APUSH Chapter 18 Terms Part 2

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The Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company which began a national network of grocery stores in the 1870s.

Established a large market for its mail-order merchandise by distributing an enormous catalog each year. Even people in remote areas could order its products.

In Chicago. Created on of the first American department store, deliberately designed to create a sense of wonder and excitement.

Formed in the 1890s under Florence Kelley, attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturers to improve wages and working conditions.

Growing interest in leisure time. Members of the urban middle and professional classes had large blocks of time during which they were not at work. Americans became more compartmentalized, with clear distinctions between work and leisure. Leisure was redefined to be considered a valuable thing.

Rise in organized spectator sports.

Versions of the game began to appear in America in the early 1830s. By the end of the Civil War, interest had grown rapidly. The first salaried team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings, was formed in 1869. Other cities fielded teams and formed the National League. A rival league, the America Association appeared, but was replaced by the American League. In 1903, first World Series. Particularly popular among working class males.

Invented in 1891 at Springfield, MA by Dr. James A. Naismith, a Canadian working as athletic director for a local college.

Many ethnic communities maintained their own theaters. Urban theaters produced a new American entertainment form: the musical comedy.

A form of theater adapted from French models, which remained the most popular urban entertainment in the first decades of the twentieth century. Consisted of a variety of acts (musicians, comedians, magicians, and jugglers), that were in the beginning, at least, inexpensive to produce. Later much more elaborate spectacles were staged. Few of entertainments open to black performers.

Thomas Edison and other created the technology of the motion picture in the 1880s. By 1900, many Americans were attracted to the early movies, generally plotless films designed to show the new technology. Truly a mass entertainment medium.

A silent epic film by D.W. Griffith, which introduced serious and notoriously racist plots and elaborate productions to filmmaking.

The famous amusement park and resort on a popular beach in Brooklyn that became a magnet for visitors from around the nation and the world. Gave people with few opportunities for travel a simulated glimpse of exotic places and events they could never experience in reality.

The emergence of national press services made it possible to supply papers throughout the country with news features from around the nation and world. Important newspaper chains emerged as well. New color printing helped attract readers.

Owner of the most powerful newspaper chain. By 1914 he controlled 9 newspapers and two magazines.

In its first years, the telephone was relatively impractical. In 1878, the first \"switchboard\" opened in CT. Once in place, users only needed one line connected to the central telephone office from which connections could be made to any subscriber. From this a new occupation was created; a telephone operator connected calls.

Trend in American literature to re-create urban social reality. This realism found an early voice in Stephen Crane who created a sensation when he published Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, a grim picture of urban poverty and slum life. Theodore Dreiser, Frank Norris, and Upton Sinclair were similarly drawn to social issues as themes. Kate Chopin explored the oppressive features of traditional marriage and encountered widespread public abuse. William Dean Howells, in The Rise of Silas Lapham and other works, described what he considered the shallowness and corruption in ordinary American lifestyles. Historian Henry Adams published an autobiography which portrayed a man unable to relate to society. Novelist Henry James produced a series of coldly realistic novels that showed his ambivalence about the merits of both American and European civilization.

American art through most of the nineteenth century was overshadowed by European art. By 1900, however, a number of American artists broke through old traditions and began to experiment with new styles. James McNeill Whistler was on of the first Western artists to appreciate the beauty of chinese color prints and to introduce Oriental themes into American and European art. Members of the so called Ashcan School produced work startling its naturalism and stark in its portrayal of the social realities of the era. Ashcan artists were also among the first Americans to appreciate expressionism and abstraction.

The theory of evolution met widespread resistance at first from educators, theologians, and even many scientists. By the end of the century, however, the evolutionists had converted most members of the urban professional and educated classes. Protestant leaders accepted it, but made significant alterations to accommodate it. The rise of Darwinism created a deep schism between the new cosmopolitan culture of the city and the traditional, provincial culture of some rural areas.

Spread of free public primary and secondary education. By 1900, compulsory school attendance laws were in effect in thirty-one states and territories. Rural areas lagged far behind urban-industrial ones in funding public education. In the South, many blacks had no access to schools. Educational reformers tried to extend educational opportunities to the Indian tribes as well, but these efforts ultimately failed, partly because of inadequate funding and commitment and partly because the venture itself was unpopular.

Benefitted particularly from the Morrill Land Grant Act. 69 \"land-grant\" institutions were formed in the last decades of the century. Universities were committed to making discoveries that would be of practical use to farmers and manufacturers.

The federal government donated public land to states for the establishment of colleges.

By the turn of the century, most doctors recognized that a symptom itself was not a disease. They began to use new technologies: the x-ray, improved microscopes, and other diagnostic devices in laboratories. New medicines: aspirin, experimentation with chemicals that eventually led to chemotherapy. Began studying why some people got sick and others didn't. Encouraged doctors to sterilize equipment.

First physician to use blood transfusion in treatment, which revolutionized surgery.

Expansion of educational opportunities for women. Most public high schools accepted women, but opportunities for higher education were fewer. Land-grant colleges began to admit women, but more important was the creation of women's colleges. Proponents saw women's colleges as institutions were women would not be treated as \"second-class citizens\". The emergence of distinctive women's communities outside of the family.