Andrew Carnegie’s Abnormal Rise in Steel Industry
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Andrew Carnegie
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achieved an abnormal rise in class system (steel industry), pioneered vertical integration (controlled Mesabie Range to ship ore to Pittsburgh), opposed monopolies, used partnership of steel tycoons (Henry Clay Frick as a manager/partner), Bessemer steel process
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Standard Oil Trust
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small oil companies sold stock and authority to Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company (consolidation), cornered world petroleum market
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John D. Rockefeller
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Standard Oil Company, ruthless business tactics (survival of the fittest)
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Vertical and horizontal integration
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beginnings of trusts (destruction of competition); vertical- controlling every aspect of production (control quality, eliminate middlemen - Rockefeller); horizontal- consolidating with competitors to monopolize a market (highly detrimental)
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act
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forbade restraint of trade and did not distinguish good from bad trusts, ineffective due to lack of enforcement mechanism (waited for Clayton Anti-Trust Act)
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United States vs. EC Knight Company
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decision under Sherman Anti-Trust Act shot down by Supreme Court - sugar refining was manufacturing rather than trade/commerce
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National Labor Union
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founded by William Sylvis (1866); supported 8-hour workday, convict labor, federal department of labor, banking reform, immigration restrictions to increase wages, women; excluded blacks
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Knights of Labor
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founded by Uriah Stephens (1869); excluded corrupt and well-off; equal female pay, end to child/convict labor, employer-employee relations, proportional income tax; "bread and butter" unionism (higher wages, shorter hours, better conditions)
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Terence V. Powderly
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Knights of Labor leader, opposed strikes, producer-consumer cooperation, temperance, welcomed blacks and women (allowing segregation)
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American Federation of Labor
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craft unions that left the Knights (1886), led by Gompers, women left out of recruitment efforts
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Samuel Gompers
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focused on skilled workers (harder to replace than unskilled), coordinated crafts unions, supported 8-hour workday and injury liability
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"Yellow dog contracts"
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fearing the rise of labor unions, corporations forced new employees to sign and promise not to be part of a union
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Pinkertons
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detectives hired by employers as private police force, often used to end strikes
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Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
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10-year moratorium on Chinese immigration to reduce competition for jobs (Chinese willing to work for cheap salaries)
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Haymarket Bombing
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bomb thrown at protest rally, police shot protestors, caused great animosity in employers for workers' unions
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Eugene V. Debs
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led railroad workers in Pullman Strike, arrested; Supreme Court (decision in re Debs) legalized use of injunction (court order) against unions and strikes
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Social Darwinism
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natural selection applied to human competition, advocated by Herbert Spencer, William Graham Sumner
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Henry George, Progress and Poverty
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single tax on speculated land to ameliorate industrialization misery
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Edward Bellamy, Looking Backwards
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state-run economy to provide conflict-free society
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Karl Marx, Das Kapital
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working class exploited for profit, proletariat (workers) to revolt and inherit all society
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Thomas Edison
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electric light, phonograph, mimeograph, Dictaphone, moving pictures
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Louis Sullivan
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led architectural movement to create building designs that reflected buildings' functions, especially in Chicago
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Interstate Commerce Act
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created Interstate Commerce Commission to require railroads to publish rates (less discrimination, short/long haul), first legislation to regulate corporations, ineffective ICC
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Social Gospel movement
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stressed role of church and religion to improve city life, led by preachers Walter Raushenbusch and Washington Gladen; influenced settlement house movement and Salvation Army
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Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Association (YMCA & YWCA)
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provided housing and recreation to city youth, imposing Protestant morals, unable to reach out to all youth
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Jane Addams
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helped lead settlement house movement, co-founded NAACP, condemned war and poverty
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Hull House
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Jane Addams's pioneer settlement house (center for women's activism and social reform) in Chicago
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Salvation Army
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established by "General" William Booth, uniformed volunteers provided food, shelter, and employment to families, attracted poor with lively preaching and marching bands in order to instill middle-class virtues
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Declining death rate
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sewer systems and purification of water
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New immigrants vs. old immigrants
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old immigrants from northern and western Europe came seeking better life; new immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe searching for opportunity to escape worse living conditions back home and often did not stay in the US
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Cult of domesticity
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Victorian standards confined women to the home to create an artistic environment as a statement of cultural aspirations
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William Marcy Tweed
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leader of Tammany Hall, gained large sums of money through the political machine, prosecuted by Samuel Tilden and sent to jail
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Tammany Hall
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Democratic political machine in NYC, "supported" immigrants and poor people of the city, who were needed for Democratic election victories
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Theodore Dreiser, Sister Carrie, The Financier
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attacked industrial elite, called for business regulation, publisher refused works breaking with Victorian ideals
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Regionalist and naturalist writers
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writing took a more realistic approach on the world, regionalist writers focused on local life (Sarah Orne Jewett), naturalist writers focused on economy and psychology (Stephen Crane)
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Bland-Allison Act (1878)
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government compromised to buy and coin $2-4 million/month; government stuck to minimum and inflation did not occur (lower prices); economy grew
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Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)
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government to buy silver to back money in addition to gold
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James G. Blaine
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Republican candidate for president in 1884, quintessence of spoils system; highly disgusted the mugwumps (many Republicans turned to Democrat Cleveland)
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Pendleton Civil Service Act
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effectively ended spoils system and established civil service exams for all government positions, under Pres. Garfield
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Farmers' Alliance movement
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Southern and Midwestern farmers expressing discontent, supported free silver and subtreasury plan (cash advance on future crop - farmers had little cash flow during the year), criticized national banks
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Greenback Party
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supported expanded money supply, health/safety regulations, benefits for workers and farmers, granger(farmer)-supported
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Populist Party
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emerged from Farmers' Alliance movement (when subtreasury plan was defeated in Congress), denounced Eastern Establishment that suppressed the working classes; Ignatius Donnelly (utopian author), Mary E Lease, Jerry Simpson
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Convict-lease system
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blacks who went to prison taken out and used for labor in slave-like conditions, enforced southern racial hierarchy
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Civil Rights Cases
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Civil Rights Act of 1875 declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court, as the fourteenth amendment protected people from governmental infringement of rights and had no effect on acts of private citizens
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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Supreme Court legalized the "separate but equal" philosophy
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Munn v. Illinois
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private property subject to government regulation when property is devoted to public interest; against railroads
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Jim Crow laws
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educational and residential segregation; inferior facilities allotted to African-Americans, predominantly in South
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Coxey's Army
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Coxey and unemployed followers marched on Washington for support in unemployment relief by inflationary public works program
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Panic of 1893
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8,000 businesses collapsed (including railroads); due to stock market crash, overbuilding of railroads, heavy farmer loans, economic disruption by labor efforts, agricultural depression; decrease of gold reserves led to Cleveland's repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act
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William Jennings Bryan
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repeat candidate for president, proponent of silver-backing (16:1 platform), cross of gold speech against gold standard; Democratic candidate (1896)
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Free silver
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Populists campaigned for silver-backed money rather than gold-backed, believed to be able to relieve working conditions and exploitation of labor
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Triangle Shirtwaist fire
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workers unable to escape (locked into factory), all died; further encouraged reform movements for working conditions
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Gifford Pinchot
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head of federal Division of Forestry, contributed to Roosevelt's natural conservation efforts
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Frederick W. Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management
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increase working output by standardizing procedures and rewarding those who worked fast; efficiency
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Industrial Workers of the World
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supported Socialists, militant unionists and socialists, advocated strikes and sabotaging politics, aimed for an umbrella union similar to Knights of Labor, ideas too radical for socialist cause
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"Big Bill" Haywood
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leader of IWW, from Western Federation of Miners
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Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class
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satirized wealthy captains of industry, workers and engineers as better leaders of society
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Herbert Croly, The Promise of American Life
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activist government to serve all citizens (cf. Alexander Hamilton); founded New Republic magazine
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John Dewey
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social ideals to be encouraged in public school (stress on social interaction), learning by doing
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Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
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law meant to evolve as society evolves, opposed conservative majority
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Booker T. Washington
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proponent of gradual gain of equal rights for African-Americans
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"Atlanta Compromise" speech
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given by BTW to ease whites' fears of integration, assuring them that separate but equal was acceptable, ideas challenged by DuBois
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WEB DuBois, Souls of Black Folk
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opposed BTW's accommodation policies, called for immediate equality, formed Niagara Movement to support his ideas
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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formed by white progressives, adopted goals of Niagara Movement, in response to Springfield Race Riots
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Muckrakers
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uncovered the "dirt" on corruption and harsh quality of city/working life; heavily criticized by Theodore Roosevelt; Ida Tarabell (oil companies), David Graham Phillips (Senate), Aschen School (child labor - photography), mass magazines McClure's and Collier's
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Upton Sinclair, The Jungle
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revealed unsanitary nature of meat-packing industry, inspired Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
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Thomas Nast
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political muckraking cartoonist, refused bribes to stop criticism
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Robert La Follette
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created the Wisconsin Idea (as governor of Wisconsin) - regulated railroad, direct-primary system, increased corporate taxes, reference library for lawmakers
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Mann Act
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made it illegal to transport women across state borders for "immoral purposes," violated by black boxer Jack Johnson (w/ white woman)
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Women's Christian Temperance Union
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led by Francis Willard, powerful "interest group" following the civil war, urged women's suffrage, led to Prohibition
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Charlotte Perkins Gilman
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women must gain economic rights in order to impact society (cf. rising divorce rates)
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Northern Securities Case
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Northern Securities Company (JP Morgan and James G. Hill - railroads) seen by Roosevelt as "bad" trust, Supreme Court upheld his first trust-bust
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Theodore Roosevelt
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first "modern" president, moderate who supported progressivism (at times conservative), bypassed congressional opposition (cf. Jackson), significant role in world affairs
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Square Deal
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Roosevelt's plan that aimed to regulate corporations (Anthracite coal strike, Dept. of Commerce and Labor, Elkins and Hepburn Acts), protect consumers (meat sanitation), and conserve natural resources (Newlands Reclamation Act)
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Preservationism vs. Conservationism
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Roosevelt and Pinchot sided on conservation rather than preservation (planned and regulated use of forest lands for public and commercial uses)
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William H. Taft
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"trustbuster" (busted twice as many as Roosevelt), conservation and irrigation efforts, Postal Savings Bank System, Payne-Aldrich Tariff (reduction of tariff, caused Republican split)
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Bull Moose Party
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party formed from Republican split by Roosevelt, more progressive values, leaving "Republican Old Guard" to control Republican party
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New Nationalism
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federal government to increase power over economy and society by means of progressive reforms, developed by Roosevelt (after presidency)
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New Freedom
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ideas of Wilson: small enterprise, states' rights, more active government, trustbusting, left social issues up to the states
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Woodrow Wilson
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Democratic candidate 1912, stood for antitrust, monetary change, and tariff reduction; far less active than Roosevelt, Clayton Anti-trust Act (to enforce Sherman), Child Labor Act
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Federal Reserve Act
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created Federal Reserve System, regional banks set up for twelve separate districts, final authority of each bank lay with the Federal Reserve Board, paper money to be issued "Federal Reserve Notes"
