apush ch.18 Answers – Flashcards
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Centennial Exposition
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held in Philadelphia 1876, celebrate 100th anniversary of Declaration of Independence, focus on machinery and inventions
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John Whittier
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rural poet, against industrialization
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industrial development
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natural resources, labor force (American/immigrants), growing urban population, expanded national markets, investors (capital), technological progress (inventions), new industries created, fed. aid from govt.
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entrepreneurs
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organize, manage, and assume financial risks of new enterprises; rise as captains of industry/robber barons
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Northeast
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where industrial growth was concentrated
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West
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provided raw materials
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railroad
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most important innovation of 19th century, effective transportation network, more direct routes, greater speed, larger volumes of traffic
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railroad --> economy
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created towns, economic specialization, national market, first big businesses (railroad corporations)
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railroad --> social
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linked separated cities, fostered interdependence
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Credit Mobilier
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fraudulent construction company controlled by Union Pacific, contracts enriched its owners
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railroad consolidation
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large companies absorbed smaller ones, integrated rail networks, standardized schedules and gauge, rise of trunk lines dominating regions
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trunk lines
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the Big Four in northeast: Baltimore and Ohio, Erie Railroad, New York Central Railroad, Pennsylvania Railroad
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Cornelius Vanderbilt
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the "Commodore", took over New York Central and merged it with other lines, created a trail empire
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J. Thompson and Thomas Scott
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founders of Pennsylvania Railroad
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innovations in railroad
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automatic couplers, air brakes, refrigerated cars, dining cars, Pullman sleeping cars
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American Railway Association
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divided country into four time zones and adopted standard time to avoid scheduling conflicts
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Pacific Railway Acts (1862)
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Congress chartered Union Pacific and Central Pacific to build transcontinental railroad
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Grenville Dodge
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construction chief of Union Pacific, had army of 10,000 workers (ex-soldiers/Irish)
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Charles Crocker
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construction chief of Central Pacific, hired 6,000 Chinese laborers
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overbuilding and competition
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caused serious problems for railroads
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speculators
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people like Jay Gould bought and sold railroads, watered stocks, reaped profits
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rebates
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secret privately negotiated reductions below published rates, caused rate wars between companies
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pooling arrangements
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control railroad competition by sharing traffic, did not solve problems for most did not keep their word
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Eastern Trunk Association (1877)
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directed by Albert Fink, divided westbound traffic among four trunk lines
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Panic of 1893
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caused collapse of railroad industry
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J. Pierpont Morgan
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most powerful figure in American finance, refinanced ailing railroads
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"Morganized"
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J.P. Morgan took control of railroad industry: cut costs and debt, new stocks to provide capital, stabilized rates, eliminated rebates and competition, created voting trust of handpicked trustees
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Bessemer process and William Kelly
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resulted in more durable steel, increased mass production of steel
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Pittsburgh
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center of steel industry, giant mills employ thousands of workers
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vertical integration
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single company owns and controls entire process from raw materials to manufacturing to sale of finished product
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Carnegie Steel Company
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largest industrial company in the world by 1900
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Andrew Carnegie
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master of steel industry
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United States Steel Corporation
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Morgan bought Carnegie Steel and combined it with others, forming the first billion dollar company
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oil
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lubricated machinery of industrial age, kerosene lamps
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Edwin Drake
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drilled first oil well in Titusville
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Cleveland and Pittsburgh
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oil-producing regions
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John D. Rockefeller
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founded Standard Oil, dominated oil industry
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Herman Frasch
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Standard chemist, solved problems of refining oil
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Standard Oil Trust
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board of nine trustees controlled and managed all of Standard's properties, centralized control of Standard's empire
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antitrust
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reformers against trusts and monopolies
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holding companies
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large-scale mergers, central corporate organization, purchase stock of member companies, est. direct formal control
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inventions
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led to rise of new industries and changed way of life
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Cyrus Field
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laid transatlantic cable linking telegraphs of Europe/U.S.
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George Eastman
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innovated photography, Kodak camera
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Gustavus Swift
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meat packer used cars to distribute meat nationwide, created "disassembly factories" to butcher meat
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telephone and electricity
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most important inventions of late 19th century
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Alexander Graham Bell
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invented the telephone
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Thomas Edison
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invented incandescent light bulb and phonograph, established Menlo Park
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Menlo Park
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first modern research laboratory, team of specialists create numerous inventions
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George Westinghouse
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used high voltage currents to transmit electricity over long distances
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Nikola Tesla
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converted electricity into mechanical power
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Frank Sprague
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electrified Richmond, VA's streetcar system
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N. W. Ayer and Son
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first advertising agency
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rotary press
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introduced era of newspaper advertising
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department stores
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"browse and buy"; main figures: R. H. Macy, John Wannamaker, Marshall Field
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chain stores
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main figures: A & P grocery stores, Woolworth's "Five and Ten Cent Store"
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mail-order catalogs
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selling by transporting goods; main figures: Sears, Roebuck, Montgomery Ward
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labor
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backbone of industrial society
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working conditions
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10 hr/day, 6 days/week, 10-20 cents/hr, low safety standards, frequent accidents, diseases from unsanitary work places
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women and children
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breadwinners of the family, made up majority of the laborers
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women workers
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young and single; took up clerical work (typing, secretaries, clerks); few became ministers, lawyers, and doctors; majority went into "feminized" jobs (nurses, schoolteachers, librarians)
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Arabella Mansfield
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passed Iowa bar, first woman lawyer in the country
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unequal pay
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adults > children, skilled > unskilled, native > foreign, Protestant > Jews/Catholics, whites > blacks/Asians
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white, native-born Protestant men
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reaped greatest rewards in industrial society
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black workers
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last hired, first fired
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Chinese
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workers targeted and discriminated in Pacific coast :(
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Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
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prohibit immigration of Chinese workers for ten years
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culture of work
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adapted into factory life, more impersonal, machines replaced skilled artisans, highly mobile labor supply easily replaced unskilled, rags-to-riches opportunity, individual advancement, manual laborers rise to middle class
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labor unions
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weak during 19th century, considered foreign and radical, opposed by employers
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National Labor Union
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founded by William Sylvis, worked for humanitarian reforms and worker's cooperatives, died with Sylvis
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Knights of Labor
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founded by Uriah Stephen, united all labor, included everyone (blacks and women), worked for 8 hr. labor policy and abolishing child labor, against strikes and nonproducers
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Terrence Powderly
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leader of Knights of Labor, ended secrecy and started recruitment
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American Federation of Labor (AFL)
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largest and most important labor group in the country by 1890s, loose alliance of craft unions (skilled workers), worked for higher wages shorter hours and better working conditions, accepted capitalism, strike only to achieve limited gains, forbid women and blacks
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Samuel Gompers
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founder of American Federation of Labor
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"iron law of wages"
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supply and demand dictated wages
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injunction
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forbade workers to interfere with employer's business, used to quell strikes
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In Re Debs (1895)
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Supreme Court upheld use of court injunctions
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Holden v. Hardy (1895)
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Court upheld law limiting hours for miners because work was dangerous
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Lochner v. New York (1905)
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Court struck down law limiting bakery working hours
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great railroad strike of 1877
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major strike of railroad workers, destroyed railroad properties across the country, resulted in many deaths, fed. troops sent in to suppress rebellion
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Haymarket Riot
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worse strike incident, bomb exploded during labor protest, riot and killing ensued, turned public sympathy against unions
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Homestead Strike
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strike at Carnegie's steel plant after wage cuts were made, union strikers locked out, Frick hired detectives to drive workers off, state militia ordered to impose peace
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Alexander Berkman
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anarchist walked into Henry Clay Frick's office and shot him
