APUSH Ch 10 Henretta Key Terms – Flashcards
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franchise
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definition: the right to vote significance: most states revised their constitutions to extend the vote to all adult white males. Blacks were allowed to vote b/c of the 14th amendment & adult women as well b/c of the 19th amendment.
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notables
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definition: northern landlords, slave-owning planters, and seaport merchants significance: dominated the political system; John Jay & other notables managed local elections by building up interest
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political machines
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definition: a highly organized group of insiders that directs a political party significance: led by Martin Van Buren who was the chief architect of the emerging system of party gov't
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spoils system
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definition: the widespread award of public jobs to political supporters after an electoral victory significance: Van Buren's Bucktails won control of the NY legislator and acquired power to appoint 6,00 of their friends to positions in NY's legal bureaucracy of judges, justices, sheriffs, commissioners and coroners
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caucus
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definition: meeting of political leaders significance: Van Buren insisted on disciplined voting as determined by a caucus to ensure the passage of the party's legislative program
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American System
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definition: the mercantilist system of national economic development advocated by Henry Clay significance: It was to strengthen the Second Bank of the US, raise tariffs, and use the tariff revenues to finance internal improvements
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corrupt bargain
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definition: Adams appointing Clay as Secretary of State and Clay's appointment was politically fatal for both men. Jackson's supporters accused Clay & Adams of making corrupt bargain significance: Jackson's supporters vowed to oppose Adam's policies and to prevent Clay's rise to presidency
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consolidated gov't
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definition: a powerful and potentially oppressive national administration significance: Van Buren opposed this form of gov't
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Tariff of Abominations
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definition: new tariff in the South which produced world's cheapest raw cotton and didn't need to protect its main industry significance: Tariff was a little less than a legalized pillage and costed southern planters about $100 million a year.
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nullification
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definition: the argument that a state has the right to void, within its borders significance: South Carolina's act of nullification rested on constitutional arguments developed in a document written by John C. Calhoun which gave localists interpretation to the federal union. His argument reflected on the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.
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state's rights
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definition: an interpretation of the Constitution that promotes the sovereignty of that states and restrict the authority of the national gov't significance: each state has some control over the laws and legislation necessary to run their state.
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Second Bank of the US
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definition: privately managed and operated under a 20 year charter from federal gov't which owned 20% of its stock significance: It was to stabilize the nation's money and supply, which consisted primarily of notes and bills of credit (paper money - issued by state-charted banks.)
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Indian Act Removal of 1830
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definition: directed mandatory relocation of eastern tribes to territory west of the Mississippi significance: The Act created the Indian Territory on national lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase; it promised money and reserved land to Native American people who would give up their ancestral holdings east of the Mississippi River
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Trail of Tears
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definition: forced westward journey of Cherokees from their lands in Georgia to present-day Oklahoma in 1838 significance: 3,000 Indians died due to starvation and exposure
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classical liberalism/laissez faire
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definition: the principle that the less government does, the better the economy significance: Limited government's role to the economy and revised constitutions prohibited states from granting special charters to corporations and extending loans and credit guarantees to private businesses; protected taxpayers by setting strict limits on state debts and encouraging judges to enforce them
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Whigs
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definition: the second national party significance: Rise of the democracy and Jackson's presidency sparked the creation of the second national party; the party identified itself with the pre-Revolutionary American and British parties that had opposed the arbitrary actions of British monarchs
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Panic of 1837
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definition: second major economic crisis of the US significance: threw the American economy and worker's movement into disarray
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Specie Circular
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definition: executive order that required the Treasury Department to accept only gold and silver in payment for lands in the national domain significance: created by Jackson as a reaction to the growth of paper money and credit and it was the cause of inflation. Many also blame it for the Panic of 1837.
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ethnocultural politics
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definition: practice of voting along ethnic and religious lines significance: became a prominent feature of American life
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Martin Van Buren
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definition: chief architect of the emerging system of party gov't significance: repudiated the Van Ness clan's tutelage and set out to create a political order based on party identity; turned his Bucktail supporters into the first statewide political machine.
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John Quincy Adams
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definition: Secretary of State; son of John Adams; 6th president of the US significance: called for bold national action, establishment of a national university in Washington, endorsed the American System.
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Henry Clay
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definition: Speaker of the H.O.R.; a compromiser significance: advocated the American System
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Andrew Jackson
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definition: a Senator from Tennessee; led and won the Battle of the New Orleans significance: his rise from common origins symbolized the new democratic age
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john C. Calhoun
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definition: Secretary of War, leader of the war hawks significance: wrote the South Carolina Exposition and Protest in 1828; his constitutional doctrines reflected the arguments advanced by Jefferson and Madison in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
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Daniel Websters
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definition: Senator of Massachusetts significance: presented a nationalist interpretation that celebrated popular sovereignty and Congress's responsibility to secure the general welfare
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Nicholas Biddle
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definition: the president of the Second Bank of the US significance: was resented by many politicians due to his arrogance
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Roger B. Taney
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definition: successor of John Marshall; became the chief justice in 1835 significance: reversed the nationalist and vested-property-rights decisions of the Marshall court and gave constitutional legitimacy to Jackson's policies of state's rights and free enterprise
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John Tyler
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definition: VP of the Whig party significance: betrayed the Whig party by vetoing Whig bills that would have raised tariffs and created a new national bank; he was expelled from the Whigs.
