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Progressivism

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The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.

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Muckraking

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Journalism exposing economic, social, and political evils, so named by Theodore Roosevelt for its "raking the muck" of American society.

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The Jungle

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This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

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Direct Democracy

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Government in which citizens vote on laws and select officials directly.

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Wisconsin Idea

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Package of reform ideas advocated by LaFollette that included Initiative, Recall, Referendum, Legislative Reference Bureau.

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Lochner vs. New York

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1905 declared limiting of working hours unconstitutional

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Social Gospel

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Movement that taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization

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Theodore Roosevelt

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1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

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Conservation

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The careful preservation and protection of natural resources, movement sparked famously by Teddy Roosevelt

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William Howard Taft

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27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

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Income Tax

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Tax paid to the state, federal, and local governments based on income earned over the past year.

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Woodrow Wilson

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28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

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Eugene V. Debs

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Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America.

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Election of 1912

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Woodrow Wilson won the presidency when Teddy Roosevelt split the Republican/Progressive votes by opposing Taft

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New Nationalism

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Roosevelt's domestic platform during the 1912 election accepting the power of trusts and proposing a more powerful government to regulate them

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New Freedom

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Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy that, promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.

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Pancho Villa

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A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.

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Women's Suffrage

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19th amendment, the right for women to vote

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World War 1

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a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918...total war

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Trench Warfare

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A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.

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Allied Powers

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France, Britain, USSR, United States, and China as well as 45 other countries that opposed the Axis powers in World War II

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Axis Powers

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Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

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A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters

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Zimmerman Telegraph

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Sent by Germany to Mexico that encouraged Mexico to help Germany FIght against the US if they entered war and in return Germany would help Mexico get their land back from the US.

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War Industries Board

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Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries, ordered businesses to support war by building more plants, etc.

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Committee of Public Information

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It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

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Schenck vs. U.S.

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the 1919 Supreme Court case that declared that Charles Schenck's propaganda efforts against the military draft were illegal under the Espionage Act of 1918, freedom of speech is not absolute and can be regulated

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The Fourteen Points

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A list of terms developed by Woodrow Wilson that was designed to resolve WWI and prevent future wars.

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League of Nations

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A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

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Prohibition

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18th Amendment, forbidding the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages

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Immigration Act of 1924

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law that allowed a percentage of immigrants annually from a country based on the number of that ethnicity in an 1800s census. This meant that more immigrants would be admitted from western European countries and immigrants from East Europe and Asia were slimly admitted

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Fundamentalism

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strict literal interpretation of a religion, closed belief that religion is superior to others

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Scopes Trial

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1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

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Flappers

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carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.

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Great Migration

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movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

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Harlem Renaissance

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A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

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Modernism

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A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.

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Lost Generation

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Group of authors including T.S. Elliot and Ezra Pound

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Federal Reserve Act

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This act established the Federal System, which established 12 distinct reserve to be controlled by the banks in each district; in addition, a Federal Reserve board was established to regulate the entire structure; improved public confidence in the banking system.

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Return to Normalcy

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After World War I 1919-20s, when Harding was President, the US and Britain returned to isolatoinism. The US economy "boomed" but Europe continued to struggle. It was the calm before the bigger storm hit: World War II

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Teapot Dome

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A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

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Rugged Individualism

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Herbert Hoover's belief that people must be self-reliant and not depend upon the federal government for assistance.

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Stock Market Crash

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Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock.

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Great Depression

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(1929-1939) The dramatic decline in the world's economy due to the United State's stock market crash of 1929, the overproduction of goods from World War I, and decline in the need for raw materials from non industrialized nations. Results in millions of people losing their jobs as banks and businesses closed around the world. Many people were reduced to homelessness, and had to rely on government sponsored soup kitchens to eat. World trade also declined as many countries imposed protective tariffs in an attempt to restore their economies.

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Hawley-Smoot Tariff

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charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation

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Bonus Expeditionary Force

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Thousands of World War I veterans, who insisted on immediate payment of their bonus certificates, marched on Washington in 1932; violence ensued when President Herbert Hoover ordered their tent villages cleared.

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Franklin Delano Roosevelt

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32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII

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Brain Trust

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Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression

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New Deal

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A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

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Civilian Conservation Corps

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a public work relief program for unemployed men so they have jobs. the men worked on jobs related to conservation and development of natural resources

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National Recovery Administration

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Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours.

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Agricultural Adjustment Administration

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Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops

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Tennessee Valley Authority

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A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

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Dust Bowl

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A drought in the 1930s that turned the Great Planes very dry.

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Court Packing Scheme

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Six additional justices would have been appointed. This was proposed in response to the Supreme Court overturning several of his New Deal measures that proponents claim were designed to help the United States recover from the Great Depression.

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Works Progress Administration

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New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.

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Social Security

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(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

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Wickard vs. Filburn

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government put a limit on the amount of acreage that farmers could plant, Filburn argued that the extra grain he was growing was not for inter-state commerce and therefore could not be regulated by the federal government, ruled against Filburn

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Four Freedoms Speech

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A speech by FDR that outlined the four principles of freedom (speech, religion, from want, and from fear) This helped inspire Americans into patriotism.

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Lend-Lease Act

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act passed by the U. S. Congress in 1941 that allowed the president (FDR) to sell or lend war supplies to any country whose defense was considered vital to the United States

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World War II

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(1939 - 1945) A war fought in Europe, Africa and Asia between the Allied Powers of Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States against the Axis Powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan.

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Pearl Harbor

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1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

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Revenue Act of 1942

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Effort to increase tax revenues to cover the cost of WWII by adding additional graduated steps to the income tax and lowering the threshold at which lower income earners began to pay tax.

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Rosie the Riveter

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A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

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Women's Army Corps

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During the second world war, the increased demand for labor shook up old prejudices about gender roles in workplace and in military Nearly 200,00 women served or its naval equivalent. (WAVES)

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Double V Campaign

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The World War II-era effort of black Americans to gain "a Victory over racism at home as well as Victory abroad."

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Tuskegee Airmen

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Unit of African American pilots that fought in World War II; got more awards then any other unit.

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Bracero Program

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United States labor agents recruited thousands of farm and railroad workers from Mexico. The program stimulated emigration for Mexico.

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Navajo Code Talkers

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Native Americans from the Navajo tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not desipher

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Japanese Internment

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Japanese and Japanese Americans from the West Coast of the United States during WWII. While approximately 10,000 were able to relocate to other parts of the country of their own choosing, the remainder-roughly 110,000 me, women and children-were sent to hastily constructed camps called "War Relocation Centers" in remote portions of the nation's interior.

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Battle of the Atlantic

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Germany's naval attempt to cut off British supply ships by using u-boats. Caused Britain to officially join the war after their ships were sunk. After this battle, the Allies won control of the seas, allowing them to control supply transfer, which ultimately determined the war.

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North African Campaign

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U.S. and GB wanted to attack weakest part of Axis Powers, Germans and Soviets were tied up with each other in the east, U.S. and GB couldn't attack Axis Powers in Europe, Germany had it pretty fortified, Decided to go through North Africa: Libya, Egypt, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia

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Battle of Midway

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U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.

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Island Hopping

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A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

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Strategic Bombing

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dropping bombs on key targets to destroy the enemy's capacity to make war

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D-Day

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175000 Allied troops invading the beaches of Normandy; Also called Operation Overload. The early hours of the day were spent with airborne attacks to break up the German resistance. The beaches of Normandy (which were broken into 5 groups) were stormed by US, British, Canadian, Free French, and Polish forces.

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Yalta Conference

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1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

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