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General Lewis Cass

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The Democratic National Convention at Baltimore chose this leader who was a veteran of the War of 1812. He had many views on the extension of slavery such as Popular Sovereignty. known as "jackass"

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Popular Sovereignty

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The concept that a state's people should vote whether to be a slave state or Free

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Zachary Taylor

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General that was a military leader in Mexican-American War and 12th president of the United States. Was a Whig. Sent by president Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande, but defeated. Died in 1850

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Free Soil Party

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Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory. Liked the Wilmot Proviso, advocated federal aid for internal improvements and free govt. homesteads for settlers

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Election of 1848

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Candidates: 1. Zachary Taylor-winner, honest, ignorant (whig) 2. Martin Van Buren (Free Soil Party- made slavery an issue) 3. Lewis Cass-father of popular sovereignty (Democrat). Zachary Taylor became president, died in office, making his vice president Millard Fillmore president

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Gold Rush of 1848

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began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill, California. News of the discovery brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. Of the 300,000, approximately half arrived by sea and half walked overland.

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California Constitution

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Taylor urged california to adopt this constitution that prohibited slavery (1849)

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Harriet Tubman

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American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom.

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Southern Grievances before 1850

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Equilibrium of slave-free states if CA was added to the Union, Texas wanted their land north of the 42nd parallel, abolition of slavery in WA DC, loss of runaway slaves

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Henry Clay

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Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

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John C. Calhoun

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(1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class.

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Daniel Webster

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United States politician and orator (1782-1817), Leader of the Whig Party, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850 and subsequently lost favor from his constituency

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Seventh of March Speech

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Webster's last great speech to the US Senate which called upon his fellow senators to give their full support to the Compromise of 1850

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William H. Seward

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"Higher law" and natural rights, Opposed slavery expansion, Whig senator. "Irrepressible conflict" expansion of slavery between north and south

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Millard Fillmore

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Successor of President Zachary Taylor after his death on July 9th 1850. He helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise.

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Nashville Assembly

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Group of Southern extremists that met in 1850 and took a strong pro-slavery position and condemned the compromise measures

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Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

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came from the Compromise of 1850; federal commissioners were appointed and given authority to issue warrants, gather, posses and force citizens to help catch runaway slaves

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Personal liberty laws

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pre-Civil War laws passed by Northern state governments to counteract the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Acts and to protect escaped slaves and free blacks settled in the North, by giving them the right to a jury trial.

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Franklin Pierce

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Democratic candidate for President in 1852 and the fourteenth president of the US. He made the Gadsden Purchase, which opened the Northwest for settlement, and passed the unpopular Kansas-Nebraska Act.

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Winfield Scott

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was a United States Army general, diplomat, and presidential candidate. Known as "Old Fuss and Feathers" and the "Grand Old Man of the Army", he served on active duty as a general longer than any other man in American history and most historians rate him the ablest American commander of his time. Over the course of his fifty-year career, he commanded forces in the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, the Black Hawk War, the Second Seminole War, and, briefly, the American Civil War, conceiving the Union strategy known as the Anaconda Plan that would be used to defeat the Confederacy.

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Election of 1852

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BETWEEN: Franklin Pierce (Democrat) and Winfield Scott; RESULTS: WHIG party splits over nomination Fillmore v. Scott; Antislavery North vs. Southern Whigs that disliked Winfield Scott; Doomed Whig Party - Democratic party united under Pierce! Leads to formation of sectional parties instead of national parties. VICTORY: Franklin Pierce (Democrat)

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Mosquito Coast

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east coast of Nicaragua and Honduras. British seized this area and drove the US and Colombian governments to conclude a treaty in 1848. Guaranteed the right of American transit across the isthmus in return for perfect neutrality

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Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

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1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Repealed by the U.S. in 1881.

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William Walker

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installed himself as the President of Nicaragua in July 1856. He legalized slavery, but was overthrown by surrounding Central American countries and killed in 1860. Central American nations formed an alliance to overthrow him

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Ostend Manifesto

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a declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S. Offered $120 million for Cuba

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Opium War

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a conflict between Britain and China, lasting from 1839 to 1842, over Britain's opium trade in China. Britain gained free access to the five treaty ports as well as control over Hong Kong

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The Black Warrior

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Spanish officials in Cuba seized this American steamer in 1854, so President Pierce declared war, but the major European powers (England, Spain, and Russia) were already involved in the Crimean War

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Caleb Cushing

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American diplomat who negotiated the Treaty of Wanghia with China in 1844

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Treaty of Wanghia

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The first diplomatic agreement between China and America in history, signed on July 3, 1844. Since America signed as a nation interested in trade instead of colonization, it was rewarded with extraordinary amount of trading power.

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Tokugawa Shogunate

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shogunate started by Tokugawa Leyasu; 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants; Japan's ports were closed off; wanted to create their own culture; illegal to fight; merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished (because fighting was illegal); had new forms of art - kabuki and geishas

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Matthew C. Perry

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in 1853 presented the Japanese with a letter from the President calling for Japan to grant trading rights to Americans, they signed a treaty opening Japan for trade in 1854

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Treaty of Kanagawa

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an 1854 agreement between the United States and Japan, which opened two Japanese ports to U.S. ships and allowed the United States to set up an embassy in Japan.

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Jefferson Davis

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an American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

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James Gadsden

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Jefferson Davis had James Gadsden buy an area of Mexico from Santa Anna for which the railroad would pass. Gadsden negotiated a treaty in 1853 and the Gadsden Purchase area was ceded to the United States for $10 million.

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Gadsden Purchase

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the purchasing of land from Mexico that completed the continental United States It provided the land needed to build the transcontinental railroad in 1853 for $10 million

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Stephen A. Douglas

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an Illinois statesman who ran against Lincoln, Bell, and Breckenridge in the 1860 presidential election on a popular sovereignty platform for slavery, Douglas also authored the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and heightened the slavery debate

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Kansas-Nebraska Bill

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(FP)1854, Stephen Douglas, Act in 1854 which created two new organized territories and allowed popular sovereignty to determine the status of slavery, victory for the South

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Missouri Compromise

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Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)

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New Republican Party

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sprang up in Middle West (Michigan, Wisconsin), included disgruntled Whigs, Democrats, Free-soilers, Know-Nothings, and other foes of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Elected a Speaker of the House of Representatives within two years and was the sectional major political party

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Mason-Dixon line

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line that divided free and slave states (originally a surveying line in the 1760s that divided PA & MD)

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