APUSH Final Exam Study Guide – Flashcards
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Columbian exchange and disease
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The Europeans took several new types of foods back from the Americas, such as potatoes, tomatoes, beans and corn, as well as tobacco, and also introduced syphilis into Europe, which originated in the New World. Several cash crops such as sugar cane and coffee, along with livestock were brought to the Americas, as well as deadly European diseases such as measles and smallpox that killed hundreds of thousands of Native Americans.
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"City on a Hill"
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This was a term coined by John Winthrop, the first governor of Massachusetts. It is a phrase from the bible, and Winthrop used it when saying "Our colony shall be like a city on a hill," meaning that the Puritan example of their colony would be one that could be seen for miles around.
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Roger Williams
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Roger Williams was a colonist who disagreed with the intolerant views of the Puritans, so he left the Puritan colonies and founded Rhode Island (then called Providence Plantation), where people of all religions were allowed to live without fear of persecution.
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"Half-way" Covenant
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Desperate for new members, as the old ones were dying off, the Puritan church introduced the Half-Way Covenant, saying that people who were children of Puritans already had a half membership in the church. It allowed the children of half-members to be baptized into the church, and the Puritans hoped it would allow them to regain some of their influence in colonial society.
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Anne Hutchinson
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Anne Hutchinson was exiled from Massachusetts because she challenged the Puritan Doctrine of Predestination. Her theory, called "Antinomianism" said that if God already knew who was saved, good deeds would not make a difference if you went to heaven or not. This was considered heresy by the Puritans, who valued good works as part of salvation.
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Navigation Acts
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These were a series of repressive laws passed by the British against American colonies that said they could only trade with the British, and that all American ships must go to Britain first to be taxed. They were only loosely enforced most of the time, but certain leaders decided to fully enforce them, greatly upsetting the colonists, and leading to an increase in the smuggling of goods.
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Protestant Reformation and colonial settlement
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The Protestant revolution in Europe, which began when Martin Luther nailed his 95 theses, or list of complaints, to the door of the Catholic church in Wittenburg, Germany. His protest initiated massive reforms against the Catholic church, and led to the formation of the new Protestant sect of Christianity, which held different beliefs from the Catholics.
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Great Awakening
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A period where a new religious movement, lead by pastor Jonathan Edwards, who become famous with his sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," inspired many Americans, whose piety had been steadily decreasing, to rejoin the Congregational (or Puritan) church. It had much more influence in New England than in the Southern Colonies.
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Stamp Act/Stamp Act Congress
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The Stamp Act was one of the taxation acts passed by the British Parliament after the French and Indian War, in order to help pay back their massive war debts. This tax required colonists to purchase official stamps from government offices that were required to legally obtain any paper documents or other paper items, such as newspapers or playing cards. The Stamp Act Congress was a group of delegates from each colony that convened in order to protest this act. They sent letters of complaint to parliament, as well as the king, and adopted one of America's first declarations of rights. This was important as it was the first clear sign of colonial unity against Britain.
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American Loyalists
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Loyalists were those Americans who supported the King and English government during and before the Revolution. They typically were not worried about and did not feel oppressed by the tax, accepted the rationale of "virtual representation" in the event that they cared, and were almost always members of the Anglican, rather than the Congregational Church. They were often bullied by the Sons of Liberty.
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Olive Branch Petition
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A very mild-mannered proposal written to the king of England asking him to lift taxes and laws from the colonists. The colonists wanted to first ask for a peaceful solution with this petition before they did anything more drastic.
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Strengths and Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
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The Articles of Confederation allowed each state to basically govern however it wanted. The federal government had little power. It could not tax or control the other states.
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Goals of the constitutional convention
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To create a new base for the American government that would work better for the whole country than the Articles of Confederation did, and to address the issues that the government under the Articles led to, such as Shay's Rebellion.
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Compromises made at the constitutional convention
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3/5 Compromise: Every 5 slaves would count as 3 people in terms of representation in the House. Great compromise: America would have a bicameral legislature with 1 house based on population for number of representatives, and another with equal representation. Slave trade compromise: Congress would not interfere with the slave trade until 1808.
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Shay's Rebellion
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A rebellion by former veterans of the revolutionary war who did not receive enough compensation to sustain a life after the war. Tax collectors were not very sympathetic towards the vets and these conflicts became known as Shay's Rebellion, and small armies were raised prepared to fight. This rebellion was squashed by Jefferson who feared that it would get out of hand, and therefore prevented any further problems. This showed that there was going to be no deconstruction of the new empire.
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Hamilton's plan for the bank
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He wanted to create a national and centralized bank of the United States. 20% of the national bank would belong to the federal government, but 80% would be sold as shares to the wealthy public who could afford them. He planned for the bank to stabilize the national currency.
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Protests against the bank
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People who could not afford shares of the national bank did not want the wealthy to be controlling the country's economic system. They also feared that too much control would weaken the economy.
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Adam Smith and Mercantilism
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Adam Smith wrote a book called "The Wealth of Nations" that stressed the laissez-faire economic style. He believed that the more bullion, or precious metal wealth, a country acquired, the more powerful it would be.
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Thomas Paine
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A British citizen, he wrote Common Sense, published on January 1, 1776, to encourage the colonies to seek independence. It spoke out against the unfair treatment of the colonies by the British government and was instrumental in turning public opinion in favor of the Revolution.
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Tecumseh
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A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.
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Samuel Chase and impeachment
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Samuel Chase was a supreme court judge who was impeached for having a bias towards a political party. This set a precedent against impeachment for political reasons.
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Chesapeake Affair and Embargo
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1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. This led to Thomas Jefferson's passing of the Embargo against France and England.
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War of 1812 and American industry
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The war of 1812 kept America from importing manufactured goods from England, so Americans began producing their own goods, which was essentially the beginning of industry in America.
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Hartford Convention
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December 1814 - A convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction, and the War of 1812. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws. They also discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. The Hartford Convention turned public sentiment against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party.
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American System
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An economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.
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Monroe Doctrine
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1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.
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1832 Nullification Crisis
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The crisis that resulted when South Carolina stated that they could choose whichever laws to follow because the state voluntarily joined the union.
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Corrupt Bargain
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In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.
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Election of 1828
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The election of 1824 convinced Van Buren of the need for a renewed two-party competition. In the election of 1828, a new party formed ; gradually became known as the Democratic Party which made Jackson president ; Calhoun VP. Opponents called themselves the National Republicans.
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Spoils System
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Policy of rewarding political supporters with public office, first widely employed at the federal level by Andrew Jackson. The practice was widely abused by unscrupulous office seekers, but it also helped cement party loyalty in the emerging two-party system.
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Specie Circular
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1863 - The Specie Circular, issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. The Circular required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.
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Log Cabin and Hard Cider campaign
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Description of the election of 1840 in which the Whigs tried to promote Harrison's humble backgrounds through the image of log cabins. The election was entirely based on hoopla and not on any actual issues. Harrison (Tippecanoe) won but died soon after.
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Seneca Falls Convention
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1st women's rights convention organized by Mott and Station, Seneca Falls Declaration said that all men and women are created equal, right for women to vote, some states passed laws allowing women could own their own property and keep there earnings
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Temperance Movement
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A social movement, born in the 19th century, to reduce the consumption of alcohol in America. This movement was popular among women, who had to face their husbands and fathers "drinking away" the family savings, and dealt with alcohol related problems such as job loss, violence, and domestic abuse
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Walden
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1854; Henry David Thoreau; The novel espoused transcendentalism—that is, truth through inner reflection and exposure to nature. It recorded Thoreau's thoughts concerning the value of a life of simplicity and contemplation. A collection of Essays that Thoreau wrote while living alone in a hut in the woods near Walden pond.
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Know Nothing Party
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A party that favored native-born people over immigrants. Nativist opposed immigrants and voted for Know-Nothing candidates. It was originally called the American Party, but when any affiliates of the party were asked what were they doing, they always responded by saying, "I know nothing," which caused it to soon be known as the Know-Nothing Party. They soon split over the issue of slavery, which caused the party to gradually decrease in size.
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Effects of industrialization on society
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Industrialization led to the increased wealth of the nation, a higher standard of living, the decline of agriculture and Jeffersonian ideals, government intervention in business, increase in the rights of Women, delayed marriages, smaller families, increase in the use of the wage system, and an increase in class divisions.
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Horace Mann
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Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation.
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Gag Rule
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1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress.
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Causes of the Mexican War
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One was the boundary dispute, in which United States recognized the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas, but Mexico argued that the traditional boundary was at the Nueces River farther north. Texas winning its Independence from Mexico in 1836 and Mexico refusing to acknowledge the new republic of Texas also increased tensions. The concept of manifest destiny was accompanied by many Americans moving in on territories not owned by America. The last straw was he American annexation of Texas, which Mexico took as a direct declaration of war.
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Wilmot Proviso
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(1846) a proposal to outlaw slavery in the territory added to the United States by the Mexican Cession; passed in the House of Representatives but was defeated in the Senate
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Commodore Perry's trip to Japan
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Commodore James Perry took his "Black Fleet" to Japan, which had been practicing a strict isolationist policy for years. He gave Japan an ultimatum: open trade with the U.S. or there would be military consequences. The Japanese were afraid of Perry and this allowed the U.S. to enter Asian markets.
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Dred Scott Case
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Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south
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Campaign of 1860 - Republican platform
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Mainly based on the ideas of "Free Soil," in which slavery would not be abolished, but poor white farmers would be protected by the government forbidding the spread of slavery to any new territories. Abraham Lincoln's platform up until the Emancipation Proclamation was issued.
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Results of Kansas-Nebraska Act
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The territories of Kansas and Nebraska were organized as part of the union, it also declared that the Missouri Compromise was always unconstitutional, and that the territories would be settled free or slave based on popular sovereignty. Furthermore, it made it legal for slaveholders to take their slaves to any territories without fear of emancipation.
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James K. Polk and 54-40 or fight
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James K. Polk was a hardcore expansionist, referring to both the Mexican Cession and the 54-50 border line of Washington territory. This phrase meant that the British must settle for this border as the country border or there would be another war.
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Bleeding Kansas
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1854-61 - conflict over whether KS will be free or slave; supposed to be decided by popular sovereignty. leads to guerrilla warfare; John Brown, abolitionist, came and participated. Direct result of the kansas-Nebraska Act. Kansas had become a central part of Westward Expansion.
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Trent Affair
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U.S. Navy stopped a British ship and seized two Confederate diplomats that were on board. British protest the impressment of Confederate officials from British ships and almost enter the war on the side of the South. Northern diplomats apologize profusely and free the Confederate officials in order to avert war with Britain. Demonstrates importance of Union diplomatic efforts in helping to win the war.
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Copperheads
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A vocal group of Northern Democrats who opposed the American Civil War and sympathized with the South.They undermined the war effort and posed a threat to Lincoln's reelection. "Peace Democrats" who supported the war to save the Union.
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New York City Draft Riots
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July 1863: just after the Battle at Gettysburg. Mobs of Irish working-class men and women roamed the streets for four days until federal troops suppressed them. They loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs.
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Lincoln's 10% plan
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Lincoln was in favor of a plan that would readmit any Southern state to the Union once 10% of its residents had agreed to ratify the new constitution.
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Black Codes
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one of the main goals of the Civil War, freedoms for enslaved people, was being rolled back. One by one, southern states met Johnson's Reconstruction demands and were restored to the Union. The first order of business in these new, white-run governments was to enact black codes, laws that restricted freedmen's rights. The black codes established virtual slavery with provisions such as these: Curfews, Labor Contracts, Limits on women's rights, and land restrictions.
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Military Reconstruction
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1867; divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions
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Pickett's Charge/Gettysburg
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At the battle of Gettysburg, which resulted in a huge loss for the Confederacy, General George Pickett launched a full frontal charge at the Union line as the last Southern offensive for this battle. Confederate troops ran nearly three quarters of a mile as they were gunned down by Northern Artillery.
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"Anaconda" Plan
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This was created by the Union, and was composed with six components which involves liberating slaves, blockading in the South, capturing and controlling enemy bases, including along the Mississippi River and at Richmond and defeating the troops by dividing them.
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Southern War Aims
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The South wanted for the North to recognize its sovreignty so that it could continue the expansion of slavery and its slave based economy, so that the North, with the Emancipation Proclamation, would not disrupt their way of life.
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Free Silver Campaign
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The Free Silver Movement was a political coalition of Western silver miners and Midwestern and Southern farmers who supported an inflationary monetary policy by using the free coinage of silver for a bimetallic standard for U.S. currency. Opponents of the Movement were Northeastern creditors and businessmen who favored the gold standard. The issue started over the passage of the 1873 Coinage Act but peaked from 1893 to 1896, when the economy was in a severe depression. It became a central issue in the 1896 presidential election. But after the 1896 defeat of William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic presidential candidate who had supported the Free Silver Movement, the United States government adopted the gold standard.
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Social Darwinism
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Although rejected by biologists, this theory from the 1870s is often associated with Herbert Spencer and is said to have justified the competition of laissez-faire capitalism, the new racial superiority ideas, and imperialist policies. It said that the Darwinian concept of natural selection could be applied to people in society as well: the best would become wealthy and the weakest would not.
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DuBois vs. Washington
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W.E.B DuBois demanded immediate and total equality for African-Americans, while Booker T. Washington pushed blacks to first gain economic equality, and then social equality would stem from that.
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New Immigration
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Between the 1850's and 1880's, more than 5 million immigrants cascaded into America from the "mother continent." Starting in the 1880's, the "new immigrants" (mainly Italians, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, and Poles) came swarming into the USA. This influx of different nationalities caused problems at first, because they all spoke different languages and practiced different religions. They later; however, helped provide the unique cultural diversity that still exists today in the USA.
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Open Door Notes
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In 1899 the United States feared that countries with "spheres of influence" in China might choose to limit or restrict trade to and from their respective areas. John Hay avoided any problems with trade by sending notes to each country who held power in China asking them to keep trade open and tariffs low.
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Yellow Journalism
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A type of journalism which is illegitimate in its research and exaggerated in content; somewhat similar to muckraking though muckraking was more truthful. A term for sensationalistic, irresponsible journalism. Reputedly, the term is an allusion to the cartoon "The Yellow Kid" in the old New York World, a newspaper especially noted for its sensationalism.
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Theodore Roosevelt's appeal
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He was a progressive, and therefore appealed to low and middle class workers, as he favored people over big businesses, and encouraged reform that would help the common man.
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Platt Amendment
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Amendment in the Cuban constitution that limited the country's sovereign power. It held that America could intervene in any Cuban affairs, and that Cuba had to obtain permission from the U.S. before it went into debt or signed treaties.
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Election of 1912
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Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win as a southern Democrat.
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Progressive Reforms
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Election reforms introduced in the early twentieth century as part of the Progressive movement; included the secret ballot, primary elections, and voter registration laws.
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The Great Migration
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The migration of thousands of African-Americans from the South to the North. African Americans were looking to escape the problems of racism in the South and felt they could seek out better jobs and an overall better life in the North.
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Palmer Raids
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A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities.
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Conditions of farmers during Depression
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Post WWI, farmers continued to grow the same amount of crops that they had during the war. Unfortunately, Europe was beginning to recover and grow its own crops now, and exports were no longer needed, causing the price of farm goods to plummet, leading to mass poverty among farmers, who were eventually paid to destroy surplus goods.
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"Brain Trust"
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A group of close advisers to FDR. These were academics, lawyers, economists, and social scientists. Many of them had extensive theories about using the powers of an expanding government to make a better, more "progressive" society
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The New Deal (programs, successes, failures, etc)
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The New Deal was a series of economic programs implemented in the United States between 1933 and 1936. They involved presidential executive orders or laws passed by Congress during the first term of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The programs were a liberal response to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the "3 Rs": Relief, Recovery, and Reform. That is, Relief for the unemployed and poor; Recovery of the economy to normal levels; and Reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.
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1933 Bank Holiday
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On March 6, 1933, newly elected FDR shut down the American banking system for a week, as well as closed the stock exchange. He was able to convince the public that banks were safe. This stopped them from withdrawing all of their money, and cause over half of them to put hoarded money back into the banking system, greatly helping to fix the bank problem.
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Lend Lease
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Approve by Congress in March 1941; The act allowed America to sell, lend or lease arms or other supplies to nations considered "vital to the defense of the United States."
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Island Hopping
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The Allies would bypass heavily fortified islands, take over neighboring islands, and starve the resistant forces to death with lack of supplies and constant bombing saturation, to push back the Japanese.
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D-Day
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June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.
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Manhattan Project
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Code name given to the development of the US atomic bomb during World War II. Work on the bomb was carried out in great secrecy by a team including US physicists Enrico Fermi and J. Robert Oppenheimer. The first test took place on July 16, 1945, near Alamogordo, New Mexico, and the next month the US Air Force dropped bombs on Japan.
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Containment
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A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances. It held that communism must not be allowed to spread or democracy could be wiped out.
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Truman Doctrine
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Doctrine pronounced in President Harry S. Truman's statement in 1947 that the United States should assist other nation that were facing external pressure of internal revolution. This was an extension of Containment that promised US aid to any country that had the possibility to become communist.
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Sputnik
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First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.
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Brown vs. Board
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(1954) Supreme Court decision overturned Plessy v. Ferguson. Supreme Court ruled that all public schools should be desegregated with all deliberate speed. "Separate can never be equal."
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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An international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn't invade Cuba.
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LBJ's war on poverty
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This refers to LBJ's legislation also referred as the "Great Society" plan. It focused on improving education and health care in order to relieve poverty, and could be seen as an extension of FDR's New Deal program.
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LBJ and Vietnam
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The Gulf of Tonkin incident was widely believed to be staged, giving LBJ bad PR over Vietnam from the beginning. He sent large amounts of US troops to Vietnam because he did not want to be seen as going too soft on communism. He is also criticized for his "blank check" given to him by congress, allowing him to do almost whatever he wanted in Vietnam. The killing of innocent civilizations and the widely-hated draft also led to LBJ's PR downfall.
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Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
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The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.
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Tet Offensive
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1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment.
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Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
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The Court upheld the decision of a district judge ruling that a plan, which assigned pupils to the nearest neighborhood school without regard to race, was inadequate and that the school district had to bus some students to more distant schools to achieve a greater degree of integration. It set the guidelines for all subsequent cases involving school segregation.
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Watergate
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1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security gaurd foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committe Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down.
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Arab Oil Embargo
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After the U.S. backed Israel in its war against Syria and Egypt, which had been trying to regain territory lost in the Six-Day War, the Arab nations imposed an oil embargo, which strictly limited oil in the U.S. and caused a crisis, leading to oil shortages, the quadrupling of gas prices, and the creation of the Department of Energy. This is the first time that alternative energy was given serious attention.
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Iran Hostage Crisis
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1979-1981. A group of Iranian students attacked the U.S. embassy in Tehran, Iran and about 90 Americans were captured and held for around 444 days in captivity; almost all of the situation occurred under Carter's presidency, but do to the Iranian dislike of Carter, Iran waited until hours after Reagan was elected to release the hostages
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First Persian Gulf War
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Oil is the issue. Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait. The U.S. used airstrikes and ground forces. Saddam retreated, chemical weapons were to be destroyed, and the international community would use economic sanctions to enforce the agreement.
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University of California v. Bakke
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A supreme court case where the court ruled that although Affirmative Actions in admissions are legal and constitutional, it is unconstitutional for colleges to set quotas for admissions based on race.
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Election of 1992
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Bill Clinton won over George H.W. Bush because of the economy's problems and the solving of foreign policy problems, Bush's greatest strength., The election in which Bill Clinton (D) defeats incumbent George Bush (R).
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NAFTA
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The North American Free Trade Agreement, or NAFTA, established in 1991, allowed for free trade between Canada, the United States, and Mexico, and allowed for a net increase in the amount of jobs available, due to the opening of Mexican markets.
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Clinton Impeachment
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after Clinton confessed before a jury that he and Lewinsky had an improper relationship, the prospect of impeachment became an issue, especially in the congressional elections. The House narrowly approved 2 counts of impeachment; lying to the grand jury and obstructing justice, and the matter moved to the Senate where a trial continued for weeks without generating any significant public support. It ended with a decisive acquittal of the president.
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Election of 2000
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Bush v. Gore; Bush won although Gore won popular vote; controversy over the final vote count in Florida; settled by a corrupt and conservative Supreme Court decision in denial of all evidence in favor of Bush.
