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Second Continental Congress

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Organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence.

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George Washington

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Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Lived at Mount Vernon. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States.

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Ethan Allen

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A soldier of the American Revolution whose troops helped capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British (1738-1789).

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Benedict Arnold

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An American General during the Revolutionary War (1776). He prevented the British from reaching Ticonderoga. Later, in 1778, he tried to help the British take West Point and the Hudson River but he was found out and declared a traitor.

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Fort Ticonderoga

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Fort on Lake Champlain in northeastern New York, site of major battles in the American Revolution.

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Bunker Hill

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Battle that took place on the strategic point of Breed's Hill. British victory on account of the depletion of American supplies; gave them confidence- pushed Americans towards a final decision for war.

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Redcoats

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British soldiers who fought against the colonists in the American Revolution; so called because of their bright red uniforms.

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Olive Branch Petition

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On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

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Hessians

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German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.

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Richard Montgomery

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Former British officer who captured Montreal for the colonies.

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Republic

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Political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

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Natural Aristocracy

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An aristocracy which arises out of work and competition rather than birth, education, or special privilege.

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Richard Henry Lee

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Leader of the American Revolution who proposed the resolution calling for independence of the American colonies (1732-1794).

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Thomas Jefferson

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Delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.

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Declaration of Independence

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Document approved by representatives of the American colonies in 1776 that stated their grievances against the British monarch and declared their independence.

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Natural Rights

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Idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property.

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Patrick Henry

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Outspoken member of House of Burgesses; inspired colonial patriotism with "Give me liberty or give me death" speech.

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William Howe

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English General who commanded the English forces at Bunker Hill. Howe did not relish the rigors of winter campaigning, and he found more agreeable the bedtime company of his mistress. At a time when it seemed obvious that he should join the forces in New York, he joined the main British army for an attack on Philadelphia.

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Trenton

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On Christmas night, 1776, Washington led 2,400 men across the Delaware River to attack the drunken Hessians who were sleeping. The Americans killed 30 of the enemy and took 918 captives and 6 Hessian cannons.

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Princeton

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American troops drove the British all the way back to the environs of New York City. American leader George Washington and British Leader Charles Cornwallis- American troops won this battle (1777).

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John Burgoyne

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British general in the American Revolution who captured Fort Ticonderoga but lost the battle of Saratoga in 1777.

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Benedict Arnold

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United States general and traitor in the American Revolution.

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Saratoga

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A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. It proved to be the turning point of the war. This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.

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Horatio Gates

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Burgoyne was forced to surrender his command to this American general on October 17,1777 at the battle of Saratoga.

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Armed Neutrality

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Term for the alliance of Catherine the Great of Russia and other European powers who did not declare war but assumed a hostile neutrality toward Britain

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Nathaniel Greene

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Quaker-raised American general who employed tactics of fighting and then drawing back to recover, then attacking again. Defeated Cornwallis by thus "fighting Quaker".

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Charles Cornwallis

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Commanding general of the British forces that were defeated at Yorktown in 1781, ending the American Revolution.

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Iroquois Confederacy

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An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.

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Fort Stanwix

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Site of the first official treaty between Patriots and Native Americans.

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John Paul Jones

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The commander of one of America's ships; daring, hard-fighting young Scotsman; helped to destroy British merchant ships in 1777; brought war into the water of the British seas.

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Privateers

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Ships that are privately owned but are urged to attack enemy ships during a war.

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Yorktown

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In 1781 during the American Revolution, the British under Cornwallis surrendered after a siege of three weeks by American and French troops.

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Benjamin Franklin

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Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.

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John Adams

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America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

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John Jay

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United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829).

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Treaty of Paris

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Agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country.

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Whigs

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Party that favored a national bank, protective tariffs and eventually the abolition of slavery.

APUSH – Chapter 8 (1775-1783) – Flashcards

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