APUSH P6 1865-1898 – Flashcards
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Why was US the leading industrial power in the world by 1900?
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raw materials (coal, copper, oil), abundant labor supply (immigrants), labor-saving technologies
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Railroads encouraged _______.
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mass production, mass consumption, economic specialization, daily life changes (railroad time became standard time for all Americans), settlement on Great Plants, one great national market between West and East
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2nd Industrial Revolution
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production of steel, petroleum, electric power
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Steel industry
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Great Lakes region, Andrew Carnegie, vertical integration, United States Steel owned by J.P. Morgan
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Oil industry
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John Rockefeller by applying the latest technologies and efficient practices; Standard Oil Trust; horizontal organization (former competitors brought under a single corporate umbrella)
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Social Darwinism
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Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection in biology
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Gospel of Wealth
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Andrew Carnegie's article "Wealth" argued that rich had social responsibility
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Horatio Alger Myth
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rags to riches through hard work: stories by Horatio Alger Jr.
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industrial warfare
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lockout (closing the factory to break a labor movement before it could get organized), blacklists (names of pro-union workers circulated)
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Great Railroad Strike of 1877
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strike on Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Hayes sent fed. troops to end labor violence
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National Labor Union
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skilled and unskilled, broad social program, lost support after depression 1873
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Knights of Labor
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skilled and unskilled, Terence V. Powderly, abolition of child labor, blamed for Haymarket
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Haymarket Bombing
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Chicago; someone throw a bomb and killed 7 police officers
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American Federation of Labor
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skill workers only; Samuel Gompers; higher wages and improved working conditions
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Homestead Strike
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Homestead Steel plant workers 20% wage cut, failure set back the union movement in steel industry
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Pullman Strike
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George Pullman's company workers have cut in wages; Grover Cleveland forbad interference with mail
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Gilded Age (1870s-1890s)
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seemed good, despite the corrupt politics and growing gap between the rich & poor
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Problems with frontier life
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extreme weather, lonesome lives, falling prices for their crops; ultimately, dams and irrigation saved many western families
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The Closing of the Frontier led to Turner's Frontier Thesis.
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Frederick Jackson Turners writes that the frontier has promoted independence, individualism, and was an important safety valve.
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US Army massacre Indians at ______, marking the end of the Indian Wars on the prairie.
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Wounded Knee
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A Century of Dishonor (1881)
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Helen Hunt Jackson supports Indian assimilation (formal edu, job training, conversion to Christianity)
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Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
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break up tribal organizations
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Indian Reorganization Act (1934)
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promoted the reestablishment of tribal organization and culture
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With the closing of the frontier, Americans grew increasingly concerned about the loss of public lands.
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Forest Reserve Act (1891), Sierra Club
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South makes economic progress towards a a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values.
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Memphis has a lumbus industry; improved railroads
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South is still the poorest region of the country.
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late start at industrialization, poorly educated workforce, no technical and engineering schools
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Civil Rights Cases of 1883
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Court ruled that Congress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens
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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
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"separate by equal accommodations" for white and black passengers on railroads
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Brooker T. Washington
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economic self-help, National Negro Business League, racial harmony and economic cooperation
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National Grange Movement (1868)
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Oliver Kelley, social and educational organization for farmers and their families, successfully lobbied for laws regulating rates charged by railroads
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Ocala Platform
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Farmers' Alliances met in Ocala, FA to attack problems of rural Amer. (lower tariff rates, graduated income), would evolve to the populist movement
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Old immigrants v. new immigrants
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W. Europe/S,E Europe; Irish,German/Russians,Greeks; literate/illiterate
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Jane Addams
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Hull House in Chicago (settlement houses taught English to immigrants, arts, music)
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Social Gospel
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applying Christian principles to social problems; Walter Rauschenbusch; Hell's Kitchen
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NAWSA
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National American Women Suffrage Association est. by Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
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WCTU
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Woman's Christian Temperance Association, total abstinence from alcohol
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W.E.B. Du Bois
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equality for blacks, integrated schools, equal access to higher education for the"talented tenth" of African Americans
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Literature and arts were defined by _____ and ____.
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realism, naturalism (Mark Twain, Stephen Crane)
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Chester Arthur
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hired gov. employees on qualifications, approved modern American navy, questioned high protective tariff
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Grover Cleveland
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frugal,Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 (first effort to regulate business), Dawes Act
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soft money or hard money?
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soft: borrow money at lower interest rates, pay off loans more easily hard (backed with gold): more value, no inflation
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Greenback Party
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pro-soft money
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How did Cleveland respond to the Panic of 1893?
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championing the gold standard, adopting a hands-off policy towards the economy, passed Wilson-Gorman Tariff that included a reduction in tariff rates and 2% income tax
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Coxey's Army
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demanded that fed. gov. spend $500 million on public works programs; arrested for walking on grass
