APUSH Big business, Big labor, Big Cities – Flashcards
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John D. Rockefeller
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governor of NY; Standard Oil Company; Horizontal integration as business method (a strategy used by a business or corporation that seeks to sell a type of product in numerous markets)
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Sherman Anti-trust Act
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1890; no trusts or monopolies; in "restraint of trade"; "rule of reason" loophole so government can regulate prices
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U.S. versus E.C. Knight
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1895; "Sugar Trust Case"; U.S. Supreme Court held that Manufacturing is not considered an area that can be regulated by Congress pursuant to the commerce clause; limited government's power to control monopolies;
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Social Darwinism
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capitalist thinking; Herbert Spencer (British economist); Laissez-faire; "survival of the fittest" applied to humans and business; William Graham Sumner
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Gospel of Wealth
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religion; God's approval that wealth isn't bad; Christian duty to accumulate wealth; should not help the poor; Russell H. Conwell (founded Temple University); article written by Andrew Carnegie
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Thomas A. Edison
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"Wizard of Menlo Park"; electricity; light bulb
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Horatio Alger
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American Dream; writer; Protestant "work ethic"; work hard means good life; self made man
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Railroad Strike of 1877
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railroad workers striked v/c of unfair work conditions; spread and turned into national issue; violent
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Boss Tweed
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"Tweed ring" in NYC; political machine; jailed for corruption
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Thomas Nast
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took down Boss Tweed with political cartoons
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Social Gospel
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Carnegie; help poor; inequality is good and inevitable
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Gilded Age
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Grant's corrupt president; shallow glittery life; characterized social and political life; coined by Mark Twain; politicians avoided fundamental issues
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Yellow-dog contract
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employees agree not to join a labor union
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Open shop
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employment place where one is not required to join or support a union
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Closed shop
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union security agreement; employer hires members of union; employees must remain members of union to stay employed
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Knights of Labor
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Terrence V. Powderly; workers labor union; 8 hr workday; workers' cooperatives; worker-owned factories; abolition of child and prison labor; increased circulation of greenbacks; equal pay for men and women; safety codes in workplace; prohibition of foreign labor contract; abolition of National Bank
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Haymarket Riot 1886
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Haymarket Square, Chicago; peaceful striking workers; someone threw bomb; police fired and people died
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AFL
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American Federation of Labor; skilled laborers; represented workers in matters of national legislation; maintained national strike fund; evangelized cause of unionism; closed shops; prevented disputes among craft unions; mediated disputes between management and labor
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Samuel Gompers
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founded AFL; joined Anti-Imperialist League; against immigration
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Homestead Strike 1892
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Iron and steel workers strike; Carnegie sends in Pinkertons and Scabs; strikers oppose; governor sends in help and stops strike
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Pullman Strike 1894
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unsuccessful b/c government injunctions; mail delivered by Pullman Cars; Government (Grover Cleveland) stops strike; Pullman, Illinois; a "company town"; because of wage reductions; led by Eugene Debs, who got arrested
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In re Debs
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U.S. Supreme Court decision; government had right to regulate interstate commerce and ensure operations of Postal Service
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Henry George
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single tax on land; wrote "Progress and Poverty"; inequality of industrial economy
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Jacob Riis
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"How the Other Half Lives" 1890; muckraker; photographer; tenement/slum living
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Edward Bellamy
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"Looking Backward"; Utopian novel; socialist; influential writer
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Settlement Movement
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1890s middle-class reformers; settlement houses to help immigrant families adapt to U.S.; give college-educated women meaningful work
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Jane Addams
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Hull House in Chicago 1889; women's suffrage;rights movement
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Carrie Nation
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Carrie Amelia Moore Nation; member of the temperance movement
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Louis Sullivan
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American architect; father of modern skyscraper; form follows function
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Chicago School of Architecture
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Louis Sullivan was a critic
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William Lloyd Wright
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American architect; pupil of Sullivan; "Prairie House" school of architecture"; function follows form; Guggenheim Museum
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"Melting Pot" theory
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cultural assimilation (immigrants)
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Emma Lazarus
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American Jewish Poet; wrote "The New Colossus"; forerunner of Zionist movement
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Pendleton Act 1885
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Civil Service Reform; government jobs given based on merit; created U.S. Civil Service Commission; Chester A. Arthur administration
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Bland-Allison Act 1878
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Congress required U.S. Treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as U.S. dollars; Congress overturned Haye's veto
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Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1890
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U.S. Treasury must buy $4.5 million ounces of silver per month; government deposited most of the silver into the U.S. Treasury rather than circulation
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Panic of 1893
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Railroad business crashes; economic depression; railroad overbuilding; shaky financing which led to bank failures
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Coxey's Army 1894
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Protest march of unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey; "Army of the Commonweal in Christ"
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William Jennings Bryan
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1896, 1900 and 1908 democratic candidate; "The Great Commoner"; for silver; revivalist style of oratory; the "Farmer's Friend"; his platform included tariff reductions, free silver, income tax, stricter control of trusts
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Mark Hanna
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1896 republican political manager William McKinley; "The Front Porch Campaign" for William McKinley; gold and silver
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Populism
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working-class activism; People's Party
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"Cross of Gold"
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Speech given by William Jennings Bryan; advocate bi-metalism
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Silver bugs
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supporters of the silver standard
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Gold bugs
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People who support gold standard; popularized in 1896 election; McKinley supporters
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Progressivism
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movements promoting political and social reforms through government actions or sometimes revolutions
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Lincoln Steffens
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California journalist; wrote articles exposing connections between respectable businessmen and corrupt politicians; "The Shame of Cities"
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Ida Tarbell
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Teacher turned journalist; revealed ruthlessness in John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company
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Upton Sinclair
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wrote "The Jungle"; exposed the horrors of Chicago's meatpacking industry; a muckraker
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Florence Kelley
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crusade against child labor; member of first generation of college women in U.S.; Hull House resident; argued for child labor laws
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Margaret Sanger
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nurse; one founder of American Birth Control movement; wrote "The Woman Rebel" and "Family Limitation"; 1921 founded the American Birth Control League which became Planned Parenthood Foundation in 1942
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Lewis Hine
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muckraker who used photography
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Alice Paul
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Quaker from New Jersey; leader of group that broke from NAWSA called National Women's Party (NWP) in 1916; picketed and chained themselves to fences; militant tactics
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Carrie Chapman Catt
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efficient administrator and organizer;devised strategy that eventually gave women the vote; joined Iowa Woman Suffrage Association; 1915 became president of National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA); state campaigns
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John Dewey
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Pragmatist; established philosophical foundation for reform; said schools should be child oriented, not subject oriented; movable chairs; education reform movement; schools should be instruments for social reform; wrote "The School and Society"
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Frederick Winslow Taylor
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1880s became chief engineer at Midvale Steel Company; 4 principles of scientific management: centralized planning, systematic analysis of each job; detailed instructions and close supervision of each worker; incentive wage system to encourage workers to work harder and faster
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Eugene Debs
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co-founded the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World); international labor union; candidate for Socialist Party for president of U.S.; became socialist after reading the works of Karl Marx in prison from the Pullman Strike of 1894; Socialist Party Platform
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Socialist Party Platform
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government ownership of railroads and utilities; guaranteed income tax; no tariffs; 8 hour work days; better housing; government inspection of factories; women's suffrage
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Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
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labor rights movement leader; activist; feminist; leader in IWW; founding member of American Civil Liberties Union; advocate of women's rights, women's suffrage, and birth control
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