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Mandate

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An official order to do something.

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Zionism

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A worldwide Jewish movement that resulted in the establishment and development of the state of Israel.

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Arabism

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The Arab state or Arab culture.

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Assimilation

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The process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group.

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Pogrom

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An organized massacre of a particular ethnic group.

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anti-Semitism

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Prejudice or hatred against jews.

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Auto-emancipation

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Early zionist pamphlet written in German.

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Theodor Herzl

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Austro-Hungarian journalist.

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Balfour Declaration

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The Balfour Declaration (dated 2 November 1917) was a letter from the United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland.

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Sykes-Picot

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Also called Asia Minor Agreement, (May 9, 1916), secret convention made during World War I between Great Britain and France, with the assent of imperial Russia, for the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire.

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Chaim Weizmann

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Zionist leader and first president of Israel.

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Sir Herbert Samuel

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British liberal politician and party leader.

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White Paper (1922)

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The Churchill White Paper (also known as The British White Paper of 1922) of 3 June 1922 clarified how Britain viewed the Balfour Declaration, 1917. That Declaration announced the British intent to aid the \"establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people.\"

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Constitution of 1922

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The Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922 (Session 2) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, passed in 1922 to enact in UK law the Constitution of the Irish Free State, and to formally ratify the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty of 6 December 1921.

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Arab Executive

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In December 1920, Palestinian Arabs at a congress in Haifa established an executive committee (known as the Arab Executive) to act as the representative of the Arabs. It was never formally recognized by the British and was dissolved in 1934.

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Mufti

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A Muslim legal expert who is empowered to give rulings on religious matters.

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Jewish Agency

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The Jewish Agency for Israel is the largest Jewish Nonprofit organization in the world. Established as the Palestine Office in 1908, later renamed. It is best known as the primary organization responsible for the immigration and absorption of Jews and their families into Israel.

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Yishuv

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The body of Jewish residents in Palestine, before the establishment of the State of Israel.

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Histadrut

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A labor federation in Israel.

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Kibbutz movement

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The Kibbutz Movement is the largest settlement movement for kibbutzim (a collective community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture) in Israel.

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Haganah

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A Jewish paramilitary organization in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948, which later became the core of the Israel Defense Forces.

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Mapai Party

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Israel labor party. During Mapai's time in office, a wide range of progressive reforms were carried out as characterized by the establishment of a welfare state, providing minimum income, security, and free (or almost free) access to housing subsidies and health and social services.

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David Ben-Gurion

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Primary founder of the state of Israel and the first prime minister of Israel.

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World Zionist Organization

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Jewish organization founded by Binyamin Ze'ev Herzl during the First Zionist Congress, which convened in Basel in 1897 as an all-Jewish parliament.

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Revisionism

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A departure from any authoritative or generally accepted doctrine, theory, practice, etc.

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Aliyah

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Immigration to Israel.

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Jewish National Fund

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Fund to buy and develop land in Ottoman Palestine for Jewish settlement.

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Absentee Arab landowners

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Land in Palestine was largely owned by absentee landlords who lived in Cairo, Damascus and Beirut.

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Wailing Wall Disturbance of 1929

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An endowment made by a Muslim to a religious, educational, or charitable cause.

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Waqf

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An endowment made by a Muslim to a religious, educational, or charitable cause.

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Shaw Commission

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As a result of Arab rioting throughout Palestine, the British established a Commission of Inquiry whose purpose was to determine the cause of the rioting and to propose policies which would prevent further violence from erupting. Sir Walter Shaw chaired the Commission, which delivered its report in March 1930.

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Passfield White Paper (1930)

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Issued October 20, 1930, by colonial secretary Lord Passfield (Sidney Webb), was a formal statement of British policy in Palestine, which previously had been set by the Churchill White Paper of 1922. The new statement resulted from the Hope-Simpson Commission's investigation into the deeper causes of the 1929 Palestine riots, that initially started over access to the Wailing Wall. The white paper limited official Jewish immigration to a much greater degree.

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Black Letter (1931)

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A formal statement of British policy in Palestine.

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Great Revolt of 1936-39

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A violent uprising, \"The Great Arab Revolt of 1936-39\". Mobilized thousands of Palestinians of all classes to take part in the revolt. They shipped over 20,000 troops in Palestine while the Zionists also had some 15,000 Jews prepared for their own nationalist faction by 1939.

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Peel Commission

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Formally known as the Palestine Royal Commission, was a British Royal Commission of Inquiry, headed by Lord Peel, appointed in 1936 to investigate the causes of unrest in British Mandate for Palestine following the six-month-long Arab general strike in Mandatory Palestine.

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Kaffiya

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A headdress from Arab men.

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Second World War and oil

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In any coming conflict, the oil resources and airfields of the Arab Middle East would be vital to Britain.

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White Paper (1939)

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A policy paper issued by the British government under Neville Chamberlain in which, among several key provisions, the idea of partitioning Palestine was abandoned.

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The Holocaust

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Destruction or slaughter on a mass scale, especially caused by fire or nuclear war.

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Biltmore Program

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It officially set the goal of an independent Jewish state as the goal of the Zionist movement, and it determined that henceforth Ben-Gurion and Zionist executive in Palestine, rather than Weizmann, would lead the Zionist movement and determine policy toward the British.

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Irgun

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A Zionist paramilitary organization that operated in Mandate Palestine between 1931 and 1948. It was an offshoot of the older and larger Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah.

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Menachem Begin

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1913-92, Israeli political leader, born in Poland: prime minister 1977-83; Nobel Peace Prize 1978.

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Stern Gang

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Militant Zionist terrorist organization (officially Lohame Herut Yisra'el \"Fighters for the Freedom of Israel\") founded 1940 by Avram Stern (1907-1942).

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King David Hotel

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Hotel in Jerusalem, was built with locally quarried limestone by Ezra Mosseri, a wealthy Egyptian Jewish banker.

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UNSCOP

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This was created in response to a UK government request that the General Assembly \"make recommendations under article 10 of the Charter, concerning the future government of Palestine\".

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President Harry Truman

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33rd President of the United States. As the final running mate of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944, Truman succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when Roosevelt died after months of declining health.

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British withdrawal

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During the civil war, the Jewish and Arab communities of Palestine clashed (the latter supported by the Arab Liberation Army) while the British, who had the obligation to maintain order, organized their withdrawal and intervened only on an occasional basis.

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First Arab-Israeli War

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A war fought against the State of Israel and a military alliance of Arab states. This war formed the second stage of the 1948 Palestine war, known in Arabic as The Nakba or Catastrophe.

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Palestinian Refugee Crisis

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Originally included both Arabs and Jews whose normal place of residence was in Mandatory Palestine but were displaced and lost their livelihoods as a result of the 1948 Palestine War. During the 1948 Palestine War, around 85% (720,000 people) of the Palestinian Arab population of what has now become Israel fled or were expelled from their homes, to the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and to the countries of Lebanon, Syria and Jordan.

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Plan D

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The campaign \"provided for the conquest and permanent occupation, or leveling, of Arab villages and towns\".

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Forced Expulsion

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Forcing someone to leave a place.

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Al-Nakba (disaster)

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The 1948 Palestinian exodus, also known as the Nakba, occurred when more than 700,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from their homes, during the 1948 Palestine war.

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White Paper (1922)

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A declaration written by Winston Churchill, announcing how the British intended to aid the \"establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people.\"

Arab-Israeli Vocab

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