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Rutherford B. Hayes

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This man's presidency showed how it was almost impossible for a president to avoid factional conflict. By the end of his term, two groups- the Stalwarts and the Half-Breeds- were competing for control of the Republican Party. Tried to satisfy both parties but satisfied neither.

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Stalwarts

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One of the groups, along with the Half-Breeds, that were led by Roscoe Conkling of New York. They wanted control of the Republican Party. Rhetorically, these were favored traditional, professional machine politics. Mainly interested in a larger share of patronage.

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Roscoe Conkling

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Leader of the Stalwarts, from New York.

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Half-Breeds

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One of the groups, along with the Stalwarts, that were captained by James G. Blaine of Maine. They wanted control of the Republican Party. These favored reform. Mainly interested in a larger share of patronage.

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James Blaine

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Leader of the Half-Breeds, from Maine.

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James Garfield

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A veteran congressman from Ohio who was a Half-Breed. This man was the Republican candidate for the Election in 1880. Won the election in 1880 because he benefited from the end of the recession of 1879. He won with a decisive electoral victory, although his popular-vote margin was thin.

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Chester A. Arthur

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This man was a Stalwart who was nominated for the vice-presidency by the Republicans. Became the president after a Stalwart shot and killed Garfield.

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Winfield Scott Hancock

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A minor Civil War commander with no national following. This was the man who was nominated by the Democrats during the election of 1880.

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Pendleton Act

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Congress passed this Act in 1883 and it was the first national civil service measure. This Act required that some federal jobs be filled by competitive written examinations rather than by patronage. Relatively few offices fell under civil service at first, but its reach steadily extended.

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Mugwumps

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A group of disgruntled "liberal republicans". This is the name given by their critics.

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Grover Cleveland

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This man was respected for his stern and righteous opposition to politicians, grafters, pressure groups, and Tammany Hall. He embodied an era in which few Americans believed the federal government could do very much. He had always doubted the wisdom of protective tariffs. He believed the existing high rates were responsible for the annual surplus in federal revenues, which was tempting Congress to pass "reckless" and "extravagant" legislation, which he frequently vetoed.

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Dr. Samuel Burchard

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This man was the spokesman of the delegation of Protestant ministers. He referred to the Democrats as the party of "rum, Romanism, and rebellion."

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Benjamin Harrison

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The Republicans settled on this former senator of Indiana, who was obscure but respectable. Harrison lost the popular vote, but won the electoral majority.

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Sherman Antitrust Act

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First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

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William McKinley

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This man was a solid conservative. He was pitted against William Jennings Bryan in the election of 1896. Won the election easily. Did not do much in his first term. Got the US involved in the Conflict in Cuba.

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Nelson W. Aldrich

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Senator who led the reactionaries against the lowering of tariffs. Tacked on many upward tariff revisions on the Payne-Aldrich bill making Taft betray his low tariff promise.

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McKinley Tariff

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1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

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People's Party

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formed in 1892, the populist party was created by farmers' alliances. The peoples' party supported the abolition of national banks and the government ownership of railroads

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James Weaver

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He was the Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892; received only 8.2% of the vote. He was from the West.

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Wilson-Gorman Tariff

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1894, This tariff passed by Congress in 1894 restricted US sugar imports. The tariff led to an economic downturn in Cuba, and in turn helped to increase the anger of Cuban natives against colonial Spain. Was 40% rate compared to McKinley Tariff, however again he was defeated on tariff program

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The Wabash Case

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-suprememe court declared the Granger laws unconsitutional -said it was attempt to control interstate commerce, and only Congress is allowed to do that

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Interstate Commerce Act

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Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

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Grangers

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originally the Patrons of Husbandry, was a group organized in 1867, the leader of which was Oliver H. Kelley. It was better known as the Grange. It was a group with colorful appeal and many passwords for secrecy. The Grange was a group of farmers that worked for improvement for the farmers. During the late 1800's, the Grange, strove to regulate railway rates and storage fees charged by railroads, warehouses, and grain elevators through state legislation. These laws that were passed, but eventually reversed, are referred to as the Granger Laws.

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Farmer's Alliances

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the alliances were principally concerned with local problems. They formed cooperatives and other marketing mechanisms. They established stores, banks, processing plants, and other facilities for their members- to free them from the dependence on the hated "furnishing merchants" who kept so many farmers in debt. Women played a prominent role within the Alliances 5: 1865-1900

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furnishing merchants

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provides sharecroppers with supplies on credit at high interest rates

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Ocala Demands

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1890 - The leaders of what would later become the Populist Party held a national convention in Ocala, Florida and adopted a platform advocating reforms to help farmers.

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Populism

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This was a political movement created by farmers as a response to the depression that occurred in 1893.

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Colored Alliances

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many white Populists in the south struggled with the question of accepting African Americans in the party, after all they were important in the movement, a net work that by 1890 reached over 1.25 million. But when white Populists became willing to accept the assistance of blacks, as long as they were still in control, southern conservatives became angry, believing the Populists were undermining white supremacy, causing the interracial movement to end.

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subtreasuries

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A network of government- owned warehouses advocated by the Populist Party, in which farmers could deposit their crops. Using these crops as collateral, growers could then borrow money from the government at low rates of interest and wait for the price of their goods to go up before selling them.

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Panic of 1893

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Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

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Coxey's Army

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unemployed workers marched from ohio to wahsington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for goverment relief

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The "money question"

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after the depression of 1893, Populists and many others blamed the depression on an inadequate supply of money. Conservatives blamed it on a lack of commitment to sound currency. As a result, the controversial issue of money became a burning new issue.

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bimetallism

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a monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined by stated amounts of two metals (usually gold and silver) with values set at a predetermined ratio

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Crime of '73

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through the coinage act of 1873, the US ended the minting of silver dollars and placed the country on the gold standard. this was attacked by those who supported an inflationary monetary policy, particularly farmers and believed in the unlimited coinage of silver

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free silver

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Political issue involving the unlimited coinage of silver, supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan

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Sherman Silver Purchase Act

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(BH) 1890 , In 1890, an act was passed so that the treasury would by 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly and pay those who mined it in notes that were redeemable in either gold or silver. This law doubled the amount of silver that could be purchased under the Bland-Allison Law of 1878.

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Marcus Hanna

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Used the money he made in the iron business to support William McKinley's presidential campaign. He became a personification of big business in politics.

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William Jennings Bryan

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Agrarian hero who was pitted against William McKinley in the election of 1896. Lost the election to William McKinley. McKinley easily won.

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"Cross of Gold" speech

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An address given by Bryan, the Democratic presidential nominee during the national convention of the Democratic party, it criticized the gold standard and supported the coinage of silver. His beliefs were popular with debt-ridden farmers.

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fusion

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the act of fusing (or melting) together

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Tom Watson

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elected to the U.S congress, became known as a champion of Georgia's farmers, and he sponsored and pushed through a law providing for RFD-rural free delivery

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Dingley Tariff

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Passed in 1897, the highest protective tariff in U.S. history with an average duty of 57%. It replaced the Wilson - Gorman Tariff, and was replaced by the Payne - Aldrich Tariff in 1909. It was pushed through by big Northern industries and businesses.

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Gold Standard Act of 1900

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signed by McKinley. It stated that all paper money would be backed only by gold. This meant that the government had to hold gold in reserve in case people decided they wanted to trade in their money. Eliminated silver coins, but allowed paper Silver Certificates issued under the Bland-Allison Act to continue to circulate.

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