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bonanza farms

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large farms that came to dominate agricultural life in much of the West in the late 1800s; instead of plots farmed by yeoman farmers, large amounts of machinery were used, and workers were hired laborers, often performing only specific tasks(similar to work in a factory).

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Coxey's Army

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Supporters of Ohio populist Jacob Coxey who in 1894 marched on Washington, demanded that the government create jobs for the unemployed; although this group had no effect whatsoever on policy, it did demonstrate the social and economic impact of the Panic of 1893.

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Populist party

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formed in 1892 by members of the Farmer's Alliance, this party was designed to appeal to workers in all parts of the country. Populists favored a larger role of government in American Society, a progressive income tax, and more direct methods of democracy.

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Farmer's Alliance

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organization that united farmers at the statewide and regional level; policy goals of this organization included more readily available farm credits and federal regulation of the railroads.

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tight money

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policy that took paper money used during the Civil War out of circulation.

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Sitting Bull

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One of the leaders of the Sioux tribe. He was a medicine man " as wily as he was influential." He became a prominent Indian leader during the Sioux Was from 1876-1877.( The war was touched off when a group of miners rushed into the Black Hills of South Dakota in 1875.) The well-armed warriors at first proved to be a superior force. During Custer's Last Stand in 1876, Sitting Bull was " making medicine" while another Indian, Crazy Horse, led the Sioux. When more whites arrived at the Battle of Little Big Horn, Sitting Bull and the other Sioux we forced into Canada.

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Crazy Horse

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He was chief of the Nez Perce Indians of Idaho. People wanting gold trespassed on their beaver river. To avoid war, and save his people Chief Joseph tried retreating to Canada with his people. They were cornered 30 miles from safety and he surrendered in 1877.

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Chief Joseph

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Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

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Geronimo

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Geronimo, the leader of the Apaches in Arizona and New Mexico, fought against the white man, who was trying to force the Apaches off of their land. Geronimo had an enormous hatred for the whites. He was, however, eventually pushed into Mexico where he surrendered

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John Wesley Powell

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explorer and geologist who warned that traditional agriculture could not succeed west of 100th meridian

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Benjamin Harris

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Came to Boston in 1686 to publish a regularly scheduled newspaper. His greatest success came from a spelling book called the New England Primer. In 1690, he founded Publick Occurrences.

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William Jennings Bryan

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United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school1860-1925)

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Helen Hunt Jackson

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an author who wrote A Century of Dishonor which chronicled the government's actions against the Indians. She also wrote Romona, which was a love story about Indians. Her writing helped inspire sympathy towards the Indians.

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Sioux Wars

answer

The Sioux Wars lasted from 1876-1877. These were spectacular clashes between the Sioux Indians and white men. They were spurred by gold-greedy miners rushing into Sioux land. The white men were breaking their treaty with the Indians. The Sioux Indians were led by Sitting Bull and they were pushed by Custer's forces. Custer led these forces until he was killed at the battle at Little Bighorn. Many of the Indian were finally forced into Canada, where they were forced by starvation to surrender.

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Nez Perce

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Native American Tribe that will flee capture from U.S. Troops, who almost make it to Canada.

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Apache

answer

Native American-Indian tribe; 1870's; group from Arizona and New Mexico led by Geronimo were difficult to control; chased into Mexico by Federal troops; they became successful farmers raising stock in Oklahoma

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Ghost Dance

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A cult that tried to call the spirits of past warriors to inspire the young braves to fight. It was crushed at the Battle of Wounded Knee after spreading to the Dakota Sioux. The Ghost Dance led to the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This act tried to reform Indian tribes and turn them into "white" citizens. It did little good.

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Battle of Wounded Knee

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A group of white Christian reformist tried to bring Christian beliefs on to the Indians. Fearing the Ghost Dance American troops were called to go with the reformist. While camped outside of an Indian reservation a gun was fired and the troops stormed the reservation killing Indian men women and children.

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Dawes Severalty Act

answer

1887, dismantled American Indian tribes, set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians, attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American

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Little Big Horn

answer

General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse

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Homestead Act

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Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.

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Sooner State

answer

Oklahoma's nickname because about 500.000 people illegal entered that state before it became an offical state in 1907

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Safety-valve theory

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As the pop. Of US begins to increase there has always been a way to release pop. Pressure: West has always acted as a safety valve; by 1890 valve was gone... no more frontier

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Granger laws

answer

During the late 1800's an organization of farmers, called the Grange, strove to regulate railway rates and storage fees charged by railroads, warehouses, and grain elevators through state legislation. These laws that were passed, but eventually reversed, are referred to as the Granger Laws.

question

Farmers' Alliance

answer

This was the first "national" organization of the farmers, which led to the creation of the Populist party. The Farmers' Alliance sponsored social gatherings, were active in politics, organized cooperatives, and fought against the dominance of the railroads and manufacturers.

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Jim Crow Laws

answer

Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights

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Colored Farmers National Alliance

answer

More than 1 million southern black farmers organized and shared complaints with poor white farmers. By 1890 membership numbered more than 250,000. The history of racial division in the South, made it hard for white and black farmers to work together in the same org.

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Pullman Strike

answer

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

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Cross of Gold Speech

answer

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

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Gold Standard Act

answer

Signed by McKinley in 1900 and stated that all paper money must be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold large gold reserves in case people wanted to trade in their money. Also eliminated silver coins in circulation.

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Homestead Act

answer

This law, passed in 1862, stated that a settler could acquire up to 160 acres of land and pay a minimal fee of $30.00 just for living on it for five years and settling it. A settler could acquire it for only six months and pay $1.25 an acre. This was important because previously land was being sold for profit and now it was basically being given away. About half a million families took advantage of this offer. Unfortunately, it was often too good to be true and the land was ravaged by drought and hard to cultivate.

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Dry Farming

answer

a way of farming dry land in which seeds are planted deep in ground where there is some moisture

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Sherman Silver Purchase Act

answer

Required the government to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion each month for use as currency.

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McKinley Tariff

answer

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

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Sixteenth Amendment

answer

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax.

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fourth party system

answer

A term scholars have used to describe national politics from 1896-1932, when Republicans had a tight grip on the White House and issues like industrial regulation and labor concerns became paramount, replacing older concerns like civil service reform and monetary policy.664)

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mechanization of agriculture

answer

The development of engine-driven machines, like the combine, which helped to dramatically increase the productivity of land in the 1870s and 1880s. This process contributed to the consolidation of agricultural business that drove many family farms out of existence.654)

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mining industry

answer

After gold and silver strikes in Colorado, Nevada, and other Western territories in the second half of the nineteenth century, fortune seekers by the thousands rushed to the West to dig. These metals were essential to U.S. industrial growth and were also sold into world markets. After surface metals were removed, people sought ways to extract ore from underground, leading to the development of heavy mining machinery. This, in turn, led to the consolidation of the mining industry, because only big companies could afford to buy and build the necessary machines.644)

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Populists

answer

Officially known as the People's party, the Populists represented Westerners and Southerners who believed that U.S. economic policy inappropriately favored Eastern businessmen instead of the nation's farmers. Their proposals included nationalizing the railroads, creating a graduated income tax, and most significantly the unlimited coinage of silver.657)

question

reservation system

answer

The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the west, beginning in the 1850s and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Within these reservations, most land was used communally, rather than owned individually. The U.S. government encouraged and sometimes violently coerced Native Americans to stay on the reservations at all times.635)

question

Frederick Jackson Turner

answer

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.

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Jacob S. Coxey

answer

A socialist American politician, who ran for elective office several times in Ohio. Supported and helped establish paper money. Led protest of unemployment from Panic of 1893

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William McKinley

answer

25th President of the United States

question

Marcus Alonzo Hanna

answer

Used the money he made in the iron business to support William McKinley's presidential campaign. He became a personification of big business in politics.

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Buffalo Soldiers

answer

African-American soldiers that formed one-fifth of the frontier soldiers after the Civil War, nicknamed for the resemblance between their hair and the buffaloes'.

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George Armstrong Custer

answer

Former General during the Civil War, he set out in 1874 with his Seventh Cavalry to return the Plains Indians to the Sioux reservation. Defeated by an army that outnumbered his men 10 to 1.

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Long Drive

answer

Process in which Texas cowboys would drive herds of cattle thousands strong over the plains until they reached a railroad terminal, such as Dodge City, Abilene, or Cheyenne.

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Greenback Labor Party

answer

Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

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Eugene V. Debs

answer

Leader of the Pullman strike of 1894 and of the American Railway Union.

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Dingley Tariff Bill

answer

Raised tariff pushed through in 1897 by Republicans who had contributed strongly to Mark Hanna's campaign. Lobbyists raised the average rates to 46.5 percent.

question

Bison

answer

Which animal, whose population diminished due to white intruders, did the native americans of the plains highly depend on?

question

true

answer

True or False; the white settlers and soldiers expanding west increased native american violence between tribes

question

Great Sioux Reservation

answer

where Native Americans were herded by the federal government after giving up their ancestral land for the promise of being left alone with food and clothingthey were never sufficiently taken care of)

question

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

answer

which act partially reversed the individualistic approach and belatedly tried to restor the tribal basis of Indian life that was stripped by the Dawes Severalty Act?

question

Farmers' Alliances

answer

the 1890s Peoples/Populist Party evolved from?

question

Long Drive

answer

When Texas cowboys drove herds numbering from 1,000 to 10,000 slowly over unfenced and unpeopled plains- this was called?

question

dry farming

answer

a type of farming used to try and grow crop in drought stricken areas that created a finely pulverized surface which would contribute to the Dust Bowl

question

deflation

answer

large cash crops such as wheat and corn made farmers unhappy because they needed machines and lots of land for which they needed to borrow money thus causing?

question

regulating railroads

answer

The State Granger laws helped farmers distribute crops nationally by

question

Carlisle Indian School

answer

in Pennsylvania to educate and civilize Indians, motto = "Kill the Indian and save the man"

question

Frontier Thesis

answer

Americans developed new characteristicsrugged, democratic, and individualistic) b/c frontier and westward expansion

question

Placer Mining

answer

mining valuable minerals from a placer by washing or dredginglike panning for gold)

question

Comstock Lode

answer

valuable silver found here, causing many Californians and "fifty-niners" to migrate and settle Nevada

question

100th meridian

answer

imaginary line from the Dakotas to Texas dividing the East and the West

question

Sodbuster

answer

the nickname given to farmers on the Great Plains because they used plows to break up the thick grasssod) and reach the soil below

question

1890 Census

answer

the frontier was officially settle and used many different types of information that wasn't able to be measured before such as jobs, race, age, etc.

question

1700-1800

answer

Date: New Indian peoples move onto Great Plains

question

1858

answer

Date: Pike's Peak gold rush

question

1859

answer

Date: Nevada Comstock Lode discovered

question

1862

answer

Date: Homestead Act

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1864

answer

Date: Sand Creek Massacre

question

1864

answer

Date: Nevada admitted into the Union

question

1867

answer

Date: National Grange organized

question

1876

answer

Date: The Battle of Little Bighorn

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1876

answer

Date: Colorado admitted into Union

question

1877

answer

Date: Nez Perce Indian War

question

1881

answer

Date: Helen Hunt Jackson publishes A Century of Dishonor

question

1884

answer

Date: Federal government outlaws Indian SunDance

question

1885-1890

answer

Date: Local chapters of Farmer's Alliance formed

question

1887

answer

Date: Dawes Severalty Act

question

1889

answer

Date: Oklahoma opened to settlement

question

1889-1890

answer

Date: North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, and Wyoming all admitted to the Union

question

1890

answer

Date: Census bureau declares frontier line ended

question

1890

answer

Date: Emergence of People's partyPopulists)

question

1890

answer

Date: Battle of Wounded Knee

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1892

answer

Date: Populist candidate James B. Weaver polls more than 1 million votes in presidential election

question

1893

answer

Date: Fredrick Jackson Turner publishes "The Significance of the Frontier in American History"

question

1894

answer

Date: "Coxey's army" marches on Washington

question

1894

answer

Date: Pullman strike

question

1896

answer

Date: Utah admitted to Union

question

1896

answer

Date: McKinley defeats Bryan for presidency

question

1897

answer

Date: Dingley Tariff Act

question

1900

answer

Date: Gold Standard Act

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1907

answer

Date: Oklahoma admitted to the Union

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1924

answer

Date: Indians granted US citizenship

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1934

answer

Date: Indian Reorganization Act

question

1851,1853

answer

Dates: Federal government tries to pacify the Plains Indiannsby signing treaties at Fort Latamie and Fort Atkinson. Marked the beginning of the reservation system.

question

1864

answer

Date: Sand Creek Massacre

question

Sand Creek Massacre

answer

At Sand Creek, Colorado, Colonel J. M. Chivington's army murdered about 400 Indians, men, women, and children, in cold blood.

question

Colonel J.M Chivington

answer

Commander of the militia responsible for the Sand Creek Massacre.

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