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Progressive Era

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Period of reform from 1890s-1920s. Opposed waste and corruption while focusing on the general rights of the individual. Pushed for social justice, general equality, and public safety. Significants in this movement included trust-busting, Sherman Anti-trust Act, President Theodore Roosevelt, Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle", Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act of 1906.

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waving the bloody shirt

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a term of ridicule used in the 1880s and 1890s to refer to politicians -especially republicans- who, according to critics, whipped up old animosities from the Civil War era that ought to be set aside.

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Gilded Age

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A term invented in the 1920s used to describe the late 19th century as a period of ostentatious displays of wealth, growing poverty, and government inaction in the face of income inequality. Politics were corrupt.

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James Garfield

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1880; Republican; president for only 4 months before being assassinated by Charles Guiteau; promoted civil service reform but did not live to see

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spoils system

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A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

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Pendleton Act

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An 1883 law establishing a nonpartisan Civil Service Commission to fill federal jobs by examination. It dealt a major blow to the "spoils system" and sought to ensure that government positions were filled by trained, professional employees.

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Mugwumps

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A late 19th century brand of reform-minded republicans who left their party in 1884 to support Democratic presidential candidate Grover Cleveland. Many were classical liberals who denounced corruption and advocated a reduction in government powers and civil service reform.

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Grover Cleveland

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22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission(Act) and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

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Front porch campaigns

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a low-key electoral campaign used in American politics in which the candidate remains close to or at home to make speeches to supporters who come to visit. The candidate largely does not travel around or otherwise actively campaign. Harrison and Mckinley (mostly republicans).

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Sherman Anti-Trust Act

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Landmark 1890 act that forbade anticompetitive business activities, requiring the federal government to investigate trusts and any companies operating in violation to the act.

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Lodge Bill (1890)

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a bill proposing that whenever 100 citizens in any district appealed for intervention, a bipartisan federal board could investigate and seat the rightful winner. The defeat of the bill was a blow to those seeking to defend African American voting rights and to ensure full participation in politics.

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People's Party

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Also known as the populist party, pushed for political reforms for farmers. Composed of the Kansas alliance and the knights of labor.

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Omaha Platform

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An 1892 statement by the populists calling for stronger government to protect ordinary Americans.

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Panic of 1893

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Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s. It caused Americans to question the capitalist system.

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Coxey's Army

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unemployed workers marched from ohio to wahsington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for goverment relief

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free silver

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a policy of loosening the money supply by expanding federal coinage to include silver and gold. defeat of William Jennings Bryan=no more free silver. Encouraged borrowing and stimulate industry.

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grandfather clause

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Denied the ballot to any man whose grandfather had been unable to vote in slavery days.

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poll tax

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A tax of a fixed amount per person and payable as a requirement for the right to vote

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literacy tests

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Method used to deny African-Americans the vote in the South that tested a person's ability to read and write - they were done very unfairly so even though most African-Americans could read and write by the 1950's they still failed.

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solid south

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the post-reconstruction goal - achieved by the early twentieth century - of almost complete electoral control of the south by the democratic party.

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William Jennings Bryan

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United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925). Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.

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Cross of Gold speech

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An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

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Tom Watson

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A leader of the Populist Party in the South. Georgia's Best-Known Populist. He was the first native southern politician concerned about African American Farmers. Introduces Rural Free Delivery Bill. In 1905 he returned to the Democratic party and becomes a white-supremist

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William McKinley

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25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Was assassinated by an anarchist

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direct primary

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An election in which voters choose candidates to run on a party's ticket in a subsequent election for public office.

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17th Amendment

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established direct election of United States Senators by popular vote

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Lochner vs. New York

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(1905) Supreme Court case, ruled that the states could not restrict a labor agreement between worker and employer; the New York law that stated that bakers could only work 10 hours was therefore unconstitutional.

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US vs. EC Knight Co.

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due to narrow interpretation of sherman antitrust act, court undermined authority of federal gov to act against monopolies

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In re debs

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Supreme Court approved use of court injunctions against strikes which gave employers a very powerful weapon to break unions; Debs later turned to the American Socialist Party in 1900

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Theodore Roosevelt

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1858-1919. 26th President (republican). Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

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1902 Coal Strike

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United Mine Workers demanded 20 percent wage increase, a reductive in daily working hours from ten to nine, and formal management recognition in their union; mines shut down in an effort to starve out the miners; Roosevelt's conference ended in an impasse, he threatened to take over the mines and and run them with the army; ended in October with an agreement to submit the issues to an arbitration commission named by the president; enhanced the prestige of Roosevelt and the nation's leaders, but only partial victories for the miners; won 9 hour work day and only 10% increase wages

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Elkins Act

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1903 United States federal law that amended the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. The Act authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to impose heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates, and upon the shippers that accepted these rebates.

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Northern Securities vs. US

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JP Morgan, Hill, Harriman get together to dominate railroads in West. TR insisted that NSC be broken up, and it was. Repealed EC Knight, holding companies' enthusiasm dampened, TR gets super popular. Dissolved JP Morgan's Northern Securities Company, and successfully applied the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to break up a business monopoly.

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Square Deal

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Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

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Hepburn Act

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(TR) 1906, , Gives the ICC the power to set maximum railroad rates, finally giving the agency enforcement power

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Standard Oil vs. US

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Rockefeller's oil company broken up into several competing companies

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Newland Reclamation Act

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Government sold public lands to rase money for irrigation projects

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Robert La Follette

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Progressive Wisconsin governor who attacked machine politics and pressured the state legislature to require each party to hold a direct primary

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Wisconsin Idea

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A policy promoted by Robert La Follette for greater government intervention in the economy, with reliance on experts, partially progressive economists, for policy recommendations.

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recall

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A pioneering progressive idea, enacted in Wisconsin, Oregon, California, and other states, that gave citizens the right to remove unpopular politicians from office through a vote.

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referendum

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the process of voting directly on a proposed policy measure rather than leaving it in the hands of elected legislators; a progressive reform

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National Child Labor Committee

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A reform organization that worked (unsuccessfully) to win a federal law banning child labor.

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Muller vs. Oregon

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Court case that upheld an Oregon law limiting women's work day to 10 hours, based on the need to protect women's health for motherhood.

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WEB Du Bois

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A Harvard trained professional who called for equal rights immediately for African Americans. He founded the NAACP that aimed to help African Americans improve.

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Talented tenth

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According to W. E. B. DuBois, the ten percent of the black population that had the talent to bring respect and equality to all blacks

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Niagara Movement

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Du Bois and Trotter called a meeting at Niagara Falls (Canadian Side) that guided the Civil Rights Movement

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NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

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An organization founded by leading African American reformers and white allies as a vehicle for advocating equal rights for African Americans, especially through the courts.

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Big Bill Haywood

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industrial worker movement leader

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Industrial Workers of the World

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an umbrella union and radical political group dedicated to organizing unskilled workers to oppose capitalism. Nicknamed the wobblies, it advocated direct action by workers, including sabotage and strikes.

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Election of 1912

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Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win

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New Nationalism

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Theodore Roosevelt mentioned this in a 1910 speech. It promoted government intervention to enhance public welfare, including a federal child labor law, more recognition of labor rights, a national minimum wage for women, women's suffrage, and curbs on the power of federal courts to stop reform

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Progressive Party

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Also known as the "Bull Moose Party", this political party was formed by Theodore Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President William Howard Taft in the election of 1912. After Taft won the Republican Party's nomination, Roosevelt ran on the Progressive party ticket.

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Eugene Debs

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socialist that founded the American Railway Union

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Pullman Strike

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in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

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Socialist Party of America

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This party was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. The platform called for more radical reforms such as public ownership of the RRs, utilities, and even of major industries such as oil and steel.

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Woodrow Wilson

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28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

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New Freedom

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Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete. Preserve political and economic liberty.

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16th Amendment

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Allows the federal government to collect income tax

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Panic of 1907

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a serious recession, proved the govt. still had little control over the industrial economy. Conservatives blamed Roosevelt's mad economic policies for the disaster, and the president disagreed, but acted quickly to reassure business leaders that he wouldn't interfere with their private recovery efforts. Knickerbocker Trust Co failed.

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Federal Reserve Act

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The central banking system in the US that helps set the money supply level, thus influencing the rate of growth of the US economy, and seeks to ensure the stability of the US monetary system.

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Clayton Anti-trust act

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Law that strengthened federal definitions of monopoly and gave more power to the justice departments to pursue antitrust cases. Ensured that antitrust laws would apply to corporations rather than unions.

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Federal Trade Commission

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(WW) 1914 , A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy, support antitrust suits

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