Apush Chapter 10 Terms Test Questions – Flashcards

Popular Politics was a new political method developed in the 1830's that involved appealing to the masses rather than to a small elite. Andrew Jackson used Popular Politics to help win the presidential election in 1828 and 1832. This political system focused on expanding the rights and interests of government. POLITICAL

Martin Van Buren was one of Andrew Jackson's closest advisers. Van Buren served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson's first term, vice president during Jackson's second term, and won the presidency in 1836 to be 8th president of the United States. The panic of 1837 occured during Van Buren's presidency. Van Buren continued Jackson's popular policies, especially his ideas on limited government, however, was defeated for reelection by William Henry Harrison in 1840. In 1848, he ran for President as the nominee of the anti-slavery Free Soil Party. Van Buren also created the Albany Regency. POLITICAL

The Notables were state elitists who, in most states in the 19th century, were allowed to vote due to property requirements. Notables were composed of northern landlords, southern slave-owning planters, and seaport merchants. Notables excluded poor men and powerless families from running for office. Over a couple of decades, they began to lose their dominance as the franchise was extended to more and more people. This led to more and more middle class people being elected to office. POLITICAL

Political Machines were organizations led by corrupt leaders. Political Machines developed in big cities to secure votes for specific parties. These leaders would resort to illegal tactics to get their candidates elected for office. Political Machines were dominant in places like New York City and Chicago. Van Buren established the first such machine, in Albany, New York. POLITICAL

Patronage was the granting of favors, giving contracts, or making appointments to office. Often times political candidates win by handing out jobs to supporters. Van Buren developed this system when he served in New York. Patronage was used by political machines to maintain control over their city. They maintained city control by handing out jobs, and, therefore, controlling votes. POLITICAL

The Spoils System was the political tactic of employing and promoting civil servants who are the supporters and friends of the group in power to office. The Spoils System was started by Andrew Jackson when he became President. He fired most of the previous President's appointees and put his own people in place. Jackson and Van Buren defended the Spoils System. Van Buren viewed the system as thoroughly republican since the appointments were made by the winners. POLITICAL

A Party Caucus was an organization within a party that dictated the official position of the party on legislative issues. Van Buren used these chamber meetings to controll the votes in the Legislature.Today, these Caucuses still exist in Congress and the Legislatures. The republicans called it a conference in which they discussed ideas more in depth. Party Caucuses were used to select party leaders and develop party policy. POLITICAL

With the Federalist Party completely gone, whoever was nominated by the Republican Congressional Caucus would be President. The Caucus, however, was split, and four candidates emerged: John Quincy Adams, William Crawford, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson. In the first election, determined largely by the popular vote, each candidate took a sizable chunk, with Jackson winning the Electoral College and the popular vote, but not getting a majority. In the House, Adams won the election after Clay, the 4th place finisher and thus knocked out of contention, threw his support behind Adams, who won. Adams then made Clay Secretary of State, and thus presumptive heir to the Presidency. POLITICAL

The American System was a program instilled for the purpose of stimulating the national economy. This economic philosophy of Henry Clay and the Whig Party argued for high tariffs to defend American manufacturing, for internal improvements throughout the country such as railroads and canals, and for the preservation of the Bank of America. When Adams became President he put these policies into practice. They were heavily influenced by the policies of Alexander Hamilton. ECONOMIC

John Quincy Adams was the son of John Adams. John Quincy Adams represented Massachusetts in the Senate, served as Ambassador to Russia, and became Secretary of State for President Monroe, where he negotiated American control of Florida. Adams was elected President in the election of 1824, however, was not reelected in 1828. During his term, he tried to implement the American System. Adams wanted to improve conditions for the public interests as well as abolish slavery. He also established the University of Washington. POLITICAL

The Tariff Battle was a competition between Andrew Jackson and Adams in which they both passed tariffs in order to gain support and win the elections. It all started when Adams passed tariffs to protect manufacturing industries of the North. Jackson's supporters disagreed so, in response, they passed their own tariffs to gain support for Jackson to win the 1828 election. Adams and Clay then passed tariffs that would hurt Southern interests. This "Tariff of Abominations" turned Southerners against Adams, costing him the 1828 election. ECONOMIC & POLITICAL

Jackson spent the last four years constantly attacking Adams and used his allies in Congress to prevent any of Adams's programs from passing. Both candidates hurled insults and lies at each other making 1828 one of the nastiest campaigns in American history. Jackson was elected in a landslide, winning every region of the country except New England. LOL. POLITICAL

Andrew Jackson was an American General made famous for winning the Battle of New Orleans in 1814. Jackson ran for President in 1824 but lost to Adams. Over the next four years, Jackson led another presidential campaign in hopes of beating Adams. Jackson won, and once he was elected in 1828, he pioneered the Spoils System, putting his personal favorites in place. He also waged war against the Native Americans and the National Bank, winning on both fronts. He left office in 1837. POLITICAL

Rotation and Decentralization is the term for how Jackson conducted his Administration. Jackson removed most of the people John Quincy Adams had appointed, and rotated in his own supporters. He also decentralized by, among other things, killing the National Bank. Jackson wanted a less centralized government, and thought the Bank did just the opposite. POLITICAL

The Tariff of 1828 was passed by Adams and Clay to significantly raised the tariffs on raw materials, textiles, and iron. This tariff angered Southerners, whom felt persecuted. The Southerners called it the "Tariff of Abominations." ECONOMIC

Nullification was a political idea held by many of Jefferson's followers. Nullification was first brought to light in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. Later seized on by John Calhoun, nullification said that a State could nullify any federal law it disagreed with. Jackson himself, however, did not hold this view. Jackson threatened to hang anyone who attempted to nullify a federal law. POLITICAL

The Bank War was Jackson's attempt to kill the Second National Bank. Even though it had two years remaining on it's charter, Clay tried to renew it to make the Bank a political issue. Clay's attempt backfired when Jackson was reelected in a landslide in 1832. Jackson vetoed the attempt to give the Bank a new charter and then pulled all federal money out of the bank, leaving it essentially powerless. You go Jackson! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL

The Indian Removal occurred because there were many Indians still living in the South and Midwest. Among these Indians were the "Five Civilized Tribes" - the Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole, and Cherokee. Jackson made the decision to remove these Indians permanently when he signed legislation forcing all Indians out of the territories and States. Jackson was successful, forcing the exiled Indians to on the Trail of Tears, eventually resettling in Kansas and Oklahoma. DIPLOMATIC

Black Hawk was an Indian chief living in Illinois who urged his Sauk and Fox tribes to resist removal. This led to the death of many of his citizens, and the eventual death of Black Hawk himself. In the end, many of the Indians were forced out on the Trail of Tears. DIPLOMATIC

Roger B. Taney was one of Jackson's major allies. Taney was appointed to be the fifth Chief Justice of the United States by Jackson. After the Dred Scott decision was made in 1857, Taney decided that slaves / slave descendants had no rights as citizens of the country. POLITICAL

Classical Liberalism / Laissez Faire was an economic and governmental policy that called for limited government, property rights, natural rights, the protection of civil liberties, free trade, freedom of the press, and freedom of religion. This policy was first developed by John Locke and was beliefs of the Founding Fathers. The Jeffersonians and Jacksonians also practiced laissez-faire policies. ECONOMIC & POLITICAL

The Whig Party was one of several successors to the Democratic-Republicans. They believed in the American System that Clay had developed. This system involved high tariffs to defend American manufacturing, for internal improvements throughout the country such as railroads and the preservation of the Bank of America. They were also opposed to the spread of slavery. POLITICAL

The Anti- Masonic party led a political movement based on opposing Masonry. These people saw Masonry as a secretive society that undermined America by giving power to a shadowy group of people. The Anti-Masons favored temperance, equal opportunity, and were morally evangelical in their beliefs. Many of them eventually joined the Whig Party. POLITICAL

In the presidential race of 1836, Jackson did not run for president for a second term in office. His Vice president, Van Buren, however, was the Democratic nominee. He was challenged by the Whig, William Henry Harrison, a famous general. In addition, the Whigs ran three other candidates. Even though the public vote was pretty much 50% - 50%, Van Buren still won a majority in the Electoral College, and so was elected. POLITICAL

Working Men's Parties and Unions began springing up in the late 1820's in Philadelphia. Their goals revolved around making sure that working class people could share in the prosperity of the growing American economy. They wanted higher taxes on the rich and wanted publicly funded schools for their children. These Unions tried get rid of banks and bring about an economic transformation with worker's independence. ECONOMIC

A Black List was a list of workers supporting a union or a free trade society. These lists helped employers fight the rise of Unions by firing whomever's name they might find on the list. These lists were passed around workers by managers to make sure the workers that stayed employed kept up a good work ethic. ECONOMIC

Closed-Shop Agreements were agreements in which stores would only hire people if they belonged to a union. This made it easier for unions to apply pressure on other workers to join. Shops began to sue against these agreements arguing that it was illegal because the contracts violated laws against restraints of trade. Judges tended to side with employers, while juries agreed with popular opinion in favor of unions. ECONOMIC

When the Bank of England cut down on money and credit flow to America, industries that Britain had heavily invested in had to find new ways to raise capitol. When taking out specie from the Banks, cotton prices fell sharply. This resulted in more people taking money out of the banks which caused the banks to close and businesses to cut down on production. State Governments were then unable to pay off their bonds which hurt confidence and cut down on investments even more. Production went down and unemployment increased. ECONOMIC

"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!" was the rallying cry for the Whigs in 1840. The Whigs had nominated General William Henry Harrison for President. Harrison was famous for winning the Battle of Tippecanoe. John Tyler was running against Harrison. POLITICAL

In the election of 1840, Van Buren was defeated by Harrison. Van Buren was blamed by the people for the Panic of 1837, which happened just as he took office. Because Van Buren did nothing to alleviate the crisis, he bore the full anger of the people. Sensing victory, the Whigs encouraged women to help them. This also encouraged more males to vote. The Whigs won a resounding victory in the popular vote and the Electoral College. The Whigs also took the majority in Congress. POLITICAL

John Tyler was Harrison's Vice President for all of one month. When Harrison died, Tyler became the first Vice President to take office because of the death of the President. While some were unsure of Tyler's exact role, he forcefully assumed the powers of the President. Furthermore, Tyler had served in Congress as a Jacksonian Democrat, and had only joined the Whigs in order to win office. Tyler vetoed most of the Whig legislation, and earned the derisive nickname "His Accidency", in reference to his accidental Presidency. Before long, he was actually kicked out of the Whig Party, and denied re-nomination in 1844. LOL. POLITICAL

Ethnocultural Politics was the practice of voting along ethnic and religious lines. This began in the 1830's as more immigrants arrived. It eventually became a prominent part of American politics. Ethnocultural Politics helped the Democrats, whose ideas were similar to those of the immigrants. POLITICAL