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Baby boom

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1945-1960: An increase in population by almost 30 million people. This spurred a growth in suburbs and three to four children families.

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Dixiecrats

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1948: Southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party.

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Jack Kerouac

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was the author of the best-selling book "On the Road", which epitomized the Beat Generation of the late 1940s and early 1950s.

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Beatniks

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Nonconformist's in th 1950's in Greenwhich Village Area of NYC. Led by poeple such as writer Jack Kerouac and poet Allen Ginsberg, they believed and encouraged individuality in an age of conformity. Used drugs, wrote poetry, and rebelled: formed mold from which hippies would come.

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AFL-CIO Merger

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The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations is a national trade union center, the largest federation of unions in the United States, made up of 56 national and international unions, together representing more than 11 million workers. It was formed in 1955 when the AFL and the CIO merged after a long estrangement. From 1955 until 2005, its member unions represented nearly all unionized workers in the United States.

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Civil Rights Acts (1957, 1960, 1964)

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1957: ended literacy tests, poll taxes, and other discriminatory acts keeping African Americans from exercising their voting rights 1960: established federal inspection of local voter registration polls and introduced penalties for anyone attempting to obstruct people from registrating to vote 1964: ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, the workplace, and facilities that served the public

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SNCC

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1960: (Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement.

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SLCC

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Southern Christian Leadership COnference - southern ministers organized to protest segregation.

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Sit-ins

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protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.

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Freedom Rides

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1961: a series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South

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Montgomery Bus Boycott

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1955: after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

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Malcolm X

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1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality

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Black Muslims

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Common name for the Nation of Islam, a religion that encouraged separatism from White society. They claimed the "White Devil" was the chief source of evil in the world.

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Stokely Carmichael

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a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."

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Black Panthers

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1965: A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.

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Eldridge Cleaver

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1960s: Minister of culture of the Black Panthers, author of Soul on Ice which talked about the organization

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Voting Rights Act of 1965

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1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it brought jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap

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24th Amendment

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Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections.

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Warren Court

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the chief justice that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson in Brown v. Board of Education (1954); he was the first justice to help the civil rights movement, judicial activism

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Gideon v. Wainright

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1963: S.C. ruling that an indigent defendant charged in a state court with any noncapital felony has the right to counsel under the due process clause of the 14th amendment

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Miranda v. Arizona

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1966: Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

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Escobedo v. Illinois

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1964: Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police.

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New Frontier

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The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

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Great Society (War on Poverty)

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President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education. Help for the elderly (medicare) and the poor (medicaid). Welfare programs; public housing; increased funding for higher education, crime prevention, and transportation.

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Office of Economic Opportunity

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1965: Part of the war on poverty, it was headed by R. Sargent Shiver, and was ineffective due to the complexity of the problem. It provided Job Corps, loans, training, VISTA, and educational programs., oversaw many programs dealing w/ improving life in inner cities (ex: Job Corps: education and job training program for at-risk youth), Set guidelines for equal hiring and education practices (started "quotas")

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VISTA

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Volunteers in Service to America which sent volunteers to help people in poor communities

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Immigration Act of 1965

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Abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere (LBJ)

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Students for a Democratic Society

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1962: the SDS was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s.

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Affirmative Action

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a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

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Hippies / Yippies

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Hippies were young beatniks who believed in love and opposed war, many moved into the Haight-Ashbury District of San Francisco. The early hippies inherited the countercultural values of the Beat Generation, created their own communities, listened to psychedelic rock, embraced the sexual revolution, and some used drugs such as cannabis, LSD and magic mushrooms to explore altered states of consciousness.

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Woodstock

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3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s, nearly 1/2M gather in a 600 acre field

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Chicago Democratic Convention (1968)

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With national media coverage, thousands of anti-war protestors, Blacks and Democratic supporters were clubbed by Major Daley's police., Where 10,000 antiwar protestors gathered outside as Hubert Humphrey was decided upon as the Democratic candidate in 1968

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Kent State

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1970: Ohio college where an anti-war protest got way out of hand, the Nat'l Guard was called in and killed 3 students (innocent & unarmed,wounded 9) in idiscriminate fire of M-1 rifles

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Apollo Missions (moon race)

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The Apollo program was designed to land humans on the Moon and bring them safely back to earth.

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New Federalism

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1979: a policy that turned over powers and responsibilities of some U.S. federal programs to state and local governments and reduced the role of national government in domestic affairs (states are closer to the people and problems)

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Stagflation

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During the 60's and 70's, the U.S. was suffering from 5.3% inflation and 6% unemployment. Refers to the unusual economic situation in which an economy is suffering both from inflation and from stagnation of its industrial growth.

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26th Amendment

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1971: lowered the voting age to 18

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Environmental Protection Agency

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1970: an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment. Richard Nixon

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Black power

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A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.

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Race riots (Watts)

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rioting in major US. cities due to frustration of discrimination. In April 1968, Dr. Martin Luther King was assassinated, riots spread to over 100 cities across the country. Watts is one such city

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George Wallace

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1919-1998. Four time governor of Alabama. Most famous for his pro-segregation attitude and as a symbol for states' rights.

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Head Start

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A program funded by the federal government and designed to prepare children to start school; provides locally run child care to lower-income and disadvantaged children from birth to five years old

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Medicare

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A program added to the Social Security system in 1965 that provides hospitalization insurance for the elderly and permits older Americans to purchase inexpensive coverage for doctor fees and other health expenses.

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Medicaid

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a federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them

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Rachel Carson

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United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife. Wrote Silent Spring in 1962 (1907-1964)

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Ralph Nader

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A leftist American politician who promotes the environment, fair consumerism, and social welfare programs. His book Unsafe at Any Speed brought attention to the lack of safety in American automobiles.

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Betty Friedan

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1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".

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AIM

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American Indian Movement - Minneapolis, 1968 - Intent: Native American Pride and Self-Defense; Tribes from all over country come to this visit;

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Cesar Chaves

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Founding member of the Head Start Program, providing assistance to low-income families

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NOW

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National Organization of Women, 1966, Betty Friedan first president, wanted Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforce its legal mandate to end sex discrimination

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Equal Rights Amendment

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1972: A constitutional amendment passed by Congress stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." The amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures.

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Roe v. Wade

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1973: Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester.

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CREEP

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Richard Nixon's committee for re-electing the president. Found to have been engaged in a "dirty tricks" campaign against the democrats in 1972. They raised tens of millions of dollars in campaign funds using unethical means. They were involved in the infamous Watergate cover-up.

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Plumbers' Unit

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1972: Nixon's guys who plugged "leaks" to the press led by Liddy bungled burglary to get DNC papers from the Watergate office buildings

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Richard M. Nixon

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37th President of the United States (1969-1974) and the only president to resign the office. He initially escalated the Vietnam War, overseeing secret bombing campaigns, but soon withdrew American troops and successfully negotiated a ceasefire with North Vietnam, effectively ending American involvement in the war. Watergate Scandal.

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Nixon v. US

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1974: ruled that withholding evidence is not considered executive privilege, privilege only applies to military/diplomatic affairs. Executive privilege cannot stand in the way of due process

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Impeachment

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a formal accusation of misconduct in office against a public official

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Ford's pardon of Nixon

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Within a month of his inauguration, gave Nixon "full, free, and absolute pardon". Caused his approval rating to immediately plummet.

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1980 Olympic Boycott

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The 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan spurred Jimmy Carter to issue an ultimatum on January 20, 1980 that the United States would boycott the Moscow Olympics if Soviet troops did not withdraw from Afghanistan within one month

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Camp David Accords

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1978: The first signed agreement between Israel and an Arab country, in which Egyptian president Anwar Sadat recognized Israel as a legitimate state and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.

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PLO

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a political movement uniting Palestinian Arabs in an effort to create an independent state of Palestine (Palestinian Liberation Organization)

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Iranian hostage crisis

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1979: Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weaked the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.

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"Star Wars" (SDI)

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Strategic Defense Initiative; proposed by Reagan in March 1983 to counter a campaign to freeze the manufacture and deployment of nuclear weapons. Reagan insisted that post-Vietnam America had grown dangerously weak, and massive military expansion was a necessity. SDI was a computerized anti-missile system involving the use of ground and space-based systems to protect the US from nuclear attacks. Critics dubbed the scheme "Star Wars" and experts warned of the danger that it would further escalate the nuclear-arms race. Nonetheless, a costly SDI research program began.

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Grenada

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Grenada was a small Latin country where a communist government had taken power. Reagan invaded the country in protest of communist expansion, showing that he was not pursuing détente.

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Iran-Contra Deal

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This scandal broke in the fall of 1986 when members of President Ronald Reagan's administration had secretly sold military parts and ammunition to Iran. In exchange, the Iranian government was to help free several U.S. citizens who were being held hostage by pro-Iranian groups. The money raised from the sale of the military supplies was passed to the Nicaraguan contras, a rebel group fighting against the government of Nicaragua. This complex arrangement violated several U.S. laws that banned both the sale of military supplies to Iran and the provision of funds to the contra rebels. The incident damaged the reputation and legacy of President Reagan.

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Operation Desert Storm

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Military operations as part of Persian Gulf War that started on January 16, 1991, with a bombing campaign, followed by a ground invasion of February 23 and 24, 1991. The ground war lasted 100 hours and resulted in a spectacularly one-sided military victory for the Coalition.

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Berlin Wall removed

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1989: the Berlin Wall seperating the two sides was taken apart symbolizing an end to the Cold War tensions

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Breakup of USSR

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Many nations that had formerly been part of the SU moved for complete independence. in '91 leader in Belarus, Ukraine and Russia announced that USSR no longer existed.

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Reaganomics / Supply Side Economics

answer

Reagan's 1980 campaign for president had promised to restore the economy to health by a bold experiment that became known as "supply-side" economics or, to some, Reaganomics. This type of economics operated from the assumption that the woes of the American economy were in large part a result of excessive taxation, which left inadequate capital available to investors to stimulate growth. So the solution was to reduce taxes, with generous benefits to corporations and wealthy individuals, in order to encourage new investments.

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Sandra Day O'Connor

answer

Arizona state senator from 1969 to 1974, appointed to the Arizona Court of Appeals in 1979. Reagan appointed her to the U.S. Supreme Court, making her the first female Justice of the Supreme Court.

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AIDS

answer

a serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles

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The Reagan Doctrine

answer

oppose the global influence of the Soviet Union during the final years of the Cold War; U.S. provided overt and covert aid to anti-communist guerrillas and resistance movements in an effort to "rollback" Soviet-backed communist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America; opening the door for capitalism

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Mikhail Gorbachev

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Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)

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The Moral Majority

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In 1979, the Reverend Jerry Falwell founded the Moral Majority to combat "amoral liberties," drug abuse, "codling" of criminals, homosexuality, communism, and abortion, AKA more Christian/conservative agenda

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The Americans with Disabilities Act

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1990: prohibits discrimination against people who are handicapped or disabled. Its goals are to promote community integration by prohibiting discrimination based on disability; to create early intervention services for infants and toddlers (ages birth to 3 years) with special needs and their families; and to provide non-discriminatory, multidisciplinary evaluation by qualified professionals.

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The Clean Air Act

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1970: this gives the EPA the authority to regulate vehicle emissions in the U.S.

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Bill Clinton

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1993-2001: 42nd President advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached

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NAFTA

answer

North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada

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WTO

answer

(World Trade Organization) an international organization based in Geneva that monitors and enforces rules governing global trade

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Kyoto Protocol

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establishes legally binding commitments for the reduction of four greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride), and two groups of gases (hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons) Took place in Rio De Janeiro in 1992

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Al Gore

answer

Served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. Ran for President in 2000 and won popular vote but lost Electoral College. Global Warming, "An Inconvenient Truth"

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George W. Bush

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2001-2009: 43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

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Election of 2000

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Bush v. Gore; Bush won although Gore won popular vote; controversy over the final vote count in Florida; settled by Supreme Court decision in favor of Bush

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September 11, 2001

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(1) the date 19 al-Qaeda members hijacked passenger airplanes and used them to destroy a small section of the Pentagon & destroy the twin towers of the World Trade Center in NYC; 3,000 people were killed & 6,000 were injured; (2) these events led to an unsuccessful manhunt for Saudi-born extremist Osama Bin Laden, heightened security in the US, and expanded military action abroad

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Patriot Act

answer

This contraversial 2001 law allows anti-terrorism authorities to monitor e-mail and Internet traffic in order to prevent terrorist attacks. The government argues that cyberspace is public domain and that no warrants should be needed to access information.

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The Bush Doctrine

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2002: a new strategic doctrine introduced by the Bush administration. unilateralism, preemption, preventative war, regime change in rogue states, goal of spreading freedom and democracy throughout the world, especially in Middle East.

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The Afghanistan War

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since Al Qaeda operated out of this country, Bush made it his priority to counter them; he launched a sustained bombing campaign against them and sent special ops forces to help

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The Iraq War

answer

the struggle in which the U.S. and Great Britain led a coalition of allied forces against Iraq to expel Saddam Hussein and defeat his government and sought to end terrorism

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Defense of Marriage Act

answer

Federal statute declaring marriage to be a "legal union of one man and one woman," denying gay couples many of the civil advantages of marriage, and also relieving states of the obligation to grant reciprocity, or "full faith and credit," to marriages performed in another state.

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