APUSH: ch 19-20 – Flashcards
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laissez faire
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abstention by governments from interfering in the workings of the free market. opposed by socialists. Change was brought about during the progressive era.
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sherman anti-trust act (1890)
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a growing popular demand for anti-trust actions from the national government led to the passing of this act. Most Congress members saw the act as a symbolic measure, one that would help defeat public criticism but not likely to have any real effect on corporate power. The act was indifferently enforced and was steadily weakened by the courts - had no impact.
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McKinley Tariff (1890)
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The Republicans main issue was dealing with the tariff. and the McKinley Tariff was the highest protective tariff ever. It became law in 1890, but the public opposed the bill. By 1892, Presidential election Republicans lost both House and Senate , Democrat nominee Grover Cleveland won Presidential election.
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Wabash Case (1886)
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Farm organizations in the Midwest had persuaded several state legislatures to pass regulatory legislation in the early 1870s. Supreme Court ruled one of the Granger Laws unconstitutional, and ruled only the federal government is able to regulate interstate commerce.
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Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
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It was a response to public pressure, and it banned discrimination in rates between long and short hauls, required that railroads publish their rate schedules and file them with the government and declaared that all interstate rail rates must be "reasonable and just", although the act did not define what that meant. The Interstate Commerce Commission was to administer the act, but had to rely on the courts to enforce its ruling. It was haphazardly enforced and narrowly interpreted by courts - had little practical effect.
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The Grange
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The first major effort to organize farmers. At first, their goal was to teach new scientific techniques. Not until the depression of 1873 and fall of farm prices did it become highly political and large. It urged cooperative political action to fight monopolistic RR and warehouse practices, set up co-op stores, insurance companies, and Montgomery Ward mail-order business (sought to challenge middle men). The Granger laws were soon destroyed by the courts and led to the dramatic decline of power of the association.
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Farmer's Alliance
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Like the Grange, it focused on local problems (co-op banks, processing plants), but it also had a larger goal to create a society of cooperation. The cooperatives were not very successful and the frustration helped create a national political organization in the 1880s - People's Party.
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Ocala Demands (1890)
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The Alliances held a nation convention at Ocala Florida and issued the demands which were a party platform. The reform program of populists was spelled out here. Candidates supported by the Alliances won partial or complete control of the legislatures in twelve states.
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People's Party (populists- 1892)
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Populism appealed mainly to small farmers, those who farming became less viable in the face of mechanized, consolidated commercial agriculture. It failed to attract much labor support but attracted miners in states with free silver policy. The Populist Ideas were to nationalize RR, eliminate national banks, propose a system of US sub treasuries, and a graduated income tax.
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crime of '73
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Congress passed a law that seemed simply to recognize the existing situation by officially discontinuing silver coinage. The market value of silver fell well below the official mint ratio of 16 to 1. Silver was available for coinage age. Congress had thus foreclosed a potential method of expanding the currency and had eliminated a potential market for silver miners. Americans concluded that a conspiracy of big bankers had been responsible for the demonetization of silver. Congress had no more than a token response to the discontented farmers who opposed the "crime".
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Free Silver
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"The free and unlimited coinage of silver" The idea of permitting silver to become, along with gold, the basis of currency so as to expand the money supply. This was a Populist platform that was particularly successful in Colorado, Idaho, Nevada and other areas of the Far West, where silver mining was an important activity. (the Populists (People's Party) were successful here). It was primarily supported by disoriented farmers who wanted an increase in the quantity of money (inflation) to raise the price of farm products and ease the payment of farmers' debts. They argued for silver to be coined at the old ratio of 16 to 1. Since gold standard was associated with tyranny and exploitation, "Free Silver" became a symbol of liberation- "the people's money" They hoped it would eliminate the indebtedness of farmers and of whole regions of the country. "Free Silver" was made popular partially by William H. Harvey, who published "Coin's Financial School" and glorified the idea of "Free Silver." Historically significant because although it was an ultimately failed movement, it raised an important question for the American economy, since money supply failed to keep pace with economic progress, since the gold supply was fairly constant. It also represented the agrarian dissatisfaction of the time and the growing dismay toward wealthy urban Americans and businesses.
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William Jennings Bryan
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Delivered "Cross of gold speech" opposed to the gold standard which gained him backing with the democrats. lost to McKinley twice. Second time he wished to make the treaty of Paris an issue in the election so he opposed it but he lost once again.
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Mark Hanna
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a Republican United States Senator from Ohio and the friend and political manager of President William McKinley. Hanna had made millions as a businessman, and used his money and business skills to successfully manage McKinley's presidential campaigns in 1896 and 1900. He worked to build the Panama canal. also helped secure McKinleys nomination during an economic crisis
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William McKinley
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the 25th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1897, until his assassination in September 1901, six months into his second term. McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish-American War, raised protective tariffs to promote American industry, and maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of inflationary proposals. Was in favor of the protective tariff. Was president during the issues with Cuba and the Philippines.
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Scramble for Africa (1870-1900)
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The "Scramble for Africa" was the invasion, occupation, colonization and annexation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914.
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New Manifest Destiny
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New manifest Destiny was the idea that the us should expand their bored into foreign nations such as Cuba. New Manifest destiny was the justification of imperialists for expanding into other countries, that it is the us duty to do so.
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Alfred Thayer Mahan
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US Navy admiral who wrote the Influence of Sea Power upon History. Its thesis was that countries with sea power were the great nations of the world. He advocated for the US to construct a canal across the isthmus of Central America to join the oceans, acquire defensive bases on both sides of the canal in the Caribbean and the Pacific, and take possession of Hawaii and other Pacific islands and to build their navies.
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Venezuelan Crisis (1895)
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occurred over Venezuela's longstanding dispute with the United Kingdom about the territory of Essequibo and Guayana Esequiba, which Britain claimed as part of British Guiana and Venezuela saw as Venezuelan territory. As the dispute became a crisis, the key issue became Britain's refusal to include in the proposed international arbitration the territory east of the "Schomburgk Line", which a surveyor had drawn half a century earlier as a boundary between Venezuela and the former Dutch territory of British Guiana.[1] The crisis ultimately saw Britain accept the United States' intervention in the dispute to force arbitration of the entire disputed territory, and tacitly accept the United States' right to intervene under the Monroe Doctrine. A tribunal convened in Paris in 1898 to decide the matter, and in 1899 awarded the bulk of the disputed territory to British Guiana.[2]
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Joseph Pulitzer
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a Hungarian-born American newspaper publisher of the St. Louis Post Dispatch and the New York World. Pulitzer introduced the techniques of "new journalism" to the newspapers he acquired in the 1880s. He became a leading national figure in the Democratic Party and was elected Congressman from New York. He crusaded against big business and corruption, and helped keep the Statue of Liberty in New York.
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Yellow Press
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a sensationalist style of reporting and writing, and a self-conscious effort to reach a mass market, that spread quickly through urban America and changed the character of newspaper forever. The headlines in newspapers were very dramatic and often exaggerated. Yellow journalists glorified the horror and bloodshed in Cuba to gain support for the eventual declaration of the Spanish-American war and create stronger emotional ties to the war effort.
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General Veleriano Weyler
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Cubans have been resisting Spanish rule since 1868. In 1895, Cubans rose up against Spanish, deliberately devasting the island to force the Spaniards to leave. The Spanish were commanded by General Veleriano Weyler. He confined civilians in some areas to hastily prepared concentration camps, where htey died by the thosansds, victims of disease and malnutrition. US Press called this general "Butcher Weyler". Weyler was recalled from Cuba when McKinley became president and declared Spain's conduct as uncivilized and inhuman. Spain also modified concentration policy and granted the island a quailified autonomy.
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De Lome Letter (2/9/98)
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Two incidents led to initiation of Spanish American war. One of them was De Lome Letter. Cuban agent stole private letter written by Dupuy de Lome, Spanish minister in Washingon and turned it over to American Press. Described McKinlet as weak man and "bidder for the admiration of the crowd". Although many Americans said that, it created intense popular anger coming from a foreigner. DE Lome resigned.
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USS Maine (2/15/98)
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Second incident that led to Spanish American War. While Lome letter was still in high, the American battleship Maine blew up in Havana harbor with loss of more than 260 people. Ship had been ordered to Cuba in January to protect American lives and property. Many Americans assumed that Spanish had sunk the ship, especially when naval court inquiry inaccurately reported that an external explosion by submarine had caused the disaster. War hysteria swept country and Congress appropriated $50 million for military preparation."Remember the Maine" became a national chant.
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Adrmiral Dewey
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Theodore Roosevelt conducted Admiral Dewey to attack Spanish naval forces in Philippines, a colony of Spain, in the event of war. When war was declared, Dewey sailed for Manila and on May 1, 1898, he destroyed Spanish fleet there. Only one American sailor died in battle, and Dewet was promoted to admiral and became first hero of war. Several months later, Spanish surrendered in Manila. Character of War was changing from wanting to free Cuba to stripping Spain of colonies.
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Battle at San Juan Hill
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Battle for Cuba. Cuba was main focus of war. Cervera of Spain slipped past American navy into Santiago harbor and General William Shafter, American Commander, moved toward Santiago which he planned to surround and capture. On way, he met and defeated Spanish forces at Las Guasimos and a week later, two battles- El Caney and San Juan Hil. Battle of Kettle Hill was minor part of larger battle of San Juan Hill. Shafter army was weakened, but Spanish thought that Cervera had already lost Santiago and so Cervera tried to escape but was destroyed by US. He had to surrender (same time America defeated Spanish forces in Puerto Rico). On August 12, armistice ended the war. Spain recognized independence of Cuba, ceded Puerto Rico and APcific Islands of Guam to US. Accepted continued American occupation of Manila pending the final disposition of Philippines.
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Rough Rider
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At center of fighting in Battle for Cuba, was a cavalry unit known as Rough Riders. Leader was Colonel Theodore Roosevelt. Rough Riders always tried to get to the forefront of war. and commanded by Leonard Wood. Roosevelt emerged as hero of fighting. Battle of Kettle Hill was famous for Rough Riders cause it was a charge that went directly into the face of the Spanish guns. Hundred of soldiers killed but TR was unscathed.
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Teller Amendment
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April 11, 1898, McKinley sends message to Congress urging war with Spain. They promised cubans that once spanish were overthrown, cubans would gain their freedom
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Platt Amendment
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After the Spanish-American War, and America helped when Cuba independence, American military forces, commanded by Leonard Wood remained there to prepare island for independence. Built roads, schools, hospitals, medical and sanitary reforms etc. When Cuba made constitution and made no reference to the US, Congress responded by passing the Platt AMendement in 1901, pressuring CUba into incorporating its terms into its constitution. Barred Cuba from making treaties with other nations, gave US right to intervene in Cuba to preserve independence, life and propriety and required Cuba to permit American naval stations on its territory, Guantamono Bay is givne to US. Left Cuba with only nominal political independence and gave US control of Cuban foreign policy.
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Treaty of Paris
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Debate over Philippines was big because Philippines not in Western Hemisphere, densely populated and far away. McKinley first reluctant but then realized there is no other option. Cannot give back to Spain, cannot give to other imperialist, Filipinos unfit to govern themselves, and must Christianize. So on December 1898, the Treaty of Paris brought formal end to Spanish American War. Confirmed terms of Armistice concerning Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam. American gave $20 million for Philippine Islands.Anti-imperialist movement rose.
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Philippine Insurrection (1899-1903)
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After gaining the Philippines through the Treaty of Paris, Filipinos realized they weren't being granted independence and rebelled. It was a guerrilla war and the US used the same brutal tactics that it had opposed Spain using in Cuba. The rebellion was led by Emilio Aguinaldo who had a large popular following. By 1902, the brutal and savage US tactics had changed American public opinion on the war but by then the war was already over since Aguinaldo got captured in 1901. US administrator William Howard Taft gave the Filipinos broad local autonomy. Trade grew with the US until the islands were almost completely dependent on American markets. On July 4, 1946, the islands finally gained their independence.
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Insular Cases
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Does Constitution follow the flag? SC said that Constitution does not apply to new areas. Subjects may be subject to American rule, but they did not enjoy all American rights.
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Open Door Policy
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Philippine occupation strengthened US interests in Asia and Chinese Trade.Europe carving up China. Eager to advance American interests in China without risking war, McKinley issued statement in 1898 saying US wanted access to China, but no special advantages.Same message was said to England, Germany, Russia, France, Japan , and Italy by Hays in Open Door Notes. Allowed free trade without military involvement. Russia rejected. Won full support for Open door from England and Germany after Boxer Rebellion (against forenighers in China and siege of foreign diplomatic corps. US had to get involved).
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Elihu Root
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War with Spain showed weakness in US military system in training, supply, and coordination. McKinley appointed Elihu Root, able corporate lawyer in NY, as secretary or war to overhaul forces. He enlarged army, established federal army standards for National Guard, created officer training schools, created Joint Chiefs od Staff to advise Secretary of War. supervise military establishments, plan possible wars. MOdern military system by turn of 20th century.
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Progressivism
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believed in progress that the nation was capable of further advancement. They advocated direct and purposeful human intervention in social and economic affairs.
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Muckrakers
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Journalists who attempted to expose evils of society and corruption.
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Upton Sinclair
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A muckraker who wrote The Jungle, about the horrors of meat packing sanitation and workers lives. Upton aimed to promote socialism through this book, but it instead helped to spark legislation to monitor meat packing plants for sanitation and worker conditions. The Jungle lead to the Meat Inspection Act.
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Ida Tarbell
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Muckraker who helped to expose problems in America. Specifically the Standard Oil Trust pieces which she wrote to expose the corruption in business.
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Jacob Riis
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Muckraker who helped to expose problems in America.His vivid photographs and lurid descriptions captured the poor living conditions. Wrote "How the other half lives".
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Salvation Army
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Social Gospel- movement that mixes religion (Protestantism with reform). Try to improve city conditions. Example is Salvation Army. An Christian Social Welfare organization , which aided in both material and spiritual ways in troubled cities. This was the first of many services which helped people better their lives.
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Social Sciences
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Rise of social science during progressivism. Scientific methods used to study society and its institutions.Thorstein Veblen proposed a new economic systme in which power would reside in the hands of highly trained engineers. Only they can understand the machine process by which modern society must be governed.
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New Woman
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The shift in the social norms (maybe idkk how to word this) for women. Most women were previously housewives and now they were being increasingly educated, worked more and were becoming leaders and helpers in their communities.
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National American Woman's Suffrage Association (1893)
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An association that looked to get suffrage for Women in Ameica. They fought for these rights and eventually sparked others to join the movement and then got rights.
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Hull House
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Response to urban issue muckrackers. Most famous and one of first was Hull House. opened in 1889 Chicago as reuly of efforts of Jane Adams social worker.A settlement house which opened in Chicago in 1889. This settlement house became the model for 400 similar institutions to come in the nation. These houses helped immigrants adapt to the new language culture and traditions of America.Middle class had responsibility in helping. Spawned profession of social work.
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WCTU (idk what the full name is sorry)
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temperance supporters formed this union led by Frances Willard. Together with the Anti-Saloon league called for abolition of saloons and prohibition of manufacture and sale of alcohol. Its opposition was immigrants and working class. But the nation effort and start of WWI moral fervor led to 1920 eighteenth amendment prohibition.
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Jane Addams
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A social worker who helped to open the Hull House. She was one of the most influential social workers and helped to inspire hundreds of settlement houses to come.
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18th Amendment
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This amendment banned the sale and consumption of alcohol. This is the only amendment to be repealed from the constitution and led to laws being broken, and protest against this amendment.
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19th Amendment
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This stated that woman had the right to vote. This made many women feel as though they had gotten their equal rights in America.
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Urban Machines
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A political group where a leader commands support through rewards given for it. This led to the unfairly given offices and increasing corruption.
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Robert LaFollette
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State Level Reformer of Wisconsin. Elected Governor in 1900, helped turn state into what reformers across the nation described as laboratory of progressivism.
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Australian Ballot
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the institution of secret ballots and secret voting. This helped to keep voting honest and unbiased or bribed.
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Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
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a fire in a shirt waist company in NYC. During this 146 workers died, many being women, because they were locked inside the building. This led to reform dealing with worker conditions and treatment.
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Al Smith
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An assemblyman who aided many laws which imposed strict regulations on factory owners and established effective ways of monitoring and maintaining these regulations.
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Booker T. Washington
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A Southern black born into slavery, he harbored no illusions that white society was ready to accept blacks as equals. Instead, he promoted economic independence as the means by which blacks could improve their lot. To pursue that goal he founded the Tuskegee Institute, a vocational and industrial training school for blacks. Some accused Washington of being an accommodationist because he refused to press for immediate equal rights.
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Tuskegee Institute
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All black higher-education institute founded in Tuskegee, Alabama in the late 19th century by Booker T. Washington. Washington, the head of the black civil rights movement prior to W.E.B Du Bois, argued for immediate self improvement and accomodation, which was reflected in his founding of the all black institute. Washington was less progressive than Du Bois, and found it to be more realistic to create a separate all black institution where black men could learn without discrimination.
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W. E. B. Dubois
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Educated African American from the north who held an expansive, philosophical and progressive take on segregation. Du Bois felt that Washington limited African American aspirations with his moderate policies towards civil rights, and instead argued that black men should get a fully equal and integrated education and should fight for complete civil rights. W.E.B. Dubois was part of the Niagra Movement, which later morphed into the NAACP, a group who helped challenge many racial laws throughout the 20th century.
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Socialist Party of America
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A radical opposition to capitalism that was strongest between 1900-1914. Under Eugene V. Debs, it grew during the progressive era. Socialists wanted to change the structure of economy, but there was disagreement on the extent of those changes and the tactics to achieve them. Some moderates favored nationalizing only major industries, use electrical politics. Radicals including the Industrial Workers of the World under William Haywood wanted abolition of the wage slave system, favored use of general strike, and supported unskilled workers. The Socialist Party refusal to support WWI and the growing anti-radicalism led to its decline as a powerful political force in America.
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Square Deal
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The idea of TR that everyone has equal opportunity. lPresident Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program formed upon four basic ideas of Conservation, Regulating Business Monopolies, Enforcing the Anti-Trust act, and supporting Progressive ideas.
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Hepburn RR Regulation Act (1906)
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Gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum railroad rates and led to the discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers.
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Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
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was the first of a series of significant consumer protection laws enacted by the Federal Government in the 20th century and led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration. Its main purpose was to ban foreign and interstate traffic in adulterated or mislabeled food and drug products, and it directed the U.S. Bureau of Chemistry to inspect products and refer offenders to prosecutors. It required that active ingredients be placed on the label of a drug's packaging and that drugs could not fall below purity levels established by the United States Pharmacopeia or the National Formulary.
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Meat Inspection Act (1906)
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Directly from the jungle. The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 is a U.S. federal statute. The Act empowers the Department of Agriculture to inspect all types of cattle including sheep, goat, and horses, when slaughtered and processed into products for human consumption. This Act aims to ensure quality of food by checking adulteration and misbranding. The Act not only applies to products processed in the U.S. but also to products that are imported.
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John Muir
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naturalist and conservationist that wished to preserve? nature and the hetch hetchy damn
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Gifford Pinchot
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was the first Chief of the United States Forest Service (1905-1910) and the Governor of Pennsylvania (1923-1927, 1931-1935). He was a Republican and Progressive. Pinchot is known for reforming the management and development of forests in the United States and for advocating the conservation of the nation's reserves by planned use and renewal.
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Panic of 1907
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was a United States financial crisis that took place over a three-week period starting in mid-October, when the New York Stock Exchange fell almost 50% from its peak the previous year. Panic occurred, as this was during a time of economic recession, and there were numerous runs on banks and trust companies. The 1907 panic eventually spread throughout the nation when many state and local banks and businesses entered bankruptcy. Primary causes of the run included a retraction of market liquidity by a number of New York City banks and a loss of confidence among depositors, exacerbated by unregulated side bets at bucket shops
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JP Morgan
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J.P. Morgan An American financier, banker and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time.
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Pinchot- Ballinger
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The Pinchot-Ballinger controversy, also known as the "Ballinger Affair", was a dispute between U.S. Forest Service Chief Gifford Pinchot and U.S. Secretary of the Interior Richard Achilles Ballinger that contributed to the split of the Republican Party before the 1912 presidential election and helped to define the U.S. conservation movement in the early 20th century. Garfeild replabed ballinger and uset conservationsists.
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Bull Moosers (Progressive Party)
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the party tht was set up by TR, as he broke off of the republican party. They advocated for regulation of industry and trusts and many reforms to all areas of government.
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Federal Reserve Act (1913)
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created 12 regional banks to be controlled by the individual banks of the district the federal reserve bank would hold a certain amount of money of each of the member banks which wold be used to support loans to private banks at discount
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Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)
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An amendment passed by the U.S. Congress in 1914 that provides further clarification and substance to the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. The Clayton Antitrust Act attempts to prohibit certain actions that lead to anti-competitiveness. was not against unions like the Sherman anti-trust act was more enforced.
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Federal Trade Commission Act (1914)
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created a regulatory agency that helped businesses determine if their actions would be acceptable to the government. was an effort aimed at breaking up trusts.
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Underwood Simmons Tariffs (1913)
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the first meaningful tariff revision since the Civil War. The Underwood-Simmons measure vastly increased the free list, adding woolens, iron, steel, farm machinery and many raw materials and foodstuffs. The average rate was approximately 26 percent. Alos called for an income tax.
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16th and 17th Amendment
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The 16th amendment gave the government power to collect an income tax. the 17th amendment called for direct election of senators.
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Keating Owen Act (1916)
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was a short-lived statute enacted by the U.S. Congress which sought to address child labor by prohibiting the sale in interstate commerce of goods produced by factories that employed children under fourteen, mines that employed children younger than sixteen, and any facility where children under sixteen worked at night or more than eight hours daily. The basis for the action was the constitutional clause giving Congress the task of regulating interstate commerce.
