Apush Chapter 10 Answers – Flashcards
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Bank War
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In 1832, President Jackson vetoed a politically motivated proposal to renew the charter of the second Bank of the United States. Jackson's veto message asserted that the Bank was unconstitutional, a specially privileged institution, and vulnerable to control by foreign investors.
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Biddle, Nicholas
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Biddle was the president of the second Bank of the United States during the Bank War in 1832. He was a competent administrator of the Bank's affairs, especially its regulating the availability of credit by controlling the lending policies of state banks.
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common man
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The Americans of Andrew Jackson's day (1820-1840) found it easy to believe that every person was as competent and as politically important as his neighbor. This view led to the glorification of ordinariness and made mediocrity a virtue. It also led to a democratizing of American politics in the period.
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corrupt bargain
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In the controversial election of 1824, John Quincy Adams opened himself to the charge of having won the presidency by virtue of a "corrupt bargain" with Henry Clay. Employing his great influence in the House of Representatives, Clay swung the House vote for Adams for president. Adams then appointed Clay his secretary of state.
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election of 1828
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In 1828, Andrew Jackson defeated John Quincy Adams's bid for reelection to the presidency. The campaign was filled with personal attacks on both candidates, but the mudslinging turned out an unusually high number of voters.
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election of 1840
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In 1840, the newly organized Whig party adopted the campaign tactics of the Jacksonians and elected William Henry Harrison as president. Like Jackson, Harrison was a popular military hero who concealed or ignored the issues. He, like Jackson, was presented to the voters as a common man.
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independent subtreasury
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To ensure the absolute safety of federal funds, President Van Buren proposed and Congress passed legislation creating an independent treasury. This took the federal government out of banking. All payments to the government were to be made in hard cash which was to be stored in government vaults until needed.
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ndian removal
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President Jackson viewed Indians as savages who were incapable of self-government. He pursued a policy of removing Indians from the path of westward settlement. By 1840, most eastern tribes had been relocated to lands west of the Mississippi River.
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Jacksonian democracy
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The concept of Jacksonian democracy glorified the equality of all adult white males—the common man. It disliked anything that smacked of special privilege and rejected the elitist view that only the proven "best" men should be chosen to manage public affairs.
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Jacksonian Democrats
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Andrew Jackson's Democratic party generally championed the principles of equal opportunity, absolute political freedom (for white males), glorification of the "common man," and limited government.
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Maysville Road bill
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In 1830, President Jackson vetoed a bill providing federal aid for the construction of the Maysville Road because the route was wholly within Kentucky. Jackson generally favored internal improvements, but preferred that local projects like this be left to state aid.
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National Republicans
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The National Republicans were a loosely organized political party that opposed President Jackson and his policies. It coalesced with other anti-Jacksonians in the 1830s to create the Whig party.
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nullification
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In his 1828 "Exposition and Protest," John C. Calhoun argued that if an act of Congress violated the Constitution, a state could interpose its authority and nullify the law, that is, declare the law void or inoperative within its own boundaries.
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nullification crisis
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In 1832, a South Carolina convention nullified the tariff of 1832. President Jackson responded by threatening the use of federal troops to compel South Carolina to obey federal law. Congressional leaders worked out the compromise tariff of 1833 calling for gradual reduction of tariff rates. South Carolina then withdrew its nullification ordinance, but defiantly nullified the Force Bill that had commissioned the use of federal troops.
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Panic of 1837
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The panic of 1837 was in part a consequence of President Jackson's specie circular. The panic passed quickly, but in 1839 falling cotton prices and state defaults on debts frightened investors, and a general economic depression that lasted until 1843 began.
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Peggy Eaton affair
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President Jackson asked for and received the resignation of his cabinet when their wives snubbed Secretary of War John Eaton's wife, Margaret. The incident further alienated Jackson and Calhoun, but caused Jackson to look more favorably upon Martin Van Buren, a bachelor who defended Mrs. Eaton.
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pet banks
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Following his victory in the Bank War, President Jackson decided to withdraw government funds deposited in the Bank's vaults. Secretary of Treasury Roger Taney then redeposited the funds in several state banks that Jackson's enemies dubbed "pet banks."
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protective tariff
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Congress passed the first protective tariff act in 1816. Protective tariffs were designed to protect America's infant industries from the competition of less expensive foreign imports, thus making the nation's economy more self-sufficient.
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specie circular
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In 1836, President Jackson issued the "specie circular" to halt a speculative land mania fueled by the easy availability of paper currency issued by state banks. The circular required land purchasers to pay for public land in gold and silver. It abruptly halted the speculative boom.
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spoils system
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The spoils system, a term usually used derisively, identifies the practice of elected officials appointing to office loyal members of their own party. Jackson was accused of initiating the spoils system (which he called "rotation in office") when he was elected to the presidency in 1828.
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Tariff of Abominations
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In 1828, Congress revised the protective tariff law by generally raising tariff rates. Anti-tariff southerners were appalled by this "Tariff of Abominations." Vice President John C. Calhoun was provoked to write the "Exposition and Protest"—a defense of the doctrine of nullification.
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Trail of Tears
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The Trail of Tears defined the route of the tragic removal of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia to Oklahoma under severe conditions in 1838.
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Whigs
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The Whig party was organized in the 1830s and held together to oppose President Jackson and his policies. Whigs were spiritual descendants of Hamilton and his nationalism.
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In "Worcester v. Georgia" (1832)
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the Supreme Court ruled that a state government could not control the Indians or Indian territory lying within that state. With President Jackson's endorsement, Georgia officials ignored the ruling and forced the Cherokees to leave the state.
