cubes
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Isometric Perspective
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- Warm: Colors associated with the sun and fire such as yellows, reds, and oranges - Cool: blues, greens, purples, etc.
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Warm Colors/ Cool Colors
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hue: the color you see value: the lights and darks in a composition; sometimes referred to as tone intensity: brightness or dullness of hue, or chroma
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3 properties of color
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- The basic units of visual art - EX: line, light, value, color, texture, pattern, shape, volume, space, time, and motion
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Formal Elements
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the art of designing buildings
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Architecture
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a method of construction that uses posts to support a crossbeam that can bear the weight of a roof
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Post Lintel
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D: simple, masculine I: feminine, looks like boobs C: more decorative (vegetation added) highest in hierarchy
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Column (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian)
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a large hall in which a grid of columns support the roof
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Hypostyle
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the part of the building that is above the capital of the supporting columns
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Entablature
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a row of columns that supports an entablature or lintel
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Colonnade
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- a curved structure made of stone or brick - supports weight over an opening
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Arch
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-a projecting structure for support to give stability to a load bearing wall (support beam) - Flying Buttress: commonly seen on exterior of gothic cathedrals. Used to support high stone walls by transmitting weight
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Buttress
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a line of arches placed side by side on piers or columns that may be freestanding or attached to a wall
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Arcade
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- arches can form this - a large span of them - EX: a building with 4 sides of arches
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Vault
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- a hemisphere used to cover an open interior space - made of an arch rotated 360 degrees on a vertical axis
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Dome
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the triangular concave sections that are created when a dome is supported by a base of arches. Transfers weight and stress.
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Pendentive (dome)
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the spatial areas created when a dome is placed on a square or a polygonal base
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Squinch (dome)
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- a kind of structure in which a steel framework serves as a skeleton to support multistoried buildings - at first considered ugly and covered with stone; then modern age embraced it - concrete
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Steel Frame
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pencils, oil pastel, charcoal
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Dry Media
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- painting
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Wet Media
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R: woodblock for textile printing; carving and cutting away (stamp) I: reverse relief; hold the ink in the crevices (usually used with bronze or pottery L: uses a slab of limestone or metal and oily crayons, pencils or liquid (repels ink w/ oil in parts you don't want it) SP: ink passes through areas of screen that are not blocked
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Printmaking (relief, intaglio, lithography, screen printing)
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*Encaustic- pigments are mixed with heated wax (ancient medium) *Fresco: a painting made in plaster (usually painted on a wet lime plaster ground and bind with the plaster when dry (large areas) *Tempera: consists of pigment mixed with egg yolk *Watercolor: pigments suspended in a water-soluble glue and applied to paper in transparent layers *Oil paint: powdered pigments are ground into a slow-drying oil
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Print Mediums (Encaustic, Fresco, Tempera, Watercolor, Oil paint)
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- can't be seen from the back - sort of like a carving
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Relief Sculpture
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meant to be viewed from all sides
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Free-Standing Sculpture
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- material is added - EX: Modeling
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Additive Process of Sculpting
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- material is removed - mainly wood and stone
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Subtractive Process
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- a found object that has a changed meaning - ""Fountain" Marcel Duchamp
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Readymade
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includes found objects
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Assemblage
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sculpture with movable parts
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Kinetic Sculpture
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uses the space around it. It loses its meaning somewhere else
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Site Specific Sculpture
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mixed media artworks designed for a specific interior or exterior space
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Installation
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Often no art object is made, but the artist initiates some actions, which are the art
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Performance
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- Indexical: literally means requires an index. Needs a reference to exist - Iconic: uses symbols
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Photograph (indexical/ Iconic)
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- substance of a work of art in contrast with its form - the most obvious factor in determining the content of a work of art
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Subject Matter
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- system of symbols that allows artists to refer to complex images - EX: The iconography of democracy is imbedded in the design of the U.S. Capitol Building with architectural references to Greek and Roman culture.
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Iconography
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consists of external conditions that surround the work of art
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Context
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critique of an artwork based on its composition and the arrangement of its elements and principles
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Formalist Critique
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- deals with the political underpinnings of art and is - rooted in the writings of Karl Marx - all art supports some particular political agenda, cultural structure, or economic/class hierarchy
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Ideological Critique
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helps to interpret artwork with strong emotional content
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Psychoanalytical Critique
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believe that in order to understand a work of art, one must study the structure of art and the complex interrelationship of all its parts
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Structuralist Critique
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various branches of art criticism that are reactions against Structuralism - hold that there is not one single meaning in an artwork; there are many
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Post- Structuralist Critique
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deals with issues of gender in art
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Feminist Critique
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- a recent discipline in critical writing - attempts to integrate and analyze the visual components of contemporary culture
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Visual Culture
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- the study of phenomena, such as art, from the point of view of a conscious and perceiving subject - Art is a human phenomenon
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Phenomenology
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- 18th century revival of the classical greek and roman styles in art and architecture, as well as styles from the European Renaissance - illustrates enlightenment values (woman showing her child treasures) - invisible brushstrokes - colors are rich - often history paintings
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Neoclassicism
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a painting that depicts a scene from history
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History Painting
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an assembled composition of objects set up by the artist to use as subject matter for an artwork
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Still Life
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paintings that contain subject matter of everyday life
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Genre Scene
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the study of signs and symbols in written and verbal communication
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semiotics
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- Art has this - includes the materials used to make the artwork; its formal elements; and its overall composition.
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Visual Form
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white, paint-like substance that is brushed onto paper or canvas to serve as a ground for painting or drawing
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Gesso
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a liquid clay, often applied to the clay vessel before firing to create surface designs
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Slip
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makes only one copy of an image (unlike other methods of printing)
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monoprinting
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Except for very small sculptures, most CAST sculptures are created using this method of casting. Make a model in wax, create a mould, make the scultpture.
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lost wax
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a carbon stick created from burnt wood and is can be used to make drawings
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charcoal
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- a surface upon which a two-dimensional artwork, such as a painting, is made
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support
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a type of watercolor, which has Chinese white chalk added to it to create an opaque surface
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Gouache
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an early type of photographic process
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daguerreotype
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the various branches of art making activity, like painting or sculpture
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Disciplines
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Some contemporary artists use this as an unconventional art medium
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Quilting
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- focuses on human relationships and social spaces, rather than emphasizing art objects in private galleries, homes, or museums. - interactive art pieces
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relational aesthetics
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involves the belief that any image has a multiplicity of meanings. Post-structuralism
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Deconstruction
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a. culturally determined b. elements which represent some other concept c. elements which are descriptive of something else - can be taught
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Symbols and Metaphors
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the total appearance and organization of an artwork; also, a shape or structure of artwork (or architecture)
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Form (formality)
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- a period of Western art, primarily in the 20th century, during which innovation and self critical practice were emphasized - painting was important to modernists
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Modernists
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- the late 20th century movement in art, based to some extent on deconstructionism and accommodating a wide range of styles - photography is important to postmodernists
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Postmodernism
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its underlying theme or message
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subtext
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from different periods of time, they DO NOT often have the same interpretations of the same works of art
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historians and art critics
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- pointed archways - dark
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Gothic style
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- human centered outlook and reason ( olympics, heroes, religion) - human body very important
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Humanism
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a standing position in which the body weight rests on one straight leg, with the other leg relaxed; bent- gives the body an "S" shape
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contrapposto
