APUSH Fall – Essay Prompts – Flashcards

Spanish: settled to convert Native Americans to Christianity (enslaved if didn't) -Missions: missionary leaders were powerful attendees: made people go to church -Catholic Faith: -Conversion of the Indians (Franciscans): made Indians convert to Christianity, if not, enslave them, overall treated harshly -Pueblo Revolt (1680): Pueblo people revolt against the Spanish -Church's central role in settlement: -Encomienda System: English: settled in New World for religious freedom -Didn't come just to convert Native Americans, came for religious freedom -Puritans: reserved society, simpler life, no religious hierarchy, predestination, Massachusetts, came as family -Pilgrims: permanent settlements , came with family, -Separatists: separate from Anglican church completely -Pennsylvania: Quakers, religious toleration, set-up for religious freedom -Rhode Island, Roger Williams: -Religious toleration: -Anne Hutchinson: Puritan rebellion, challenged gender -roles, banished from MA to RI -Religious freedom (escape persecution) Salem witchcraft trials -John Winthrop: Puritan leader and established Massachusetts Bay colony

French and Indian War causes change: 7 years war between France and Britain disputes over land, tensions turn to war, global conflict between France and Britain Indians are thought to have no land End of Salutary Neglect Britain in debt from defending colonies, begins to tax them to pay debt colonists gain fighting experience/confidence, Militiamen (British soldiers don't respect) Proclamation Line of 1763 Pontiac's Rebellion: Indians rebelling against colonists pushing on their territory British can't afford a war against the Indians, creates Proclamation Line, colonists mad Prior to: Bacon's Rebellion - led to Salutary Neglect Salutary Neglect (1650-1763): virtually self-rule with distant rulers, economically prosperous Navigation Acts ignored: goods from US have to be transported only by British ships and go through Britain; drive trade back through Britain Triangular Trade Post 1763: Sugar Act (1764): designed to regulate trade and raise revenue; tax on sugar, royal navy enforced, colonists angry Currency Act (1764): bans paper money, after colonists started printing paper money Quartering Act (1764): must house British soldiers Stamp Act (1765): first direct tax, colonists must put stamps on any printed paper economic boycott by colonists, Sons of Liberty, Stamp Act Congress —> repeal it Declaratory Act: Parliament has full authority over colonies Townshend Acts (1767): tax on paper, tea, led, paint repealed, but tax on tea continued, Boston Massacre (1770) colonists boycott tea: Boston Tea Party (1773) Intolerable Acts (1774): Massachusetts Government Act, Boston Port Act, Quartering Act, Quebec Act, Administration of Justice Act Synthesis: Revolutionary War Declaration of Independence

Jefferson Democrats: rejected Hamilton's plan for a National Bank, wanted state banks against tariffs and national debt supported an agrarian economy strict constructionist; went against own beliefs in Louisiana Purchase believed in people's rights: fought for Bill of Rights in Constitution supporters: merchants, shop-keepers, Democratic-Republican believed in a weak federal government, democracy Jacksonian Democrats: rejected second charter of National Bank: moved federal money to state pet banks caused recession by beginning Specie Circular against tariffs and national debt went against this when he passed the Tariff of Abominations Force Bill: use army power to collect tariffs in South Carolina rags to riches story, was a poor man turn President; expand voting rights against Supreme Court's power, against infrastructure projects; created more Presidential power, Kitchen Cabinet, Spoils System, monarchy

1500- 1775 Jamestown (1607): need for more land (tobacco ruining soil), caused colonists to kick Indians out Spanish enslavement of natives if they did not convert to Christianity Pontiac's Rebellion: mad at colonists for encroaching on their land, led to Proclamation Line of 1763 Fur trade with France, good relationship with Indians French and Indian War: sided against the natives with the British to fight for their land Bacon's Rebellion: killed Indians, governor wouldn't forcefully take out the Indians at frontier, Nathaniel Bacon led rebels to take them out Columbian Exchange: affected by European diseases they had no immunity to, killed a big portion of their population horses were introduced to them, new weaponry, 1850-1900 Indian Removal Act

Polk, War with Mexico in 1849: westward expansion Britain's interest in buying the land and making it free "manifest destiny" to expand US land wanted to gain Texas and Oregon territory, continued expansion onto Mexican land Madison, War of 1812: British attempts to restrict US trade Royal Navy's impressment of American seamen the America's desire to expand its territory Non-Intercourse Act: prevent trade from Britain and France, ineffective if either power dropped trade restrictions against the United States, Congress would in turn resume non-intercourse with the opposing power, choose France or Britain Napoleon dropped restrictions, US cut off trade with Britain stand up against Britain, stop impressment, prove independence Desire for Canada and Florida

Around the time period of 1765 women were starting to become more prominent and important members of society — they were responsible for raising / educating the children i.e. the next generation, so therefore they were of great value to the community (Cult of Domesticity/Republican Motherhood) came to colonies after men, worked in the house: caring for children, cooking, sewing the Revolution caused women to have a more important role republican motherhood: gave women the opportunity to teach their children more power when husbands were gone Cult of Domesticity: the ideal woman became one who stayed at home and taught children how to be proper citizens women became nurses during War of 1812, more prominently in Civil War women took active roles in reform: abolitionism, reform and women right's women slaves took very active roles in ending of slavery: Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth Seneca Falls Convention: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott Uncle Tom's Cabin: written by women, Harriet Beecher Stowe Dorothea Dix-- Prison and mental institution reform Margaret Fuller-- Women in the 19th Century Post Civil War: many young women began to do more work themselves, older generation didn't change women rarely went to school, schooling for women increased (colleges for women- Oberlin) did not receive the right to vote until 1920 women's legal status was based on marital status single: much more freedom, seen as own person married: joint union with husband, he represents the both of you

Panic of 1819 Hamilton's Financial Plan First National Bank (1791) Acted as the government's own personal bank. Federal tax revenues were deposited in the national bank. The government was also able to take loans and borrow money from the national bank Also received deposits / gave loans to private citizens McCulloch vs. Maryland Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution gave the US government the power to recharter the national bank Jackson strongly resented this recharter Jackson protected and vitalized the rights of small farmers and placed great importance on the agricultural economy of the United States The Maysville Road Veto Congress approved a $50,000 investment to build the Maysville Road which would connect to the National Road Decision was controversial because people were unsure if this was an appropriate exercise of congressional power Jackson vetoed this bill — his own way of slowing down the growth of the market economy

Missouri compromise of 1820: Missouri applied to become slave state, but would upset the balance, so Maine enters as free Nat Turner's Rebellion 1831: most violent slave revolt, which led to stricter slave code and education law and Northern sympathy Anti- slavery gag rule 1836: prohibited discussion of petition regarding slavery to congress Wilmot Proviso 1846: ban slavery in newly acquired land from Mexico Underground Railroad 1760-1862: started by the Quakers to help slaves escape the south Compromise of 1850: CA enters as free, Fugitive Slave law is enforced and personal liberty laws Uncle Tom's cabin 1852: response to fugitive slave law

1845- Texas annex as slave state under President John Tyler convinced Congress 1846- War with Mexico declared Polk's opponents charged him with provoking the war to satisfy a "slave power" in the South 1846- Wilmot Proviso: Stated that slavery should never exist in any territory taken from Mexico. Passed the House but not the Senate. 1848- Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo: included mexican cession: It gave the United States the Rio Grande as a boundary for Texas, and gave the US ownership of California and a large area comprising roughly half of New Mexico, most of Arizona, Nevada,Utah, and parts of Wyoming and Colorado. Compromise of 1850 (introduced by Henry Clay: Douglas drove through): Admission of California as a free state (16 free states and 15 slave states) New Mexico and Utah open to popular sovereignty. Texas lost land that would probably become free territory. The slave trade was banned in Washington, D.C. Fugitive Slave Law of 1850: Heavy fines and jail sentences for those who helped runaway slaves escape. "Personal liberty laws" in the North 1852- Uncle Tom's Cabin- implied slavery not only political problem, but moral struggle, compromises will never solve it south mad of stereotypical Southern reputation north abolitionist protest against fugitive slave law 1854 Kansas Nebraska Act 1855 Bleeding Kansas 1857 Lecompton Constitution 1858 Dred Scott v Stanford 1858 Lincoln v Douglas Debates 1860- Winning of Lincoln Election of 1860 1861- Kansas being annexed into US as free state South secede

Missouri Compromise 36°30' Any states above this line would be free, any states below this line would have the power to vote (popular sovereignty) to make the state a slave state Missouri entered the Union as a slave state; Maine entered the Union as a free state — kept Senate split evenly This allowed for the growth of slavery but also addressed the overwhelming issue of abolition Compromise of 1850 CA - free state, NM / UT - undecided, DC - no slave trade Fugitive Slave Law; if free blacks were taken by whites then they could be declared slaves - (Court official would be given $5 if he or she deemed a black person to be free, and would be given $10 if he or she deemed a black person to be a slave) Personal Liberty Laws; Prevents Northern officials from assisting slave owners in reclaiming their escaped slaves (a form of nullification) Sectionalism increased - Northern dislike of Fugitive Slave Law, Southern dislike of Personal Liberty Laws

Louisiana Purchase in 1803 • American System of Henry Clay (1816) supported a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government; continuation of the Bank of the United States; development of a system of internal improvements to tie the nation together, which would be financed by profits from the tariff, the bank, and the sale of western lands. • Erie Canal: meant to connect East and West - no improvements made to connect north and south • Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1820 (11 slave and 11 free states when Missouri asked to be admitted to the Union as a slave state) was authored by Henry Clay, "the Great Compromiser." - Maine was admitted as a free state; Missouri, as a slave state; all future states north of 36 '30 with the exception of Missouri, would come into the Union as free states. • Tariff of Abominations favored the north, but south was very upset - This lead to Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions and southern states threatened to secede - money from tariff could have been used to expand west • Railroads begin to replace canals as the heart of the American transportation system (1830s and forward); most railroads ran east to west, helping to cement the North/West alliance. • Gag rule was adopted (1836); this informal rule in Congress allowed slavery petitions to the House of Representatives to be automatically tabled, thus putting off divisive debates over the issue of slavery. The use of the gag rule lasted until 1844. • New parties popping up everywhere against slavery in westward expansion (ex. Liberty Party) • James K.Polk (Democrat) favored westward expansion. - "54 40 or fight" (campaign slogan) • Oregon Treaty (1846) resulted in the British-American boundary being set at the 49th parallel. - South wanted more land for the expansion of slavery • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) confirmed the United States title to Texas and gave the United States the Mexican Cession, which included California; the United States agreed to pay $15 million for the land and assumed a $3,250,000 payment to United States citizens with claims against Mexico. • Free soil party joined with Free Liberty party after treaty to oppose slavery in new areas "Re-annexation of Texas and the Reoccupation of Oregon" • Compromise of 1850 (Henry Clay, "Omnibus Bill"; Stephen Douglas supported Clay's proposed - Cal. admitted as a free state - New Mex and Utah pop sovereignty - Tex. lost land that would have become free land - stricter fugitive slave law • Wilmot Proviso that said land from war with Mexico will be free Thesis: As America started to gain more western land, new parties popped up that wanted to stop the expansion of slavery, while southerners were not in favor of treaties that made new land free because they wanted to get wealth, while south threatened to secede the nation because of their pro slavery views.