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Election of 1824, 28, and 32

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1824: Jackson thought he was cheated out of the presidency and sought vindication. 1828: he took low blows to Adams and accused him of outlandish things. 1832: Beat out Clay by a landslide.

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Spoils System

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Andrew Jackson's method of turning over the civil servant jobs to new government officials. "Rotation in office" was supposed to democratize government and lead to reform by allowing the common people to run the government. This system had been in place long before Jackson, but his name is tied to it because he endorsed its usage. In general, officials were replaced by those loyal to the new administration, and they were not always the most qualified for the positions. Over the span of several presidential terms, the system led to corruption and inefficiency. It was ended with the passage of the Pendleton Act.

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"Kitchen Cabinet"

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Jackson's informal group that advised him. Martin Van Buren and a few close friends were apart of it.

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Nicholas Biddle

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From Philadelphia, took over presidency of the Bank of the United States. Experienced in literature, the law, diplomacy, and finance. Managed brilliantly.

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National Bank

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Center of the Bank War. Dispute over whether to renew the Second Bank or not. 1832: Congress voted in favor, but 1836 Jackson vetoed it

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"Pet" Banks

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Banks favored by Jackson.

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Webster-Hayne Debate

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Debate in the Senate between Daniel Webster (MA) and Robert Hayne (SC) that focused on sectionalism and nullification. Came after the "Tariff of Abominations" incident. At issue was the source of constitutional authority: Was the Union derived from an agreement between states or from the people who had sought a guarantee of freedom? Webster stated, "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable."

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John Calhoun

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Vice President to both John Q. Adams and to Adam's political rival, Andrew Jackson, who defeated Adams in 1828. Champion of states' rights. Author of an essay, "The South Carolina Exposition and Protest," advocating nullification of Tariff of 1828 and asserting the right of the states to nullify federal laws. Later, as senator, he engaged Daniel Webster in a debate over slavery and states' rights, demonstrating the ideas that would drive the country to the Civil War.

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Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

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1832. Cherokee Nation: sought to hold onto their lands by adjusting to white ways and live amongst them. Georgia: All Cherokee laws void in Georgia. Ruling: John Marshall: Cherokee couldn't sue in a U.S. court because they weren't represented in the Constitution.

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Worchester v. Georgia

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Involved 2 missionaries to the Cherokee who had not procured licenses required by Georgia law. State could not control the Cherokee or their territory.

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Trail of Tears

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Worcester v. Georgia was a response to Jackson's Indian Removal Act. Cherokees in Georgia claimed to be a sovereign political entity. Native Americans were supported by the Supreme Court, but Andrew Jackson refused to enforce the court's decision. By this point, Cherokees had largely met the government's demands to assimilate into Western-style democratic institutions. Still, Cherokees were forced to give up lands to the east of the Mississippi and travel to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The migration's effects were devastating as hunger, disease, and exhaustion killed about 4,000 Cherokee.

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Theory of Nullification

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Declared that the tariff laws were void and that South Carolina would resist by force any attempt to collect tariffs.

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Tariff of 1832

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It favored Northern interests at the expense of Southern ones. Calhoun led a state convention calling for the Order of Nullification. Jackson, though a supporter of states' rights, defended the Union above all, and asked Congress to issue a new bill to give him authority to collect tariffs by force. Jackson encouraged his allies to prepare a compromise bill so that the federal government would not lose its image of control and so that South Carolina could back down from nullification. Henry Clay presented this Compromise Tariff of 1833 and South Carolina withdrew the Order, but tensions between the federal government and state governments grew.

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Force Bill

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Granted the president additional authority to execute the revenue laws.

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Compromise Tariff

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Appealed the Nullification Bill while the Force Bill was passed.

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Specie Circular

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Required that land be paid for in hard money and not paper or credit.

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Favorite Sons

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Whigs relied on leaders of the House to become president.

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Election of 1836 and 1840

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836: All of the favorite sons ran, but all lost to Van Buren. 1840: W. H. Harrison won for Whigs against Van Buren.

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Panic of 1837

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Recession caused by President Jackson's drastic movement of federal bank deposits to state and local banks. Led to relaxed credit policies and inflation. Jackson demanded a Specie Circular. Recession lasted into the 1840s.

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Independent Treasury Act

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Construction of government owned vaults where federal revenues could be stored until needed. All payments to the government were to be made in hard cash.

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Democracy in America

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1835 by Tocqueville. Starting point for creative elements of American institutions Americans lived in a state of total equality and inequalities didn't exist and wasn't supported.

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Alexis de Tocqueville

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French civil servant who traveled to and wrote about the United States. Wrote Democracy in America, reflecting his interest in the American democratic process and appreciation of American civil society. Assessed the American attempt to have both liberty and equality. Provided an outsider's objective view of the Age of Jackson.

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Separate Spheres

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Women's time spent away from home or devoted to matters unrelated to the care of husband and family.

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Second Great Awakening

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A wave of religious fervor spread through a series of camp meeting revivals. The "Burnt Over District," an area in upstate New York, was the center of the movement. Protestant revivalism rejected the Calvinist doctrine of predestination and held instead that salvation was in the individual's hands. Revivalism was a reaction to rationalism, emphasizing strong nationalism and the improvement of society through social reform. Revivalism included participation by women and African Americans, demonstrating the influence and growth of democracy created diversity in American religious sects and some anti-Catholic sentiment.

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Cult of True Womanhood

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An ideal of middle-class womanhood in the early nineteenth century that asserted that women were naturally pious, pure, submissive, exemplars, of Christian precepts and best-suited to supervise the moral development of the family.

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Charles Grandison Finney

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Most effective. 1821: became an itinerant preacher. Most successful in towns along the Erie Canal. "Burnt Over District." Insisted people controlled their own fate, dismissed Calvanism as a "theological fiction,"salvation was available to anyone, and judgement day was rapidly approaching.

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Communitarianism

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Commencing a wholesale social reorganization by first establishing and demonstrating its principles completely on a small scale.

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Shakers

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A religious commune founded by Ann Lee in England that came to America in 1774. They practiced celibacy, believed that God was both mother and father, and held property in common.

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Ann Lee

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Founded the Shakers, called Mother Ann.

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Mormons

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Religion founded by Joseph Smith, Jr. Smith claimed to have received sacred writings, he organized the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Smith described a vision from God in which God declared specific tenets of Christianity to be abominations. Because of these claims and unusual practices such as polygamy, they were shunned. Eventually, they formed community near Great Salt Lake under Brigham Young's leadership settlement became the State of Utah.

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Joseph Smith

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From Vermont, founded Mormonism.

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Brigham Young

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Replacement of Joseph Smith.

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Robert Owen

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British utopian socialist who believed in economic as well as political equality and who considered competition debasing. Created an ideal community where the Rappite settlement was. Wasn't stable and a costly failure.

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Dorthea Dix

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Social reformer who worked to help the mentally ill. Northeastern jails housed both criminals and the mentally ill in the same facilities. She became determined to change this. Her memorandum to the Massachusetts state legislature in 1842 led to the establishment of state hospitals for the insane.

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Temperance

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Moderation of self-restraint in action, statement, and self-control.

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American Temperance Union

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Tried to persuade people to sign the pledge not to drink liquor.

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Washingtonians

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An organization of reformed alcoholics set out to reclaim alcoholics.

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Maine Law

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First effective law prohibiting the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.

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Abolitionism

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Began with the idea of purchasing and transporting slaves to free African slaves, which had little success. Anti-slavery societies founded it, and some faced violent opposition. The movement split into 2: radical followers and those who petitioned Congress. Entered Congress through the Liberty Party, calling for non-expansion of slavery into new western territories. The Liberty Party would eventually combine with the larger Free Soil Party.

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William Lloyd Garrison

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His newspaper, "The Liberator," espoused his views that slaves should immediately be emancipated. Many other anti-slavery advocates of the 1830s and 1840s recommended a gradualist approach. Because of his inflexible position and the first language he used in his paper, opposition to his policy developed within abolitionist groups. He also advocated an unpopular position in favor of equal rights for women. After the Civil War, he promoted free trade, suffrage for women, and fair treatment for Native Americans.

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"The Liberator"

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Established by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831.

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Liberty Party

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Organized by the Tappans and nominated James G. Birney for presidency.

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Frederick Douglass

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An escaped slave and outspoken abolitionist. Escaped from is Maryland owner and published his own newspaper, the "North Star." Favored the use of political methods of reform . In the Civil War, he helped put together the regiments of African Americans from Massachusetts and urged other to join the Union army. Known as the father of the American civil rights movement.

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Sarah and Angelina Grimké

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First advocates of women's rights movement.

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Elizabeth Cady Stanton

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Part of the women's rights movement.

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Susan B. Anthony

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First to see the need for thorough organization if effective pressure was to be brought to bear on male-dominated society.

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Seneca Falls Convention

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A meeting, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848, that affirmed that "all men and women are created equal" and sought the franchise (vote) for women.

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Romanticism

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A belief in the innate goodness of man, nature, and traditional values, rooted in turn-of-the-century Europe. Emphasized emotions and feelings over rationality. Reaction against the excess of the Enlightenment led to growing push for social reform.

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Transcendentalism

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Movement to transcend the bounds of the intellect and to strive for emotional unity with God. Believed that people were capable of unity with God without help of institutional church. Saw church as reactionary and stifling to self-expression. Included writers such as Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson.

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Ralph Waldo Emerson

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Transcendentalist essayist and lecturer. "Self-Reliance," one of his essays, promoted the virtue of independence. Through the themes in his writing and through the independent lifestyle he lived, he strongly influenced American thought and culture.

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Henry David Thoreau

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Transcendental writer. His "Walden" repudiated the repression of society and preached non-violent civil disobedience. He protested unjust laws, slavery, and the Mexican War. To demonstrate against these issues, he refused to pay his poll tax and was forced to spend one night in jail. His ideaology was reflected in future advocates like Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.

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"Civil Disobedience"

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Essay written by Thoreau that explained his view of the proper relation between the individual and the state.

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Common School

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Free tax-supported schools, every child had to attend, and it was state wide with required formal teaching training.

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Horace Mann

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American educator who was the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education. Suggested reforms in education. Made available high quality, no-cost, nondenominational public schooling. The system has lasted to present day, and as a result, he has been called the father of the American public schools.

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John Tyler

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0th president. Took office following the death of William Henry Harrison. States' righter, Southerner, and strict constructionist. Rejected the programs of the Whigs who had elected Harrison, which led them to turn against him. Settled Webster-Ashburton Treaty between the United States and Britain. Helped Texas achieve statehood in 1845.

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Henry Clay

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Leader of Congress. Didn't like Tyler. Considered himself the real leader of the Whig party. Announced to ignore Tyler's state's rights.

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Webster-Ashburton Treaty

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A treaty between the United States and Britain, signed in 1842, that settled the controversy over the Maine-Canada boundary. The treaty allowed Canada to build a military road from Halifax to Quebec while the United States got most of the disputed territory.

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Stephen Austin

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Leader of the Americans who settled in Texas when it was still apart of Mexico.

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Santa Anna

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Mexican president who led the attack on the Alamo.

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Alamo

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Americans hid behind the building Alamo, but Mexicans breeched the walls and killed everyone.

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Sam Houston

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Leader of Texas Independence. Defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto and claimed independence. He asked both President Jackson and President Van Buren to recognize Texas as a state, which they denied out of fear that a new slave state would be formed.

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Republic of Texas

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Houston was its first president, led to U.S. wanting to annex them.

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Pacific Fur Company

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Founded by John Jacob Aster in 1811. Established trading posts on the Columbia. Has a greater right to their area.

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Oregon Trail

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Began at the western boarder of Missouri. Torturous. Each group became a self-governing community. Most consisted of young families and Mormons.

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Election of 1844

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Polk (Democrat) v. Clay (Whig). Popular vote: 50% Polk, 48% Clay, 2% Birney (Liberty). Electoral vote: 62% Polk, 38% Clay. Polk beat out Van Buren and Calhoun for nomination.

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James Polk

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11th president. "Dark Horse" Democratic candidate who became president. Big believer in Manifest Destiny and expansionism. Nicknamed "Polk the Purposeful" for his focus on a set of specific goals during his presidency. Introduced a new independent treasury system. Lowered the high rates of tariffs with the Walker Tariff. Settled Oregon boundary dispute with the Oregon Treaty (Treaty of Washington - 1846) at 49th parallel rather than 54' 40. Acquired California. He led the United States into the Mexican War.

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Liberty Party

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Only 62,000 voters supported the party, but 16,000 lived in New York which should've gone to Clay, losing the election for him.

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Treaty with British for Oregon

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Below the 49th parallel from the Rockies to the Puget Sound except for Vancouver Island.

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Zachary Taylor

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12th president. Famous general in the Mexican War. Whig President. Opposed the spread of slavery. Encouraged territories to organize and seek admission directly as states to avoid the issue of slavery. Died suddenly in 1850 and was replaced by Millard Fillmore.

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Bear Flag Republic

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California. Settlers in Sacramento Valley seized Sonoma and raised their flag.

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"Popular Sovereignty"

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Doctrine under which the status of slavery in the territories was to be determined by the settlers themselves. Doctrine was first put forward by General Lewis Cass. Promoted by Stephen A. Douglas. Meant as a resolution to the looming crisis of the slavery question.

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Election of 1848

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Taylor (Whig) v. Cass (Democrat). Popular vote: 47.5% Taylor, 42.5% Cass, 10% Van Buren (Free Soil). Electoral vote: 56% Taylor, 44% Cass.

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Free Soil Party

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A party that emerged from the 1840s in opposition to the expansion of slavery into the territories. Formally organized in 1848, it nominated Martin Van Buren for president. In 1856, its party members joined with former Whigs and other disaffected voters to firm the Republican party.

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Gold Rush

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Miners who rushed to California after the discovery of gold were called "Forty-Niners." Over 80,000 prospectors "rushed" to San Francisco. The increased population led to California joining the Union as a free state. Connected to the idea of Manifest Destiny.

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Wilmot Proviso

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Amendment to a Mexican War appropriations bill. Proposed that slavery could not exist in any territory that might be acquired from Mexico. This amendment was passed in the U.S. House of Representatives several times, but it was ultimately defeated on each occasion because the South had greater power in the Senate. Represented the looming question of slavery's future, which would be decided in the Civil War.

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