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Great American Desert

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The vast arid territory which includes the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and Western Plateau (this is in between the Mississippi River and Pacific Coast) was named this.

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Mining frontier

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The western states which had series of gold strikes including, Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, and South Dakota.

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Comstock Lode

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The major U.S. discovery of gold and silver (this produced over $340 million in gold and silver by 1890) which was responsible for Nevada entering the Union in 1864.

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Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

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Prohibited further immigration of Chinese laborers to the U.S. in order to reduce competition for mining gold. This was also the first major act of Congress to restrict immigration on the basis of race and nationality.

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Cattle drives

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Rounding cattle up and moving them from one area to another by cowboys.

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Barbed wire

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Homesteaders had used these fencings to cut off the cattle from accessing formerly open range.

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Farming frontier

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The Great Plains was mainly the farming frontier. Settlement in the farming frontier was encouraged by the Homestead Act (which gave 160 acres of public land free to any family that settled on it for a period of five years).

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Great Plains

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The broad expanse of prairie and steppe which lie in the west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains (Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming are apart of the plains).

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Oklahoma Territory

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Was once set for Native Americans, but was then open for settlement in 1889.

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Frederick Jackson Turner; frontier thesis

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He was a historian who created the frontier thesis. His thesis explained that the frontier experience had promoted a habit of independence and individualism. It was also said that the frontier had also acted as a powerful social leveler, breaking down class distinctions and ensuring social and political democracy (basically the thesis says that the frontier life makes Americans become more inventive and practical-minded).

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Indian Wars

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Wars fought between the Americans and Native Americans due to the settlement of miners, cattlemen, and homesteaders in the Native American lands.

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Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor

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American writer who wrote this A Century of Dishonor, which was about the injustice done to Native Americans . This book became a best-seller and created sympathy for Native Americans and motivated many to help Native Americans propose assimilation as a solution

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Assimilationists

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Humanitarians who emphasized formal education and training and conversion to Christianity.

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Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

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This initially created to abandon the practice of dealing with Native Americans tribes as separate nations. The Dawes Act divided the tribal lands into plots of 160 acres or less, depending on family size. Also this granted U.S. citizenship to those who stayed on the land for 25 years and adopted the habits of civilized life. Finally, the Dawes act distributed 47 million acres of land to Native Americans.

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Ghost Dance Movement

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A religious movement which was the last effort of Native Americans to resist U.S. domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands.

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Wounded Knee

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The massacre of 200 Native American men, women, and children in the Dakotas. This was also the final tragedy marked by the end of the Indian Wars.

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Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

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Promoted the reestablishment of tribal organization and culture.

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Crop lien system

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A credit system that became widely used by farmers in the U.S. after the Civil War in the South. This system was a way for farmers to get credit before the planting season by borrowing against the value for anticipated harvests. After the crops were harvested, they would use it to pay back their loan.

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George Washington Carver

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An African American scientist at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, who promoted the growing of such crops as peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. He played an important role in shifting southern agriculture toward a more diversified base.

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Tuskegee Institute

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A private, historically black university located in Tuskegee, Alabama.

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Farmer's Southern Alliance

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An organization of southern white farmers, which rallied behind political reforms to solve the farmers' economic problems.

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Colored Farmers' National Alliance

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An organization of southern colored farmers, which rallied behind political reforms to solve the farmers' economic problems.

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Segregation laws

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Policies separating, or segregating, public facilities for blacks and white as a means of treating African Americans as social inferiors.

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Plessy v. Ferguson

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A landmark case in 1896, in which the Supreme Court upheld a Louisiana law requiring "separate but equal accommodations" for white and black passengers on railroads.

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Jim Crow Laws

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These were a wave of segregation laws which were accepted by southern states. These laws required segregated washrooms, drinking fountains, park benches, and other facilities in virtually all public places.

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Grandfather clause; poll tax; literacy test

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Clauses which were accepted by many southern states. However, this allowed a man to vote only if his grandfather had cast ballots in elections before Reconstruction. The Supreme Court then sanctioned a case in 1898, in which it upheld a state's right to use literacy tests to determine citizens' qualifications for voting.

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Ida B. Wells, Memphis Free Speech

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She was the editor of the Memphis Free Speech (a black newspaper), who was devoted to campaigning against lynching and the Jim Crow Laws.

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Booker T. Washington

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A former slave who had graduated from Hampton Institute. He established an industrial and cultural school at Tuskegee, Alabama. He helped to teach southern African Americans skilled trades, the virtues of hard work, moderation, and economic self-help.

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National Negro Business League

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Was organized by Booker T. Washington in 1900. This established 320 chapters across the country to support business owned and operated by African Americans.

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Commercial farming

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Northern and western farmers of the late 19th century concentrated on raising single cash crops (such as corn or wheat in order to become more specialized) for both national and international markets.

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National Grange movement

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A movement which was focused on defending members of the Grange against the middlemen, trusts, and railroads. Later, the movement targeted the storage fees which were assessed by grain elevators and the freight rates charged by railroads. Also, the National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry was organized in 1868 during the movement by Oliver H. Kelley primarily as a social and educational organization for farmers and their families.

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Granger Laws

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Laws regulating the rates charged by railroads and elevators. Other Granger Laws made it illegal for railroads to fix prices by means of pools and give rebates to privileged customers.

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Munn v. Illinois

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The landmark case in which the Supreme Court upheld the right of a state to regulate businesses of a public nature, such as railroads.

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Wabash v. Illinois

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The Supreme Court ruled in this case that individual states could not regulate interstate commerce.

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Interstate Commerce Act (1886)

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This required railroad rates to be reasonable and just. It also set up the first federal regulatory agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC). The ICC had the power to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates, and other discriminatory practices.

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Farmers' alliances

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These separate alliances were formed by farmers by 1890 in order to serve farmers' needs for education in the latest scientific methods as well as for organized economic and political action.

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Ocala Platform

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A platform created by the Delegates at Ocala consisting of four main ideas they supported. These ideas included (1) direct election of U.S. senators, (2) low tariff rates, (3) a graduated income tax, and (4) a new banking system regulated by the federal government.

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Cornelius Vanderbilt

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person who had a fortune with railroad business

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Jay Gould

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speculator that went into the railroad business for quick profits and made their millions by selling off assets and watering stock

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Watered stock; pools

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inflating the value of a corporation's assets and profits before selling its stock to the public

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Rebates

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discounts

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J. Pierpont Morgan

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bankers who quickly moved in to take control of the bankrupt railroads and consolidate them (during panic of 1893)

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Second Industrial Revolution

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growth was in heavy industry and the production of steel, petroleum, electric power, and the industrial machinery to produce other goods

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Bessemer process

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blasting air through molten iron and produced high-quality steel

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Andrew Carnegie

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in the 1850s had worked his way up from being a poor Scotish immigrant to becoming the superintendent of Pennsylvania railroad. In the 1870s he started manufacturing steel in Pittsburg and soon outdistanced his competitors by a combination of salesmanship and the use of the latest technology.

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Vertical integration

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company would control every stage of the industrial process, from mining

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U.S. Steel

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first billion-dollar company and also the largest enterprise in the world, employing 168000 people and controlling over three fifths of the nation's steel business

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John D. Rockefeller

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founder of a company that would come to control most of the nation's oil refineries by eliminating its competition

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Protestant work ethic

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hard work and material success are signs of God's favor

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Standard Oil Trust

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controlled 90percent of the oil refinery business

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Horizontal integration

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former competitors were brough under a single corporate umbrella

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Antitrust movement

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started because of middle class citizens feared the trusts' unchecked power and urban elites resented the increasing influence of the new rich

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Sherman Antiturst act (1890)

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prohibited any "contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or consipiracy in restraint of trade or commerce

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Social Darwinism

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Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection in biology played a role in bolstering the view of economic conservatives

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Herbert Spencer

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most influential of the social Darwininsts who thought that Darwin's ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest should be applied to the marketplace

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Gospel of wealth

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"wealthy had a God-given responsibility to carry out projects of civic philanthropy for the benefit of society"

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Russell Conwell

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gave a popular lecture "Acres of Diamonds" which saids that everyone had a duty to become rich

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Samuel F.B. Morse

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brought radical change in the speed of communications through his invention of a workable telegraph

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Transatlantic cable

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improved in 1866 which suddenly made it possible to send messages across the seas in an instant's time

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Alexander Graham Bell

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made huge leap in communications technology through his invention of the telephone

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Thomas A. Edison; research laboratory

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inventor who succeded in early age which made him possible to make a research laboratory at Menlo Park, New Jersey (the research laboratory was the world's first modern research laboratory and may have been the single most important contribution to science and industry, because it introduced the concept of mechanics and engineers working ona project as a team rather than a lone inventor). Also, Edison invented phonograph, incandescent lamp, dynamo for generating electric power, mimeograph machines, motion picture camera, and the light bulb.

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Horatio Alger

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writer who sold million copies. (Every Alger novel portrayed a young man of modest means who became rich and successful through honesty, hard work, and a little luck)

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David Ricardo; iron law of wages

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argued that raising wages arbitrarily would only increase the working population, and the availability of more workers would in turn cause wages to fall, thus creating a cycle of misery and starvation.

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National labor union

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first attempt to organize all workers in all states - both skilled and unskilled both agricultural workers and industrial workers- was the National Labor Union

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American Federation of Labor

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unlike labor unions in past, it concentrated on attaining practical economic goals.

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Pullman strike (1894) -

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strike against railroad monopoly, 50,000 strike, gov't brought in to stop

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Eugene V. Debs

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leader American Railway Union, tried to help strikers, jailed for 6 monthsthe Supreme Court approved the use of court injunctions against strikes, which gave employers a very powerful weapon to break unions

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21.) Settlement House

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Living and working in these houses, the young reformers hoped to relieve the effects of poverty by providing social services for people in the neighborhood.

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22.) Jane Adams

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started the Hull House in Chicago in 1889, which taught immigrants English, pioneered early childhood education, taught industrial arts, and established neighborhood theaters and music schools.

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23.) Social Gospel Movement

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in the 1880's and 1890's, a number of Protestant clergymen espoused the cause of social justice for the poor, especially the urban poor. They preached what they called Social Gospel, or the importance of applying Christian principles to social problems.

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26.) Salvation Army

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Imported from England, provided the basic necessities of life for the homeless and the poor, while also preaching the Christian gospel.

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29.) Woman's Christian Temperance Union

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Formed in 1874; it advocated total abstinence from alcohol.

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39.) W. E. B. Du Bois

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The first African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard.

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44.) Jack London

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Young California writer and adventurer, who portrayed the conflict between nature and civilization in novels like The Call of the Wild.

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57.) Fredrick Law Olmsted

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One of the most influential urbanists specialized in the planning of city parks and scenic boulevards, including Central Park and the grounds of the U.S. Capitol.

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Gilded Age

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first used by Mark Twain in 1873; referred to the superficial glitter of the new wealth so prominently displayed in the last years of 19th century.

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Rutherford B. Hayes

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Won the election of 1876; he ended Reconstruction by withdrawing the last federal troops from the South. He also attempted to reestablish honest government after the corrupt Grant administration. * vetoed efforts to restrict Chinese immigration.

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James Garfield

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a Republican who is more interested in spoils and patronage than reform. Beat the Democratic war hero, Winfield S. Hancock, for president. His choice of Halfbreeds for most offices provoked a bitter contest with Senator Conkling and his Stalwarts. In 1881, he was shot in the back by an office seeker who was identified with a Stalwart

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Chester A. Arthur

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A president that supported a bill reforming the civil service, and approved the development of a modern American navy. Also he questioned the high protective tariff.

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Grover Cleveland

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an honest mayor buffalo and incorruptible governor of New York State; First Democrat to be elected president since Buchanan in 1856.

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Greenback Party

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created by supporters of paper money. They opposed the shift from paper money back to a bullion coinbased monetary system because they believed that privately owned banks and corporations would then reacquire the power to define the value of products and labor.

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Crime of 1873

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enacted by the US Congress in 1873 and embraced the gold standard and de-monetized silver. Western mining and interests and others who wanted silver in circulation years later labeled this measure the "Crime of '73".

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Benjamin Harrison

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A Republican, elected to the presidency in 1888, defeating the Democratic incumbent, Grover Cleveland. His presidential administration is most remembered for its economic legislation, including McKinley Tariff and the Sherman Antitrust Act and for annual federal spending that reached one billion dollars for the first time.

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Billion dollar congress

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Republicans controlled presidency and both houses of Congress. The new Congress was the most active in years, passing the first billion-dollar budget in U.S history. It enacted the following: McKinley Tariff of 1890, which raised the tax on foreign products to a peacetime high of over 48 percent Increases in the monthly pensions to Civil War veterans, widows and children The Sherman Antitrust Act, outlawing "combinations in restraint of trade" The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890, which increased the coinage of silver, but in amounts too small to satisfy farmers and miner A bill to protect the voting rights of African Americans passed by the House but defeated in the Senate.

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Populists (People's) Party

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It was a shortlived political party in the United States in the late 19th century. It flourished particularly among western farmers, based largely on its opposition to the gold standard. The term "populist" has since become a generic term in the U.S for politics which appeals to the common in opposition to established interests.

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Omaha Platform

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delegates from different states met in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1892 to draft a political platform and nominate candidates for president and vice president for the new party. The Omaha platform called for both political and economic reforms. Politically, it demanded the restoration of government to the people y means of (1) direct popular election of U.S senators (instead of indirect election by state legislatures) and (2) enacting of state laws by voters themselves through initiatives and refendums placed on the ballot.

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Panic of 1893

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the stock market crashed as a result of over speculation, and dozens of railroads went into bankruptcy as a result of overbuilding. The depression continued for almost four years.

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William Jennings Bryan, " Cross of Gold"

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William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska captures the hearts of the delegates with a speech that ended with theses words: " WE will answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them: " You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.' ". This speech made him, literally overnight, the Democratic nominee for president.

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"Gold Bug" Democrats

answer

it was a short-lived political party of Bourbon Democrats, who opposed the regular party nominee William Jennings Bryan in 1896. They admired Grover Cleveland and considered Bryan a dangerous man and charged that his "free silver" proposals would devastate the economy. They nominated conservative Democratic politician John M. Palmer.

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William McKinley

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he was the 25th president of the US. He was highly supports by Mark Hanna. McKinley took office just as the economy began to revive. Gold discoveries in Alaska in 1897 increased the money supply under the gold standard, which resulted in the inflation that the silverites had wanted. He was well-liked, well-traveled president, who actively tried to bring conflicting interests together. He was also a leader during the war in Spain in 1898.

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William McKinley

answer

he was the 25th president of the US. He was highly supports by Mark Hanna. McKinley took office just as the economy began to revive. Gold discoveries in Alaska in 1897 increased the money supply under the gold standard, which resulted in the inflation that the silverites had wanted. He was well-liked, well-traveled president, who actively tried to bring conflicting interests together. He was also a leader during the war in Spain in 1898.

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William McKinley

answer

he was the 25th president of the US. He was highly supports by Mark Hanna. McKinley took office just as the economy began to revive. Gold discoveries in Alaska in 1897 increased the money supply under the gold standard, which resulted in the inflation that the silverites had wanted. He was well-liked, well-traveled president, who actively tried to bring conflicting interests together. He was also a leader during the war in Spain in 1898.

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