apush ch.17 – Flashcards
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Camp Dwellers
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nomadic groups like Apache and Navajo, planted crops to supplement hunting, roamed New Mexico and Texas
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Apache
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fierce fighters, horsemen feared by whites and other tribes
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Navajo
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herded sheep, produced baskets and blankets
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Ute
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powerful tribe crushed in 1855, ceded Utah lands to U.S.
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Plain Tribes
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Sioux, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Crow, Arapaho, Pawnee, Kiowa, Apache, Comanche
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Plain Indians
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nomadic and warlike, depended on buffalo and horse, hunted, fierce warriors, large tribes made up of smaller independent bands, rule by chief and elders, gender roles, communicated with other tribes through sign language
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buffalo
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main source of food, clothing, and shelter for Native Americans
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Indian Country
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used to be the entire West, eventually reduced to reservations for tribes
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Indian Intercourse Act (1834)
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prohibit any whites from entering Indian country w/o a license
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concentration
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Indian policy enacted by fed. govt. in 1851: assigned definite boundaries for each tribe through treaties
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failure of concentration
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hunted wild buffalo and left assigned areas, white settlers in Indian lands need govt. for protection, gold miners in Pike Peaks start war w/ Cheyenne and Arapaho
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Chivington massacre
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tribes asked for peace, Chief Black Kettle's men retreated to Sand Creek, Covington's Colorado militia ambushed sleeping tribe at night
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aftermath of Chivington massacre
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angry protests in East, investigation committee appointed, treaty w/ Cheyenne and Arapaho, surrendered Sand Creek reservation
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Great Sioux War of 1865-1867
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Sioux on a warpath, set off by invasion of gold miners and fed. govt. plan to build Bozeman Trail
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Bozeman Trail
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trail to connect mining towns, through Sioux hunting grounds
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Fetterman massacre
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Fetterman's army led into wilderness and ambushed by Sioux, 82 soldiers killed, sparked public debate over Indian policy
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Peace Commission
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4 civilians and 3 generals selected, end Sioux war and set up small reservations to isolate Native Americans
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failure of reservation system
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warriors and chiefs denounce treaties and go into open countryside, warfare broke out in 1868
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Red River War (1874-1875)
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Kiowa and Comanche rampaged Texas, U.S. army crushed them and ended war in Southwest
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buffalo soldiers
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African-American cavalry men on Western frontier
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Black Hills Gold Rush (1875)
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set off prospectors to go into Native American hunting grounds, stopped by Sioux chiefs
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Crazy Horse
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great war chief
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Sitting Bull
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medicine man
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Custer's Last Stand
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at the Battle of Little Bighorn: Custer and men defeated by 2500 Sioux warriors
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Nez Perce
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Chief Joseph led tribe in a flight to Canada, ran out of resources and eventually surrendered
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Ghost Dances
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dances and rites from Paiute prophet Wovoka, said to bring back native lands and cause whites to disappear, dance interrupted by U.S. army setting off violence
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Wounded Knee Massacre
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band of Ghost Dancers captured and brought to Wounded Knee army camp where exchange of shots between Indians and army killed 200 men, women, and children
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assimilationists
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wanted to eradicate tribal life and assimilate Native Americans into white culture through education, land policy, and fed. law
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assimilation
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Indian policy adopted by fed. govt. in 1871: ended treaty making with tribes, established Court of Indian Offenses and Native American schools, passed Dawes Act
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Court of Indian Offenses
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Native Americans tried in court, made them answerable for certain crimes
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Carlisle Indian School
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Native American school founded by Pratt; Indian youths brought East to be educated
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Dawes Severalty Act (1877)
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gave land to Native Americans, citizenship granted to Native Americans with land and civilized life
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25 year rule
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govt. held land in trust for 25 years, included in the Dawes Act to prevent speculators from cheating Native Americans
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extermination of the buffalo
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final blow to tribal life, attacked Native American's chief resource and basis of way of life
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William Cody
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"Buffalo Bill", professional buffalo hunter, started Wild West Show
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dime novels
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tales of Indian fighting in the Western plains romanticized in Western folklore
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California and Oregon
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initial destinations during beginning of westward movement
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why move West
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adventure, escape city or factory life, religious freedom (Mormons), railroads (transportation), free land (farming/cattle), mining camps
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Overland Trail
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journey leading West
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families
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majority migrated in family groups and large caravans/wagons
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bloomer pants and wash dresses
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women adopted clothing to fit harsher conditions
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trash
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impact of migration on Western environment: garbage left behind, abandoned wagons
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transportation
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traveled West either by locomotive or wagon trains
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land laws
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various acts passed by fed. govt. distributing about half a billion acres of land
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Homestead Act (1862)
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gave 160 acres to anyone who pays a $10 registration and lives on it for 5 years
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failure of Homestead Act
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few farmers had enough money to move to frontier, semi-Arid weather required more land for dry-farming
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Timber Culture Act (1873)
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homesteaders could claim an additional 160 acres if they planted trees, expanded farms
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Desert Land Act (1877)
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640 acres in arid states for $1.25/acre and must be irrigated, benefited cattle ranchers, led to fraud
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Timber and Stone Act (1878)
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160 acres of forest land for $2.50/acre, fraudulent claims made by lumber companies
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speculators
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took advantage of land laws, took strategic locations and good land, resell for higher prices
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John F. Iliff
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speculator, owned 105 small parcels of land along water holes, controlled water sources of over 6000 sq. miles of land
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National Reclamation Act (1902)
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aka Newlands Act, proceeds from sale of lands to finance irrigation projects
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"hydraulic societies"
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cities like Los Angeles and Phoenix emerge due to irrigation projects
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railroad companies
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West's largest landowners, were issued land grants by fed. govt. to build tracks
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Spanish-speaking states
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California, Arixona, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado
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Spanish-speaking Southwest
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influenced by Mexican culture and institutions, new laws and ranching methods, economic caste system, women given some property rights, Roman Catholic influence, Spanish language and names
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Californios
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descendants of original colonizers of California, lost land to drought/mortgage, participated in crime/bandidos, lived in poverty
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New Mexico
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Spanish-speaking were the majority group until 1940s, Spanish-American culture dominated
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Las Gorras Blancas
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secret organization of Spanish-Americans attack Anglo ranchers in Vegas
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mining bonanza
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first important magnet to attract people to the Wes: gold and silver
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California Gold Rush (1849)
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began mining boom, pockets of gold discovered along streams flowing from Sierra Nevada
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place mining
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individual prospectors found gold with only a shovel, washing pan, and good claim
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yonder-siders
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original Calif. miners, hurried in all directions in search of the big strike
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Pikes Peak and Carson River Valley
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strikes of Comstock Lode set off wild migrations, founded Virginia City
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Comstock Lode
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thick bluish-black ore of almost pure gold and silver
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Big Bonanza
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Mackay found richest discovery in history of mining: seam of gold and silver 54 ft. wide
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Black Hills Rush
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strike at Sioux hunting grounds, Custer finds gold and sets off rush
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Deadwood
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most lawless of all mining towns, where Western legends Calamity Jane and Wild Bill died
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mining camps
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appear simultaneously with strikes, later become ghost towns
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immigrants
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made up 1/4 - 1/2 of mining population, led to hostility towards foreign miners
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Foreign Miners' Tax
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charged foreigners $20 licensing fee
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Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
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as a result of riots against Chinese laborers, suspended immigration of Chinese laborers for 10 years
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cattle bonanza
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"open range", vast grasslands for cattle ranchers
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vasqueros
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Mexicans who developed techniques of branding, roundups, and roping
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Texas longhorns
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type of cattle, came from Mexico
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Joseph McCoy
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developed the trail drive: cattle taken to railheads (Abilene, Kansas) then sold beef to eastern markets
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Chisholm
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most famous trail from Texas to Kansas
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cowboys
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steered herds northward, mostly blacks and Mexicans
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Wyoming Stock Grower's Association
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largest and most formidable, law of the land: cowboys est. rules of governing on trail
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decline of cattle ranching
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farmers planted wheat on ranges, barbed wire cut across trails, mechanical improvements, more profitable breeds, ranches open on northern ranges, winter of 1886-1887, switch to sheepherding
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farming bonanza
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millions of farmers move gradually West
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"rain belt of the Plains"
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rainfall attracted farmers, population tripled
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Exodusters
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6000 blacks left home to est. freer lives in Kansas and Oklahoma, as farmers and laborers, moved in family units
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sod houses
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cheapest and most common houses in the Plains
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new farming methods
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barbed wire, dry farming, chilled-iron plow, new Euro. wheat, scientific agriculture, new inventions
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dry farming
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planted seeds in deep furrows, loosening soil and slowing evaporation
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barbed wire
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invented by Joseph Glidden, cheap and effective fencing material
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Hatch Act (1887)
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agricultural experiment stations spread discoveries among farmers
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Bonanza Farms
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run by machinery, financed by outside capital, enormous output and profit
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Oliver Dalrymple
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most famous bonanza farmer
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National Grange
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founded by Oliver Kelley; provided social cultural, and educational activities for members; supported railroad regulation, grew during depression, mostly in Midwest and South, set up cooperative stores
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decline of farming boom
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severe droughts, declining crop prices, rising railroad rates, heavy mortgages
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Oklahoma
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"final fling", last territory opened to settlers, Congress forced Native Americans out of reservation
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boomers
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waited for signal
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sooners
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jumped the gun
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Frederick Jackson Turner
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"The Significance of the Frontier in American History, originated Turner's Thesis
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