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One reason for the end of the postwar economic boom in the 1970s was

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a drastic decline in worker productivity

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By the early 1970s, the post-WWII economic boom had crested as a result of

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a decline in competitive advantage of Am business, the Vietnam War, a slump in productivity, economic recovery of Japan and Germany

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LBJ's insistence on fighting the Vietnam War & funding the Great Society w/tax increase to pay for them led to

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a drastic inflation of prices in 1970s

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The high inflation rate of 1970s stemmed primarily from

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LBJ's refusal to raise taxes for spending on social-welfare

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The poor economic performance of the 1970s brought an abrupt end to

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the liberal dream that affluent USA could spend its way to social justice

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The Nixon Doctrine proclaimed that USA would

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honor its existing defense commitment, but that in future, its allies would have to fight their own wars w/out lg #'s of US troops

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Perhaps Nixon's most valuable asset as he began his presidency in 1969 was his

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expertise in foreign affairs

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President Richard Nixon's policy of "Vietnamization" of the war in Vietnam called for

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a gradual handover of the ground war to South Vietnamese

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Nixon's Vietnam policy included

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Vietnamization, extension of war into Cambodia, reorganization of US Army in Vietnam into anti-guerrilla units, a de-emphasis on military assaults in favor of Vietnamese social reform

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US armed forces in Vietnam were composed largely of

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the least privileged young Americans

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The top secret "Pentagon Papers," leaked & published in 1971,

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exposed the deception that had led USA into Vietnam War

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President Nixon's chief foreign policy advisor was

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Henry Kissinger

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Pres Nixon's policy of détente

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ushered in an era of relaxed tensions b/t USA & 2 leading communist nations, China & USSR

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Decisions of the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren reflects its

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deep concern for the individual

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Nixon administration still reflected a staunch anticommunist policy when it worked to undermine & overthrow the leftist govt of

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Chile

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In Griswold v. Connecticut (1962), Supreme Court upheld a married couple's right to use contraceptives based on

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a right to privacy

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Critics of Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren complained that the Court

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was ignoring the Constitution in favor of its own social values

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Sup Crt under Chief Justice Earl Warren outraged religious conservatives in 1962-63 when it

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ruled that prayer & Bible reading in public schools violated the First Amendment

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When it came to welfare programs, Nixon

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supported significant expansion in many areas

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Nixon's Philadelphia Plan

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required construction trade unions to establish timetables & goals for hiring black apprentices

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Difference b/t LBJ's "affirmative action" programs & Nixon's was

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LBJ intended to help individuals, but Nixon conferred privileges on groups

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All were created during Nixon's presidency

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EPA, SSI, OSHA

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To control creeping inflation in early 1970s, Pres Nixon

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imposed a 90-day wage & price freeze

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As Pres Nixon succeeded in

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implementing the Supplemental Security Income program

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Nixon's "southern strategy" included policy of

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soft-pedaling of civil rights & opposing school busing to achieve racial balance

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Watergate scandals caused by actions of Nixon's staff in 1972 pres campaign involved

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obstruction of justice, use of Internal Revenue Service to harass political opponents, illegal use of FBI & CIA, burglarizing enemies' psychiatry offices, * break in by the "Plumbers"

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Shaky agreement that brought an end to US fighting in Vietnam in Jan 1973 represented

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a thinly disguised US retreat

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As a pres candidate, South Dakota Sen. George McGovern appealed most strongly to the

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antiwar movement

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As part of the cease fire agreement in Vietnam in 1973,

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the US withdrew all its troops from Vietnam

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VP Spiro Agnew was forced to resign in 1973 after being accused of

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accepting bribes

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In 1973 the Am public was shocked to learn that

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US Air Force had been secretly bombing Cambodia since 1969

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During the Senate Watergate hearings, one of most damaging revelations for Nixon was that

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his conversations in person & on telephone had been recorded on tape

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In response to Congress's attempt to stop him from con't the bombing of Cambodia, Nixon

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repeatedly vetoed Congress's bills to halt the attacks

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1973 War Powers Act

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required pres to report to Congress any commitment of US troops

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As result of Nixon's aerial bombardment of neutral Cambodia in 1973

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the Cambodian economy was ruined & its politics revolutionized

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As result of US support for Israel in 1973 when it was attacked by Egypt & Syria,

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Arab nations placed an embargo on oil to USA

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In an effort to counter OPEC, the USA took lead in forming

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International Energy Agency

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List of Nixon illegal administration activities uncovered in Watergate scandal included

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breaking into Democratic party headquarters in order to "bug" them, using IRS to harass its "enemies," forging documents to discredit Democrats, & using FBI & CIA to cover up previous crimes

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Nixon tried to resist giving his taped conversations to the special prosecutor & Congress by claiming that

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he had executive privilege

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Most controversial action of Gerald Ford's presidency was

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pardoning Nixon for any known and/or unknown crimes he had committed while president

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Helsinki Accords, signed by Gerald Ford & leaders of 34 other nations

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pledged signatories to guarantee certain basic human rights

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People of USA had provided just about everything for South Vietnam

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most sophisticated aircraft, hundreds of thousands of troops, enough money to build its own military, enough time to win

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In Vietnam, USA lost

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respect in eyes of foreigners, confidence in its military prowess, economic power and the war itself

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When N. Vietnamese launched their full invasion of S. Vietnam in 1975

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S. Vietnamese gov't quickly collapsed

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One major social movement born in 1960s that retained & gathered momentum in 1970s & after was

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the feminist movement

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While many of the social movements born in 1960s declined or disappeared, the one that remained strong and gathered momentum in the 1970s was

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the feminist movement

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Title IX was passed by Congress in 1972 to

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prohibit sex discrimination in any federally funded education program or activity

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Proposed Equal Rights Amendment, passed by Congress in 1972 & eventually ratified by 35 states, stated

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"Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on the basis of sex."

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ERA failed to be ratified by 38 states needed largely b/c

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by Phyllis Schlafly stirring sufficient opposition to it

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Most explosive racial controversy of 1970s was over

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busing

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Most explosive domestic controversy of 1970s centered around issues of

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race

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Effect of Sup Crt ruling in Milliken v. Bradley, which held that integration did not have to take place across school district lines, was to

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reinforce division b/t power, minority inner city schools & nearly all white suburbs

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Supreme Court decision in Bakke case

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racial quotas were unconstitutional but race could be taken into account as one factor in challenging college admissions

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American Indian activists brought attention to their cause in 1970s by seizing

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Alcatraz Island

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Major goal successfully pursued by Indian civil rights activists in 1970s was

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a recognition of semi-sovereign status of various Indian tribes under US law

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The "first wave" of Vietnamese refugees who came to the USA in immediate aftermath of Vietnam War

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were first forced into "assimilation camps" scattered across USA

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Nearly all "second wave" feminists agreed on the issue of

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abortion rights

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A primary goal of both the first & second wave of Vietnamese refugees was

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to keep their lg extended families together

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Opposing major party candidates in bicentennial pres campaign of 1976 were

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Ford and Carter

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James Earl Carter enjoyed considerable popularity when he won presidency b/c

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his emphasis on honesty contrasted w/corruptions of Watergate

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Guiding principle of Carter's foreign policy was

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human rights

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Pres Carter's most spectacular foreign policy achievement was the

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Camp David agreement b/t Israel & Egypt

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Carter believed that fundamental problem of US economy in late 1970s was

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US dependence on foreign oil

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Term "second wave" feminism refers to

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those like Betty Freidan who revived feminism in 1960s & 1970s as a broad movement of women's rights and opportunity

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First major trouble to afflict Pres Carter's foreign policy was

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ominous reheating of Cold War w/USSR

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Moderate & radical feminists differed over

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marriage, how much to expect from US gov't & capitalism, porn, abolition of all gender differences

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"Oil shocks" of 1970s brought home to Am's the stunning fact that

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their economy was increasingly dependent on foreign trade & global economy

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Strategic Arms Limitations Talks II Treaty b/t USSR & USA died in Senate when Soviets

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invaded Afghanistan

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Boycotting the 1980 Olympic Games was one measure taken by Pres Carter in response to

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Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

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Most humiliating failure during the Iranian Hostage Crisis came when

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Pres Carter's attempted rescue mission ended in disaster

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Chronology

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Arab oil embargo (Oct 1973), Fall of Saigon (April 1975), Iranian-Hostage Crisis

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Results of the Cambodian incursion ordered by Pres Nixon in 1970 included

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killing of student demonstrators

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Signs that Cold War was thawing a bit in early 1970s included

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SALT agreement, ABM treaty, nixons visit to Beijing then Moscow

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Under Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Sup Crt handed down rulings to

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prevent required prayer & Bible readings in public schools, protect rights of individuals accused of a crime, support civil rights for blacks

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In response to energy crisis in 1973-1974

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Congress sanctioned construction of Alaskan pipeline, enacted a 55mph speed limit, agitation mounted to use more nuclear and coal power

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During 1974 hearings, House Judiciary Committee adopted impeachment articles charging Pres Nixon w/

answer

obstruction of justice, abusing powers of his office, contempt of Congress

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In his brief presidency, Gerald Ford agreed

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to sign Helsinki Accords & a full, complete pardon for Nixon

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While president, Jimmy Carter

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called for renewal of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, signed treaties restoring Panamanian sovereignty of the Canal Zone, established formal diplomatic relations w/mainland China, & helped to settle Egyptian-Israeli conflict in Middle East

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