APUSH PERIOD 8 STUDY GUIDE- Chapter 28 ID’s – Flashcards
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John F. Kennedy
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youngest candidate w/ sharp wit and energy gave appeal.; promised to lead the nation into a New frontier--> surrounded himself with business executive and academics.
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Jacqueline Kennedy
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Brought style, glamour, and appreciation of the arts to white house; wife of Kennedy
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New Frontier Programs
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Difficult to keep; called for aid to education, federal support of healthcare, urban renewal, and civil rights, but his domestic programs languished in congress --> econ. issues= some success; econ. was stimulated by increased spending for defense and space exploration.
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Peace Corps
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an organization that recruited young American volunteers to give technical aid to developing countries.
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Alliance for Progress Trade
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promoted land reform and economic development in Latin America
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Expansion Act (1962)
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authorized tariff reductions with the recently formed European Economic Community (Common Market) of Western European nations.
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Bay of Pigs
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Kennedy made major blunder; he approved a central Intelligence agency scheme planned under the Eisenhower administration to use Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro's regime in Cuba --> CIA-trained force of Cubans landed and Bay of Pigs in Cuba but failed to set off a general uprising as planned --> trapped on beach= no choice but to surrender because Kennedy rejected of using US to save them.
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Berlin Wall
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Kennedy met Khrushchev in Vienna--> Khrushchev threatened pres. by renewing Soviet demands that US pull its troops out of Berlin --> Kennedy refused therefore the east Germans with Soviet backing built a wall around West Berlin because they wanted to stop East Germans fleeing to West Germany--> U.S./ Soviets= face off with tanks --> Kennedy= no effort to stop wall and assured West Berlin with continuation of US support.
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Cuban Missile crisis (1962)
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most dangerous challenge from soviets; US planes discovered Russians building underground sites in Cuba for launching offensive missiles that could reach US in minutes--> Kennedy announced he was setting up a naval blockade of Cuba until the weapons were removed --> Khrushchev agreed if US pledge to not invade Cuba and remove some US missiles in Turkey ~Effects: Nuclear Ban treaty signing.
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Flexible Response
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since insurgent forces were often aided by Soviet arms and training; Kennedy adopted policy of flexible response--> moved away from massive retaliation/reliance on nuclear weapons which increased spending on conventional (nonnuclear) arms and mobile military forces --> increased temptation to send elite special forces.
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Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
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to end the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere
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Warren Commission
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headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin in John F. Kennedy's assassination in Dallas.
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Lyndon Johnson/ Great Society
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took pres. oath after Kennedy but seemed very unsophisticated compared to wealthy Kennedy but was skilled politician who started career as devoted Roosevelt Democrat --> determined to expand social reforms of New Deal--> Johnson persuaded to pass (1) an expanded version of Kennedy's civil rights bill, and (2) Kennedy's proposal for an income tax cut (increased jobs, consumer spending, and long term econ. expansion).
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War on Poverty; Michael Harrington, The Other America
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best selling book on poverty that helped focus national attention America. still living in Poverty; Congress gave pres. to sponsor self-help programs for the poor, such as head start for preschoolers, the jobs corps for vocational education, literacy programs, and legal services. Community Action programs allowed poor to run antipoverty programs.
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Barry Goldwater
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Repub. nominated Barry Goldwater (staunch conservative) who advocated ending welfare state, including TVA and Social Security. --> TV ad by Demo. pic. Goldwater as a dangerous extremist to involve US with nuclear war --> but Goldwater campaign energized young conservatives and introduced new conservative voices but Johnson won election still.
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Medicare; medicaid
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provided health insurance for all people 65 or older; provided funds to states to pay for medical care for the poor and disabled.
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Elementary and Secondary Education Act
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provided federal funds to poor school districts; funds for special education programs; and fund to expand Head start; an early childhood education program.
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Ralph Nader, Unsafe at Any Speed
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passed regulations of the automobile industry that would save 100's of lives.
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Rachael Carson, Silent Spring
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expose of pesticides led to Federal parks and wilderness areas were expanded.
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Lady Bird Johnson
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LBJ's wife; contributed to improved the environment with her beautify American campaign, --> highway Beautification Act that removed billboards from federal roads.
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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made segregation illegal in all public facilities and powers to enforce school desegregation.
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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
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to end discrimination in employment on the basis of race, religion, sex, or national origin.
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Twenty Fourth amendment
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abolished practice of collecting a poll tax (discouraged poor from voting)
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
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ended literacy tests and proved federal registrars in areas where blacks were kept from voting
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James Meredith
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young AA air force veteran attempted to enroll in University of Mississippi--> federal court guaranteed his right to attend.
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Martin Luther King Jr. March on Washington; I have a dream speech
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King led on of the largest and most successful demonstrations in US History; 200000 blacks and whites took part in the peaceful March on Washington in support of the civil rights bill. the highlight of the deomnstartion was king's impassioned "I have a Dream" Speech, which appealed for the end of racial prejudice.
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Black Muslims; Malcolm X
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The Black Muslim leader Elijah Muhammad preached black nationalism, separatism, and self-improvement. He adopted the name Malcolm X and acquired a reputation as movement's must controversial voice and criticized King as an "Uncle Tom" (subservient to whites) and advocated self- defense using black violence to counter violence --> left Black Muslims and then assassinated.
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Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCE); Congress of Racial Equality
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Radicalism of Malcolm X influenced thinking of young blacks such as Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee and Congress of Racial Equality.
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Stokely Carmichael
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Chairman of SNCE; repudiated nonviolence and advocated "black power", esp. economic power and racial separatism.
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Black Panthers
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were organized by Huey Newton, Bobby Seale, and other militants as a revolutionary socialist movement advocating self-rule for American blacks.
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Watts Riots
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After the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the arrest of a young black motorist by white police in black neighborhood in Watts, LA sparked a 6 day race riot which increased causalities and destruction of property.
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Kerner Commission
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A federal investigation of many riots, they concluded that racism and segregation were chiefly responsible and that us was becoming "two societies, one black, one white separate and unequal.
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Warren Court; Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
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Warren decision in desegregation case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was most important case of 20th century involving race relations.
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Gideon v. Wainwright
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Required that state courts provide counsel (services of an attorney) for indigent poor defendants.
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Escobedo v. Illinois
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required the police to inform an arrested person of his or her right to remain silent
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Miranda v. Arizona
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extending the ruling in Escobedo to include the right for a lawyer being present during the questioning by the police.
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Reapportionment; Baker v. Carr; "One man, one vote"
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Lack mark case of Baker v. Carr Warren court declared practice unconstitutional. --> In Baker and later cases, the Court established the principle of "one man, one vote," meaning that election districts would have to be redrawn to provide equal representation for all citizens.
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Yates v. United States
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Said that 1st Amendment protected radical and revolutionary speech, even by Communists, unless it was a "clear and present danger" to safety of country.
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Engel v. Vitale; separation of church and state
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Ruled that state laws requiring prayers and Bible reading in public schools violated the 1st Amendment's provision for separation of church and state.
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Student for a Democratic Society
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radical student organization; leadership of Tom Hayden; issued a declaration of Purposes known as the Port Huron Statement which called for university decisions to be made through participator democracy, so that students would have a voice.
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New Left counterculture
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Activists and intellectual who supported Hayden's ideas became know as the New Left.--> rebellious styles of dress, music, dug use, and communal living.
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sexual revolution
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revealed that premarital sex, marital infidelity, and homosexuality were more common; antibiotics/intro to birth control pill; engaging in casual sex with number of partners.
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women's movement; Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique
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Betty Friedan's book The Feminine Mystique gave the movement new direction by encouraging middle-class women to seek fulfillment in professional careers in addition to filling the roles of wife, mother, and homemaker.
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National Organization of Women
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Friedman helped found National Organization of Women to adopted the activated tactics of other opportunities.
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Equal Pay Act (1963)
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prohibited discrimination in employment and compensation on the basis of gender, but poorly enforced.
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Equal Rights Amendment
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stated "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the US or by any state on account of sex." --> defeated because fear of threatening traditional roles of women.
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Vietnam War
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Kennedy continued US military aid to South Vietnam's regime and increased military adviser who train South Vietnamese army.
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Tonkin Gulf Resolution
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Allegedly, North Vietnamese gunboats had fired on U.S. warships in the Gulf of Tonkin. The president persuaded Congress that this aggressive act was sufficient reason for a military response by the United States. Congress voted its approval of the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, which basically gave the president,as commander in chief, a blank check to take "all necessary measures" to protect U.S. interests in Vietnam.
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Tet offensive
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On the occasion of their Lunar New Year (Tet) in January 1968, the Vietcong launched an all-out, surprise attack on almost every provincial capital and American base in South Vietnam. Although the attack took a fearful toll in the cities, the U.S. military counterattacked, inflicted much heavier losses on the Vietcong, and recovered the lost territory. Even so, in political terms, the American military victory proved irrelevant to the way the Tet offensive was interpreted at home; demoralized American public.
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Hawks and doves
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The supporters of the war, the "hawks," believed that the war was an act of Soviet-backed Communist aggression against South Vietnam and that it was part of a master plan to conquer all of Southeast Asia. The opponents of the war, the "doves," viewed the conflict as a civil war fought by Vietnamese nationalists and some Communists who wanted to unite their country by overthrowing a corrupt Saigon government.
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Eugene McCarthy
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the antiwar movement was given a political leader when scholarly Senator Eugene F. McCarthy of Minnesota became the first antiwar advocate to challenge Johnson for the 1968 Democratic presidential nomination.
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Robert Kennedy
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Kennedy's younger brother, Robert Kennedy, had become a senator from New York. Four years later, he decided to enter the presidential race after McCarthy's strong showing in New Hampshire. Bobby Kennedy was more effective than McCarthy in mobilizing the traditional Democratic blue-collar and minority vote. On June 5, 1968, he won a major victory in California's primary, but immediately after his victory speech, he was shot and killed by a young Arab nationalist who opposed Kennedy's support for Israel.
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George Wallace; Hubert Humphrey
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After Robert Kennedy's death, the election of 1968 turned into a three way race between two conservatives—George Wallace and Richard Nixon—and one liberal, Vice President Hubert Humphrey.
