APUSH Unit 14: The Cold War to 1973 – Flashcards
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Marshall Plan
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1947, $5.3 billion to Europe to help rebuild post-war; mainly raw materials, food and fuel; underlying purpose of preventing communism; Soviets attempt to imitate with their own Molotov Plan- failure
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Iron Curtain
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a political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eatern Europe after WWII; divide between capitalism and communism, symbolizes the Cold War
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Alger Hiss
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1948 federal employee accused of being a spy; led to fears of communists in the government; Richard Nixon became famous going after him; problem: people can't criticize government intervention or they will be called communists, created cold atmosphere
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Truman Doctrine
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1947, containment; US will "contain" Soviets in Greece and turkey- support free peoples; $400 million to stop them from falling to communism
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Eisenhower Doctrine
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1956, Middle East; in a speech to Congress Eisenhower stated that a country could request help from the US if it felt bullied by the USSR; extension of Monroe Doctrine containment to the Middle East
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Modern Republicanism
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liberal republicanism in the cold war era; liberal due to slight New Deal state, don't dismantle it; strong support for military; gains a lot of southern support (due to military)
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Brinkmanship
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proposed policy by John Foster Dulles; "massive retaliation"- build up way more than needed to retaliate so that the Soviets won't dare attack; pushing Soviets to the brink with nuclear buildup
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McCarthyism
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The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s; the use of fear to destroy political opponents with smear of communism
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Loyalty Board
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created by EO 9835 in 1947; required investigation of federal employees, requires employees to take Loyalty oath- fired alcoholics, homosexuals, and debtors
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McCarran Internal Security Act
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1950, act required communists to register; president could detain aliens- like alien and sedition acts
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HUAC and the Hollywood Ten
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1947, congress enacted to investigate communism in movies; 300 stars were blacklisted- 10 went to jail for refusing to testify or name names, their families suffered
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Federal Highway Act
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1956 act in response to new suburbs- need to get to them; federal government spent $25 billion on 41,000 miles of highways for defense purposes effects: promoted travel and movement to suburbs, growth of trucking, decrease of railroads, increased demand for cars/ drive-ins/ fast food
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National Security Act
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1947 act that creates Defense Department- merges all military into one cabinet position; National Security Council and CIA
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National Security Council
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created by National Security Act in 1947; group advises president on security
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Point 4 Speech
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Truman's inaugural address; challenges US to assist the world with struggle for rights and freedoms, continue economic aid, and strengthen worldwide organizations
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NSC-68
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"United States Objectives and Programs for National Security"; top secret paper by the NSC that was published in 1950; blamed the cold war on the USSR and said that the US could not rely on other countries to fight the cold war for it; very influential- recommended nuclear buildup to keep pace with USSR, led to 4x greater defense budget
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Korean War
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1950-53; Communist North Korea invades South Korea with the help of the USSR; US sends troops as police action under UN; China also helps North Korea; ends in the reestablishment of the DMZ at the 38th parallel just as before the war; military spending helped keep US out of recession
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Berlin Airlift
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1948-49, Soviets controlled land access to Berlin and they cut off US access to west Berlin; US had to airlift supplies for 321 days to save west berliners
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NATO
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1949, US joined North Atlantic Treaty Organization as military defense alliance against Soviet attack; Soviets are expanding control over satellites; peace time alliance- end to US isolation
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Organization of American States
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Formed in 1948 in the Western hemisphere to promote democracy, economic cooperation, & human rights; Members pledged not to interfere with one another; The US often dominated this organization
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National Defense Education Act
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Passed in response to Sputnik, it provided an oppurtunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.
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Sputnik
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1957, Soviets launch first satellite into space; scares US, behind in technology; begins Space Race
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NASA
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created in 1958 in response to the Space Race and Soviet Sputnik; also caused increase in funding for education in science (STEM)
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Space Race
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spurred by Sputnik; race to have more technology in space between the USSR and US; led to more funding for education and science
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U-2 Incident
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1959, US U-2 Spy plane pilot Francis Gary Powers in shot down while on a routine reconnaissance mission; 10 year Soviet prison sentence, hated in the US for not self-destructing, leaves evidence
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Suez Crisis
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1956, FR, BR, and Israelis conducted secret plans to invade Egypt; Egypt (General Gamal Abdul Nasser) took the Suez Canal from BR to nationalize it; Israel attacks, and BR and FR bomb; US does not support; US acted as a mediator and protected Egypt's taking of the canal- they get Egypt as a friend and it doesn't hurt us, only hurts BR
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De-Stalinization
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1956-1964 following Stalin's death; successor Khrushchev gave a speech to the communist party in which he criticized Stalin and revealed many of his horrible actions; shocks Soviets at first but led to a brief thawing of the Cold War
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Berlin Wall
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1961; Soviets construct a wall between east and west Berlin to prevent East Berlin citizens from leaving;
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Beatniks
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poets, writers, and artists; restless and rebellious youth; reject conformity and banality of atomic culture; widely regarded as lawless and dangerous to society; authors: Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac
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Employment Act of 1946
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part of Truman's Fair Deal; states that the government will commit to "full employment"- very vague
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Election of 1948
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Republican nominee= Thomas Dewey, expected to win Split among democrats: - Truman= fair deal and civil rights - Dixiecrats' states' rights party- reject civil rights, racists - Progressive Party- left wing, upset by focus on cold war, accused of being communists Truman wins despite democrat split
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Suburbia (Levittown)
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part of the post war affluent, middle class conformity US society; Levittowns mass produced inexpensive houses; effects: white flight from cities, many GIs got housing, blacks excluded from buying Levitt houses, criticized for confromity
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Dr. Benjamin Spock
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author, wrote Baby and Child Care in 1946; best seller for how to raise kids; child-centered philosophy, child's needs come before all else
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Military-Inudstrial Complex
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1961 term coined by Eisenhower; warned of the close connection between military and business because it could more easily lead to war; industry wants $ and might manufacture crisis to sell weapons; echoes Nye Committee
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David Riesman
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author, wrote The Lonely Crowd in 1950; concluded that the "other-directed" man (caring about others opinions more than self) was the new norm- conformity;
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William Whyte
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author, wrote The Organization Man in 1956; said that conformity was essential to succeeding in increasingly bureaucratic, corporate workplace
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Fair Deal
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President Truman's proposed domestic plan: -expansion of social security - raise in minimum wage - full employment plan (1946) - public housing (1949) - national health insurance most of Fair Deal wasn't passed due to Republican and Conservative Democratic backlash, too expensive
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Taft-Hartley Act
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1947 act- strike to labor; made closed shop illegal, allowed states to pass "right to work" laws- workers can't be forced to join unions to keep jobs; reversal of Wagner Act effects: hurt weaker unions-chemicals and textiles, hurt those never in unions- women, minorities, and south ("Op. Dixie" fails)
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Youngstown Sheet and Tube v. Sawyer
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1952 case limits President's ability to seize private industry
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Bay of Pigs
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1961, CIA trained 1400 Cuban exiles to retake Cuba from Castro; failed miserably, embarrassment
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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1962, Cold War pushed to the brink; Soviets put missiles on Cuba; US ordered a blockade and the Soviets backed down
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Peace Corps
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created under JFK; aid to the Third World, modernization
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SALT I Treaty
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1972, Nixon; Americans and Soviets met in Helsinki to talk about nuclear weapon limits; froze ICBMs at present level
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Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
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1963, fear of a nuclear war encouraged US-Soviet support for a ban on above-ground, space, and underwater tests of missiles; to limit radiation in atmosphere
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Mayaguez Incident
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Peace time military rescue operation of a ship conducted by American armed forces against Cambodia
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Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
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1964 Congress gives LBJ a blank check to repel attacks of North Vietnam (no real proof of attack); later comes back to bite
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Operation Rolling Thunder
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1965-68; eight week campaign to bomb North Korea into submission- goals to hit targets in North and the Ho Chi Minh Trail; Vietcong attacked US air bases in the south in response; failure because North Vietnam wasn't industrialized, went underground, were willing to sacrifice, and had help from Soviet and China
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My Lai
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1968 massacre of a village in Vietnam in which US soldiers brutally killed 350 civilians; greatly damaged morale and war support
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War Powers Act
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1973, Congress responded to the Johnson and Nixon administrations' escalation of the conflict and lies to the American public; required president to get congressional approval within 60 days of troop deployment in an area of conflict; a check on presidential power- pretty much worthless
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Tet Offensive
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1968, North Vietnam launched a huge attack on US-held areas in South Vietnam; public support for war plumetted as they realized that the war would not be quick
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Kent State Shootings
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May 4, 1970; Ohio national guard kills 4 students at Kent State University; protest of Nixon's order of invasion of Cambodia
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Vietnamization (Guam/Nixon Doctrine)
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Nixon's doctrine to turn fighting over to South Vietnam; US soldiers would withdraw and South Vietnamese soldiers would take over more of the fighting; US would support with air attacks; first withdraw of troops in 1969; 1970 raids on Cambodia caused public outcry Doctrine= help allies and friends but through negotiation rather than war
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Domino Theory
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theory that if all of Vietnam fell to communism, then so would all of Asia
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Ho Chi Minh Trail
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North Vietnam supply trail running through Cambodia to South Vietnam; US attempt to bomb it
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Pentagon Papers
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1971, Daniel Ellsberg ( former Defense Department), leaked 7,000 documents to the NY Times that showed the government had lied about the war; led to a supreme court case allowing the publishing and a lack of trust in the government
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Detente
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US turns more towards negotiations; cooperation with the big powers; motivation was to end conflict in Vietnam; continued to destabilize enemy governments in developing world
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SALT II
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1974, Ford met with Brezhnev in Siberia to develop an agreement; continued arms reduction; never ratified by senate
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Helsinki Summit
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1975, US and USSR agreed to the borders of Europe, respect the rights of their respective citizens, led to movement for increased rights in communist Europe (nationalism, struck down by USSR)
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Truman
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1945-53; beginning of Cold War, Fair Deal-, Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine
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Eisenhower
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1953-61; Brinkmanship, Eisenhower Doctrine, Modern Republicanism- focus on military strength and maintaining New Deal, Space Race
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Kennedy
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1961-63; catholic, New Frontier- expansion of space and New Deal, flexible response, missile gap, Cuba, Berlin Wall, assassinated
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Nixon
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1969-74; Vietnamization, Detente
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Johnson
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1963- 1969; VP to JFK, face of Vietnam, received Gulf of Tonkin resolution, Great Society put aside
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Joseph McCarthy
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1950; claims that he knows of 205 State Department employees who are communists; Senate sub-committee questions numerous employees and ruins their careers; no evidence and no proof, eventually discredited;
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Douglas MacArthur
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US general in Korean War; when China intervened to help North Korea, he wanted to invade China- Truman fired him for his insubordination
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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
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members of the communist party, accused in 1950 of passing secrets of the atomic weapons to Klaus Fuchs who passed it to the Soviets (detonated weapon in 1949); Ethel's brother leads testimony against them, executed in 1953 and proved guilty in the 90s
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George Kennan
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American diplomat and advisor, father of containment; in 1947, his Long Telegram and Sources of Soviet Conduct outlined US containment policy; he said that the Soviets= aggressive, expansionist, need to be stopped
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Robert Kennedy
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assassinated in 1968 while running for presidency against Nixon
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Robert McNamara
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head of the defense department under JFK; flexible response, rejects MAD
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Mao Zedong
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communist leader of China who took over in 1949 after US stopped aid to the Nationalists
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Chinese Nationalists
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anticommunist group in China led by Chiang Kai-Shek, fell to communism in 1949 after US ended aid.
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Ngo Dinh Diem
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US supported president of South Vietnam; gave him thousands of "advisors"=troops
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Viet Cong (NFL)
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Communists in South Vietnam
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Arthur Miller
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playwright- "The Crucible" in 1952; relates the hunt for communists and McCarthyism to the Salem witch trials
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John Foster Dulles
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US Secretary of State under Eisenhower; policy of "Brinkmanship" in foreign affairs
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Fidel Castro
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1959 communism supporter who overthrows US-backed dictator in Cuba and joins the Soviets
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Fulgencio Batista
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US backed dictator in Cuba prior in 1959
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Henry Kissinger
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Nixon's national security advisor and secretary of state; "shuttle diplomacy"- back and forth between countries to negotiate; assisted with all of Nixon's policies of Vietnamization, detente, etc.
