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Nye Committee

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1934. Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in WWI. Theory that big business had conspired to have America enter WWI so that they could make money selling war materials. Called bankers and arms producers "merchants of death."

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Cash-and-Carry

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policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

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Lend-Lease Act

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1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security

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Atlantic Charter

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1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

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Coral Sea Battle

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first defeat of japanese air warfare; turning point for U.S.; massive losses on both sides

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Midway Battle

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Battle between US and Japan at Midway Island. US victory here gave Allies control of the "central" Pacific; proved to be the turning point in the war in the Pacific with Japanese fleet destroyed.

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A. Phillip Randolph

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He was the black leader of The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He demanded equal opportunities in war jobs and armed forces during WWII. He helped encourage the end of segregation in the military, although that happened after the war.

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War Production Board

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During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers

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Teheran Conference

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December, 1943 - A meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace.

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Potsdam Conference

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July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

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Yalta Conference

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1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

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Executive order 9066

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2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion

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George F. Kennan

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an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers.

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Joseph Mcarthy

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A republican senator from Wisconsin who used the Korean War to fan American's fears of communism. He created a list of 205 state department officials who he thought belonged to the Communists Party

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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

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Communists who received international attention when they were executed having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union

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The Berlin Airlift

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Stalin cut off land access to Berlin as a challenge to the West.US heads a massive 9-month airlift to bring food, clothes, etc. to the citizens of West Berlin. stalin backs down

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Truman Doctrine

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(HT) , 1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

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Marshall Plan

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..., A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization

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1949 alliance of nations that agreed to band together in the event of war and to support and protect each nation involved

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South East Asia Treaty Organization

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an international organiation for collective defense, primarily created to block further communism gains in southeast Asia. Signed by--Australia, France, New Zealand, thailand, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan (Republic of China), the UK, the US, and support from South Korea and Vietnam.

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Taft-Hartley Act

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Act that provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practices; also known as Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA)

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House Committee on Un-American Activities

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Investigative committee of the US State House of Reps

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national Security Act

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Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.

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NSC 68

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National Securtiy Council memo #68 US "strive for victory" in cold war, pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 yrs

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Alger Hiss Case

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In 1948 committee member richard m Nixon led the chase after alger hiss, a prominent ex-New Dealer and a distinguished member of the "eastern establishment." accused of being a communist agent in the 1930s, hiss demanded the right to defend himself. His dramatically met his chief accuser before the Un-American Activities Committee in august but was convicted of perjury.

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U-2 Incident

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The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.

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Sputnik

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First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

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Interstate Highway Act of 1956

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(DDE), now rapid growth of suburban housing, like Levittown, NY , 1956 law that authorized the speding of $32 billion to build 41,000 miles oh highway. The scale of suburban growth would not have been remotely possible without a massive federal program of highway building. Committed to the idea of easing automobile travel, President Eisenhower authorized the first funding of the Interstate system in 1953. Further legislation passed by Congress in 1956 resulted in the Interstate Highway Act. This consisted of multilane expressways that would connect the nations major cities. Biggest public works expedenture in history even bigger than any New Deal program. The new highways eased commutes from suburbs to cities, boosted travel and vacation industries.

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William Levitt

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Created Levittown -- the first "cookie cutter" suburb -- was an American real estate dealer. His innovations of providing affordable housing popularized the type of planned community building later known as suburbia.

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Cordell Hull

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Chief architect of the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934. He also succeeded in negotiating pacts with 21 countries by the end of 1939. These pacts were essentially trade agreements that stated if the United States lowered its tariff, then the other country would do the same.

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Good Neighbor Policy

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FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

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Quarantine speech

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The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism.

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Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact

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a non-aggression pact between the two countries and pledged neutrality by either party if the other were attacked by a third party. Each signatory promised not to join any grouping of powers that was "directly or indirectly aimed at the other party." It remained in effect until 22 June 1941 when Germany implemented Operation Barbarossa, invading the Soviet Union.

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USS Greer

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was a destroyer in the United States Navy, the first US Navy ship to fire on a German ship, three months before the United States officially entered World War II.

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Henry J. Kaiser

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An American industrialist who won a government contract to build "Liberty Ships", which were cargo ships used in WWII. He made records when he churned out 1 ship every 14 days and became known as the father of modern American shipbuilding. He established the Kaiser Shipyard after which he formed Kaiser Aluminum and Kaiser Steel.

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Destroyer deal

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1940 - U.S. agreed to "lend" its older destroyers to Great Britain. Signaled the end of U.S. neutrality in the war.

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Battle of Stalingrad

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Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union.

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D-Day

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(FDR) , June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.

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Douglas MacAuthur

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Led the american troops defending the Philippines after Pearl Harbor

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George s. Patton

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He commanded the American armored divisions across France after D Day

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Dwight D. Eisenhower

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leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School

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Office of Price Administration

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Instituted in 1942, this agency was in charge of stabilizing prices and rents and preventing speculation, profiteering, hoarding and price administration. The OPA froze wages and prices and initiated a rationing program for items such as gas, oil, butter, meat, sugar, coffee and shoes in order to support the war effort and prevent inflation.

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Fair Employment Practices Commission

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Required that all job companies with a government contract not to discriminate against someone for race/religion. Intended to help African Americans.

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War Labor Board

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(WLB) settled disputes between business and labor without strikes so that production would not be interrupted and morale would be high Acted as a supreme court for labor cases. Did more harm than good when it tried to limit wages, which led to strikes.

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The "Four Freedoms Speech"

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Franklin D. Roosevelt's State of the Union address to Congress on January 6, 1941. The speech talks about how it is America's duty to protect the previously stated freedoms. The U-boat sinking Reuben James scared people, and therefore did not protect the freedom from fear. With this speech FDR is trying to reassure people that their freedoms will be protected. Roosevelt felt Americans should fight for freedom of speech and expression, freedom to worship God, economic security, and freedom from fear. The Atlantic Charter was based on this speech.

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Smith-Connally Act of 1943

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aka War Labor Disputes Act. Made it a criminal offense to provoke strikes in industries working on gov contracts and authorized the seizure of companies and plants needed for the war effort

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Bracero Program

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United States labor agents recruited thousands of farm and railroad workers from Mexico. The program stimulated emigration for Mexico.

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Casablanca Conference

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A wartime conference held at Casablanca, Morocco that was attended by de Gaulle, Churchill, and FDR. The Allies demanded the unconditional surrender of the axis, agreed to aid the Soviets, agreed on the invasion Italy, and the joint leadership of the Free French by De Gaulle and Giraud.

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Nuremberg Trials

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A series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity.

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Sleepy lagoon case

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In 1942, José Diaz was found dead here in this barrio in LA. Police arrested 22 members of a pachuco gang and grand jury indicted them for assault and murder. At the trial prosecutors and judge repeatedly declared mexicans cruel, violent, communist-inspired.

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Zoot suit riots

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A series of riots that originated in Los Angeles between White soldiers stationed in the cities and Latinos.

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J. Strom Thurmond

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He was nominated for president on a States' Rights Party (Dixiecrats) in the 1948 election. Split southern Democrats from the party due to Truman's stand in favor of Civil Rights for African American. He only got 39 electoral votes.

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United nations

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An international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. It was founded in 1945 at the signing of the United Nations Charter by 50 countries, replacing the League of Nations, founded in 1919.

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Adlai Stevenson

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The Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952. His intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term "eggheads". Lost to Eisenhower.

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"Iron curtain" speech

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Given by the former Prime Minister of Britain, Winston Churchill, in Missouri, in which he talks about the dangers of communism engulfing Europe.

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McCarren Walter Act

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1952: suggested that most disloyal americans come from communist countries, set immigration quotas to discriminate against asia, southern and central europe

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Smith act of 1940

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right before WWII Congress passed a law that said it was illegal to talk about overthrowing the gov't

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Battle of Inchon

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saves south korea by caputring seoul which is the cpaital. first victory for the UN which proves they are legit. it is extension of the cold war (US vs. Soviet Union)

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Military-Industrial Complex

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Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.

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Eisenhower Doctrine

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- US would interne in Middle East if any government threatened by a communist takeover asked for help

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"Massive retaliation

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The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.

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Suez crisis

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July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power

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