question

United Nations, 1945

answer

An international organization created after World War II to promote international cooperation, stop wars between countries, and provide a platform for dialogue and diplomacy

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Cold War, 1945 to 1991

answer

A war of words and threats between the United States and the Soviet Union that was marked primarily by a political and economic, rather than military, struggle between the two nations.

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Iron Curtain

answer

Term introduced by Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet domination of Eastern Europe after World War II.

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containment

answer

The U.S. policy of containing the spread of communism. Containment was the foundation of U.S. foreign policy from the late 1940s until the fall of the Soviet Union in the 1990s. The policy was conceived by George Kennan, a State Department employee and expert on the Soviet Union.

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Truman Doctrine, 1947

answer

President Harry Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism.

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Marshall Plan, 1948

answer

Program designed to promote the economic recovery of Western Europe with massive amounts of U.S. financial aid.

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Berlin airlift, 1948

answer

Response of the U.S. and Great Britain to the Soviet Union's blockade of West Berlin. Supplies were sent to West Berlin with continuous flights of thousands of American and British airplanes.

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949

answer

Mutual defense alliance among the nations of Western Europe and North American. Designed to contain the spread of communism.

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development of the hydrogen bomb, 1952

answer

The first hydrogen bomb, which was one-thousand times more powerful than the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, was test by the U.S. in the South Pacific in 1952. The Soviet Union, after testing their first a-bomb in 1949, tested their first h-bomb in 1953.

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New Look, 1955

answer

President Eisenhower's policy of reducing the size of the U.S. army, developing tactile nuclear weapons, and building strategic air power to employ nuclear weapons. Came to be known as a "bigger bang for the buck."

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massive retaliation

answer

Term used by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles that implied the U.S. was willing to use nuclear force in response to Communist aggression.

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brinkmanship

answer

Practice under Eisenhower of trying to win international disputes through a willingness to push dangerous situations to the brink of war.

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Sputnik I, 1957

answer

The first artificial satellite launched into space. Its launch by the Soviet Union marked the beginning of the space race.

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space race

answer

Cold War competition between the United States and the Soviet Union for supremacy in technology and spaceflight.

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Nikita Khruschev

answer

Soviet leader who denounced Joseph Stalin in 1956 and improved the Soviet Union's image abroad. (Lost his power in 1964 after failing to improve the Soviet Union's economy.)

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peaceful coexistence

answer

Soviet theory under Khruschev that the Soviet Union could coexist peacefully with the United States. Ended in 1960 when the U.S. was caught sending U-2 spy planes over the Soviet Union.

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flexible response

answer

President Kennedy's strategy of considering a variety of military and nonmilitary options when facing foreign policy decisions.

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Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962

answer

Military crisis between the U.S. and the Soviet Union over a secret Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba.

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Limited Test Ban Treaty, 1963

answer

Treaty signed by the United States, the Soviet Union, and 100 other nations that banned nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, in outer space, and underwater.

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Nixon Doctrine

answer

President Nixon's policy of requiring countries threatened by communism to assume most of the President Nixon's policy of requiring countries threatened by communism to assume most of the military burden, with the United States offering political and economic support.

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detente

answer

Policy of relaxing tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Introduced by Nixon in the early 1970s.

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Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I (SALT I), 1972

answer

Treaty between the U.S. and the Soviet Union to limit offensive nuclear weapons and defensive antiballistic missile systems

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Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II), 1979

answer

Treated between the U.S. and the Soviet Union to limit the number of strategic nuclear missiles in each country. The U.S. Congress did not approve the treaty due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

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Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, 1979

answer

After the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in December 1979, President Carter placed an embargo on wheat shipments to Russia, increased spending on defense, and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow

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fellow traveler

answer

Someone who sympathized with or supported the beliefs of the Communist Part without being a member. Many American fellow travelers were investigated and blacklisted during the late 1940s and 1950s.

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House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

answer

Congressional committee, created in 1938, that began investigating suspected Communists and fellow travelers in the late 1940s and 1950s.

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Alger Hiss

answer

State Department official accused of being a Communist spy who was convicted of perjury and sent to prison.

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McCarran Internal Security Act, 1950

answer

Law that required Communists to register with the U.S. government and made it a crime to conspire to establish a totalitarian government in the United States. The law also allowed for the detention of dangerous, disloyal, or subversive persons.

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McCarran-Walter Act, 1952

answer

Immigration law that permitted deportation and denial of entry into the United States for ideological reasons.

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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

answer

Husband and wife who were executed in 1953 for passing information about the atomic bomb to the Soviets.

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Joseph McCarthy

answer

Republican Senator from Wisconsin who in 1950 began a Communist witch hunt that lasted until he was censured by the Senate in 1954.

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McCarthyism

answer

Term used to describe the tactic of making accusations of corruption or disloyalty without evidence and no regard for civil liberties.

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Army-McCarthy Hearings, 1954

answer

Televised investigations by Senator McCarthy. The hearings ended McCarthy's popularity and led to his censure by the U.S. Senate.

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National Security Council, 1947

answer

Executive agency composed of the president, vice president, and four cabinet members. Established to coordinate the strategic policies and defense of the United States.

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Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1947

answer

Government agency created to gather and evaluate military, political, social, and economic information on foreign nations.

question

Chinese Civil War

answer

War between Chinese government forces led by Chiang Kai-shek and Communist forces led by Mao Zedong. In 1949 Chiang and his supporters fled to Taiwan, where they set up a separate Nationalist country

question

Mohammed Mossadegh

answer

Nationalist leader of Iran who was overthrown with the help of the American CIA. Replaced by Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlevi in 1953

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Gamal Abdel Nasser

answer

Leader of Egypt who successfully opposed the French and British imperial powers during the 1956 Suez crisis.

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Ho Chi Minh

answer

Nationalist leader of Vietnam who opposed the United States during the Vietnam War.

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Korean War, 1950-53

answer

War started by North Korean forces crossing the 38th parallel and invading South Korea. United Nations forces, strengthened primarily by the United States, launched a police action against North Korea to stop aggression.

question

Vietnam, 1954-1961 (Eisenhower Administration)

answer

After French colonists were forced out of Vietnam in 1954, Vietnam was divided into two nations - North and South. When elections to unify the divided nation were canceled in 1956, the U.S. sent aid and advisors to South Vietnam.

question

domino theory

answer

nearby nations would also fall undercommunist control. The domino theory led to the U.S. sending military forces to aid South Vietnam

question

Vietnam, 1961-1963 (Kennedy Administration)

answer

In an effort to help South Vietnam, the U.S. increased the number of advisors in South Vietnam and sent in special forces to fight for South Vietnam

question

Tonkin Gulf Resolution, 1964

answer

After President Johnson claimed North Vietnamese forces attacked U.S. boats in international waters in the Gulf of Tonkin, the U.S. Congress voted to give the president a "blank check" to do whatever was necessary to stop communism in South Vietnam

question

Vietnam, 1965-1969 (Johnson Administration)

answer

After increasingly escalating the number of U.S. forces in South Vietnam, President Johnson slowly realized he was fighting a war against Vietnamese nationalism that he could not win. In 1968, President Johnson withdraw from the presidential election and called for peace talks to end the Vietnam War.

question

Vietcong

answer

Vietnamese Communist rebels in South Vietnam.

question

Tet Offensive, 1968

answer

Vietcong and North Vietnamese attack throughout South Vietnam that caused public opinion in the United States to turn against the war the United States to turn against the war

question

Eugene McCarthy

answer

Senator who opposed the Vietnam War and made an unsuccessful attempt to win the Democratic nomination for president in 1968.

question

Robert Kennedy

answer

Senator who opposed the Vietnam War and was assassinated while campaigning for the Senator who opposed the Vietnam War and was assassinated while campaigning for the Democratic nomination for president in 1968.

question

My Lai, 1968

answer

Village in South Vietnam where U.S. troops massacred 350-500 innocent women and children. Increased public opposition to the war when it became public in 1969.

question

Vietnam War, 1969-1973 (Nixon Administration)

answer

Although President Nixon increased the bombing of Vietnam and launched invasions of Laos and Cambodia, he also decided to withdraw U.S. troops from Vietnam.

question

Vietnamization, 1969-1973

answer

President Nixon's policy of gradually removing U.S. troops from Vietnam.

question

Vietnam War, 1969-1973 (Nixon Administration)

answer

The United States withdrew combat troops from South Vietnam.

question

War Powers Act, 1973

answer

Law that prevents the president from involving the United States in war without congressional authorization.

question

Fall of South Vietnam, 1975

answer

South Vietnam fell to communist control.

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Students for a Democratic Society, 1960

answer

Left-wing student organization founded to attack American materialism and work for social justice and civil rights. Associated with the anti-war movement of the late 1960s.

question

Kent State, 1970

answer

University in Ohio where students were shot and killed by National Guard Troops during a protest against the Vietnam War

question

Pentagon Papers, 1971

answer

Classified government documents on the Vietnam War leaked to the press by Daniel Ellsberg and leaked to the New York Times. Efforts to block publication was rejected by the U.S. Supreme Court.

question

Organization of American States, 1948

answer

Organization composed of most of the nations of the North America, South America, and the Caribbean. Designed to to fight communism in the western hemisphere and deal with mutual concerns.

question

Alliance for Progress, 1961

answer

President Kennedy's program through which the United States provided aid for social and economic programs in Latin America.

question

Bay of Pigs, 1961

answer

Invasion of Communist controlled Cuba by Cuban exiles who were supported by the CIA. The failure of the invasion was an embarrassment for President Kennedy and the U.S. government.

question

Mann Doctrine, 1964

answer

U.S. foreign police under Lyndon Johnson that called for stability in Latin America rather than political and economic reform. Outlined by Thomas Mann, and American diplomat and State Department employee.

question

U.S. Occupation of the Dominican Republic, 1965

answer

To stop what President Johnson said would be Republic, the U.S. sent to the Dominican Republic. The U.S. invasion provoked protests in Latin a "communist dictatorship" in the Dominican America and criticism within the United States.

question

Salvador Allende

answer

Chilean president who was considered the ?rst democratically elected Marxist. He was killed in an U.S.-supported overthrow of his government in 1973

question

Panama Canal Treaty, 1977

answer

Treaty between the United States and Panama that said the U.S. would abandon its rights to the Panama Canal in 1999.

question

Sandinista Liberation Front

answer

Leftist guerrilla movement that established a revolutionary government in Nicaragua in 1979 under Daniel Ortega.

question

Palestine, 1948

answer

Region of the Middle East that was partitioned by the United Nations to allow for the creation of a Jewish state (Israel) and a Palestinian state, which was never established.

question

Suez Crisis, 1956

answer

Confrontation between Egypt on one side and Britain, France, and Israel on the other after Egypt tried to nationalize the Suez canal. The U.S., Soviet Union, and United Nations played a role in forcing Britain, France, and Israel to withdraw.

question

Eisenhower Doctrine

answer

Policy formulated by President Eisenhower of providing military and economic aid to Arab nations in the Middle East to help defeat Communist-nationalistic rebellions.

question

Yom Kippur War, 1973

answer

After Egypt and Syria attacked Israel, the Israeli military defeated the Arab armies. U.S. support of Israel led to an Arab boycott of oil to the United States.

question

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

answer

Economic alliance of oil-producing countries, mostly Arab, that became powerful enough in the 1970s to control oil prices by controlling oil supplies. In 1973, OPEC placed an embargo on the sale of all countries allied with Israel.!!

question

Camp David Accords, 1979

answer

Treaty between Israel and Egypt that was negotiated by President Carter of the United States. Under the terms of the treaty Israel would return occupied Egyptian territory and Egypt would recognize Israel as a nation.

question

mujahedeen

answer

Afghan resistance group fighting against the Soviet Union, which had invaded Afghanistan in 1979. The United States supported the mujahedeen with weapons to fight the Soviets.

question

Carter Doctrine, 1979

answer

President Carter's policy that the United States would use force to repel any nation that attempted to take control of the Persian Gulf. The Doctrine was issued in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

question

Southern Manifesto, 1954

answer

Statement issued by 100 southern congressmen - after the Brown v. Board of Education decision - in which they pledged to oppose racial desegregation.

question

Rosa Parks

answer

African American seamstress who refused to give up her seat to a white man on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, triggering a boycott of the bus system that sparked the Civil Rights Movement.

question

Martin Luther King, Jr.

answer

Baptist minister and civil rights leader who was committed to nonviolence. Beginning with the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955, he led many significant protests in the late 1950s and 1960s.

question

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 1957

answer

Organization formed by Martin Luther King, Jr., and others after the Montgomery bus boycott. The SCLC became the backbone of the movement to achieve civil rights through nonviolence.

question

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 1960

answer

Organization formed to give young blacks a great voice in the civil rights movement. Organized black voter registration drives, sit-ins, and freedom rides.

question

sit-ins

answer

The act of occupying the seats or an area of a segregated establishment to protest racial segregation. Popularized in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960.

question

freedom rides, 1961

answer

Effort to achieve integration of bus terminals by riding integrated bus throughout the South.

question

public order laws

answer

Laws passed by many southern communities to stop civil rights protests by allowing the police to arrest anyone suspected of intending to disrupt public order.

question

James Meredith

answer

African American student admitted to the University of Mississippi under federal court order in 1962.

question

March on Washington, 1963

answer

Gathering of civil rights supporters in Washington, D.C., to pressure the U.S. Congress to pass civil rights legislation. Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech at the march.

question

Freedom Summer, 1964

answer

Effort by civil rights groups in Mississippi to register black voters during the summer of 1964.

question

March from Selma to Montgomery, 1965

answer

Civil rights march in Alabama to bring attention to the need for a voting rights act.

question

Watts, 1965

answer

Neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, where a race riot broke out, resulting in millions of dollars of damage and the deaths of 28 African Americans.

question

Black Power

answer

Movement that rejected the nonviolence and coalition-building approach of traditional civil rights groups. Advocated self determination for African Americans (black control of black organizations).

question

Nation of Islam (Black Muslims)

answer

Religious group founded by Elijah Muhammad, which professed Islamic religious beliefs and emphasized black separatism.

question

Malcolm X

answer

Member of the Nation of Islam and activist for black separatism. After leaving the Nation of Islam in 1964, he was assassinated in 1965.

question

Black Panthers

answer

Revolutionary organization founded in 1966 that endorsed violence as a means of social change.

question

race riots, 1968

answer

Nationwide reaction in more than 100 cities to the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.

question

George Wallace

answer

Alabama governor who represented a "white backlash" to the Civil Rights movement. He opposed racial desegregation and ran for president in 1968 as an independent candidate.

question

Desegregation of the Armed Services, 1948

answer

Through an Executive Order, President Truman ended racial discrimination and segregation in the U.S. Armed Forces.

question

Brown v. Board of Education, 1954

answer

Supreme Court case stating that separate educational facilities for different races were inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional.

question

Civil Rights Act of 1957

answer

First significant civil rights legislation since Reconstruction ended in 1877. Created the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights and the Civil Rights Commission of the Justice Department.

question

Civil Rights Act of 1964

answer

Law that barred segregation in public facilities and forbade employers to discriminate on the basis of race, religion, sex, or national origin.

question

Voting Rights Act of 1965

answer

Law that outlawed unjust restrictions on voting and authorized federal supervision of elections in areas where black voting had been restricted.

question

American GI Forum, 1948

answer

Organization formed in Texas by Mexican American veterans to overcome discrimination and provide support for veterans and all Hispanics. Led the fight to end the segregation of Hispanic children in schools throughout the West and Southwest.

question

The Feminine Mystique, 1963!

answer

Best selling book Betty Friedan that challenged women to move beyond the drudgery of being a suburban housewife.

question

Law that forbids gender

answer

based pay discrimination of people performing substantially equal work for same employer.

question

Title VII, 1964

answer

Provision of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that guarantees women legal protection against discrimination.

question

National Organization for Women (NOW), 1966

answer

Women's rights organization founded to fight discrimination against women.

question

Stonewall Riot, 1969

answer

Riot at a gay bar in New York City that was periodically raided by police. The riot helped trigger Riot at a gay bar in New York City that was periodically raided by police. The riot helped trigger the gay rights movement.

question

Equal Rights Amendment, 1972

answer

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution giving women equal rights under the law. Although the amendment was approved by Congress, it failed to achieve ratification by the required 38 states

question

Chicano Movement

answer

Mexican American equivalent of the Civil rights movement for Mexican Americans. The movement included student demonstrations to press for bilingual education, the hiring of more Chicano teachers, and the creation of Chicano studies programs.

question

César Chávez

answer

One of the leading Mexican American civil rights and social justice activists of the 1960s.

question

American Indian Movement (AIM), 1968

answer

Militant Indian movement that was willing to use confrontation to obtain social justice and Indian treaty rights.

question

Russell Means

answer

Prominent member of the American Indian Movement who helped organized the seizure of Alcatraz in 1969 and Wounded Knee in 1973.

question

Alcatraz, 1969

answer

Island in San Francisco Bay that was occupied by Native American activists who demanded that the island be made available to them as a cultural center.

question

Wounded Knee, 1973

answer

Site of the 1890 massacre of Sioux by federal troops that was occupied by members of the American Indian Movement (AIM) in 1973. AIM insisted that the government honor treaty obligations of the past.

question

Indian Self Determination and Education Assistance Act, 1974

answer

Law that gave Indian tribes control over federal programs carried out on their reservations and increasing their authority in reservation schools.

question

Lyndon Johnson's Great Society, 1964

answer

Social program introduced by President Johnson for a war on poverty, protection of civil rights, and funding for education.

question

War on Poverty, 1964

answer

President Johnson's program to help Americans escape poverty through education, job training, and community development.

question

Medicaid, 1965

answer

Health insurance program for the poor, providing states with money to buy health care for people on welfare.

question

Medicare, 1965

answer

Health insurance program for the elderly and disabled, providing government payment for healthcare supplied by private doctors and hospitals.

question

Baker v. Carr, 1962

answer

Supreme Court decision that established the principle of "one man, one vote," requiring election districts to provide equal representat

question

Engel v. Vitale, 1962

answer

Supreme Court decision stating that state laws requiring prayers and Bible readings in the public schools violated the first amendment's provision of separation of church and state.

question

Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963

answer

Supreme Court decision that required state courts to provide counsel for poor defendants.

question

Griswold v. Connecticut, 1965

answer

Supreme Court decision that recognized a citizen's right to privacy, stating that a state could not prohibit the use of contraceptives by adults.

question

Miranda v. Arizona, 1966

answer

Supreme Court decision that required law enforcement officers to inform defendants of their rights.

question

Students for a Democratic Society

answer

Nationwide student organization that was pro-civil rights and anti-war, wanting to transform the U.S. into a participatory democracy.

question

Berkeley Free Speech Movement, 1964-1965

answer

Coalition of student groups that insisted on their right to political activity on campus.

question

GI Bill of Rights, 1954

answer

Law that provided veterans pensions, government loans, and money to attend college. Sent million of veterans to college and helped promote economic prosperity in the postwar years.

question

National Defense Student Loans, 1958

answer

Loans established by the U.S. government to encourage the teaching and study of science and modern foreign languages. Passed in response to the launch of Sputnik by Soviet Union.

question

?Sun Belt

answer

Region stretching from Florida in a westward arc across the South and Southwest that saw substantial population growth and industrialization.

question

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

answer

Law that abolished the national origins quota system that had been in place since 1924. Gave preference to skilled workers, setting limits on immigrants from the Western Hemisphere. Provided for the admission of close relatives of US citizens.

question

Silent Spring, 1962

answer

Book written by Rachel Carson, a Marine biologist who warned of the misuse of pesticides and their negative affects on the environment. The book is credited with starting the modern environmental movement.

question

Earth Day, 1970

answer

International day of celebration and awareness of global environmental issues launched by environmentalists on April 22, 1970.

question

Environmental Protection Agency, 1970

answer

Federal agency created to control pollution and protect the environment.

question

Clean Air Act, 1970

answer

Federal law designed to control air pollution

question

Three Mile Island, 1979

answer

Site of a nuclear power accident in Pennsylvania that led to radioactive gases and almost led to a nuclear meltdown.

question

baby boom

answer

Sudden increase in the birth rate that occurred in the United States after World War II and lasted roughly until 1964.

question

Beats

answer

American writers, poets, and artists in the 1950s who rejected traditional middle-class values and championed nonconformity and sexual experimentation.

question

rock and roll

answer

Type of popular music that emerged in the mid 1950s from an early type of music known as rhythm and blues.

question

counterculture (hippies)

answer

Youth "movement" of the 1960s that rejected the competitiveness and materialism of American society, searching instead for peace, love, and freedom.

question

Woodstock, 1969

answer

Free rock concert in New York that attracted 400,000, becoming an expression of the counterculture

question

New Right

answer

Conservative movement with the Republican Party that opposed the liberal political and social reforms of the 1960s. The New Right demanded less government intervention in the economy and a return to traditional values.

question

southern strategy

answer

Richard Nixon's plan to bring southerners into the Republican Party by appointing white southerners to the Supreme Court and resisting the policy of busing to achieve integration.

question

Watergate, 1972

answer

Scandal in the Nixon administration that began with break in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate Office Building in Washington, D.C. President Nixon's role in the cover up of justice led to his resignation in 1974.

question

Roe v. Wade, 1973

answer

Supreme Court ruling that women have an unrestricted right to choose an abortion during the first three months of pregnancy. The ruling caused a conservative reaction against what was perceived as "activist" judges.

question

Right to-Life Movement

answer

Anti-abortion movement that favored a constitutional amendment to prohibit abortion.

question

Proposition 13, 1978

answer

Referendum in California that slashed local property taxes. Marked the beginning of a conservative movement to cut taxes throughout the nation.

question

Bakke v. University of California, 1978

answer

Supreme Court decision that said medical school students could not be admitted by racial quotas, although race could be considered for admission. The decision represented a partial victory for what conservatives thought was reverse discrimination against whites.

question

Phyllis Schlafly

answer

A New Right activist who protested against the women's rights movement, saying it undermined tradition and the natural gender division of labor. Schlafly was representative of the conservative backlash against the changes of the 1960s.

question

Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), 1955: Alliance formed under President

answer

Alliance formed under President Eisenhower to prevent Soviet expansion into the Middle East and Central Asia; consisted of Britain, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Turkey, and the U.S.

question

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 1955: Alliance formed under

answer

President Eisenhower to prevent Soviet invasion of Southeast Asia and the Pacific; consisted of Australia, Britain, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, and the U.S

APUSH Study Guide: Period 8

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