apush 34-35 – Flashcards

FDR withdrew America from this meeting which hoped to stabilize world currency, goal to develop a worldwide solution to the Great Depression, wanted a stabilized currency for the revival of world trade, composed of 66 nations, Consisting of 66 nations meeting in the summer of 1933, it revealed how thoroughly Roosevelt's early foreign policy was subordinated. The delegates hoped to organize a coordinated international attack on the global depression. Because of a message that Roosevelt sent to the conference that scolded the conference, the delegates adjourned empty-handed. The collapse of the London Conference strengthened the global trend toward extreme nationalism, FDR wanted to protect only america's currency, so withdrew, - This conference included 66 countries and was held during the summer of 1933. There, FDR promoted his foreign policy and economic recovery ideas. The delegates were organizing an attack on the global depression because they wanted to stabilize their currencies and rates. Roosevelt considered sending Hull to the Conference, but he realized that American stability with the dollar was more imperative. FDR also believed that everyone should "fend for themselves", so the Conference was unsuccessful.

(FDR) 1934, provided for the drafting and guidelines of a Constitution for a 10-year "transitional period" which became the government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines before the granting of Philippine independence, during which the US would maintain military forces in the Philippines., for the independence of the Philippines. let Phillipines become free after 12 year transition time, provided Philipino independence. protected US economy from cheap labor.signaled to Jap. that US didnt want in Asia., provided for the independence of the Philippines after a twelve-year period of economic and political tutelage

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region, Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy., Franklin Roosevelt described his foreign policy as that of a "good neighbor." The phrase came to be used to describe the U.S. attitude toward the countries of Latin America. Under Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor Policy," the U.S. took the lead in promoting good will among these nations.

This conference was held in 1933. A U.S. delegation to the conference endorsed a document that declared "no state has the right to intervene in the internal affairs of another. Secretary of State furthered the interests of Latin American States when he asked for a reduction of trade barriers., 1933 president pledged the US would never again intervene in Latin America, The first of several Pan-America conferences held during the period between World War I and World War II concerning mutual defense and corporate between the countries of Latin America. The U.S. renounced the right to intervene in the affairs of Latin American countries., 1933, same as the Seventh Pan-American Conference, made Good Neighbor Policy

(1934) The Act was designed to raise American exports and was aimed at both relief and recovery.Led by Cordell Hull, it helped reverse the high-tariff policy., provided for the negotiation of tariff agreements between the united States and separate nations, particularly Latin American countries. It resulted in a reduction of duties. (p.802-803)., Lowered trade barriers by giving the president the power to make trade agreements with other nations and was aimed at reducing tariffs by as much as 50%; Roosevelt pushed this act through congress in 1934, - FDR's Good Neighborism had influenced this New Deal trade Act. Secretary of State Hull was the man behind the trade agreements. Hull believed that a nation can sell abroad only as it buys abroad. As a result, Congress passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements in 1934. They were designed to lift American export trade from the depression. They targeted both relief and recovery, and they created low-tariff policies. They avoided the dangerous uncertainties of a wholesale tariff revision. FDR had the power to lower existing rates by as much as 50% as long as the other country involved was willing to respond with similar reductions. Hull was able to negotiate pacts with 21 countries by the end of 1939. During these years, US foreign trade increased drastically. It a significant piece of legislation that altered the traditional high-protective-tariff policy.

an agreement between Italy and Germany with close cooperation. This was aresult of teh western powers condemning Italy's aggression, and Hitler overcoming Mussolini's doubts about the Nazis, Nazi Hitler and Fascist Mussolini allied themselves in this in 1936, The three countries of Italy, Germany, and Japan allied together, agreement between axis leaders to fight soviet Communism and not to stop each other from making foreign conquests, an agreement between Italy and Germany with close cooperation. This was aresult of teh western powers condemning Italy's aggression, and Hitler overcoming Mussolini's doubts about the Nazis

Signed between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US, Japan added to Rome-Berlin axis for mutual defense and military support, Pact between Japan, Germany, and Italy signed in September 1940, by which each pledged to declare war on any nation that attacked any of them, Made Germany and Japan alliances. Thus, the U.S., by declaring war on Japan, was to be drawn into the war in Europe.

In 1934 Senator Gerald P. Nye of North Dakota held hearings to investigate the country's involvement on WW1; this committee documented the huge profits that arms factories had made during the war, investigated arms manufacturers and bankers of World War I. Claimed they had caused America's entry into WWI. Public opinion pushed Congress to pass the Neutrality Acts to keep us out of WWII., 1934. Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in WWI. Theory that big business had conspired to have America enter WWI so that they could make money selling war materials. Called bankers and arms producers "merchants of death."

Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations., series of laws passed by Congress in 1935 that banned arms sales or loans to countries at war, The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war certain restrictions would automatically go into effect. No American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, or sell or transport munitions to a belligerent nation, or make loans to a belligerent. This displayed that America was not willing to go to war and desired to remain neutral and isolationist.

The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism., FDR's call to isolate aggressors through economic embargoes, 1937 - In this speech Franklin D. Roosevelt compared Fascist agression to a contagious disease, saying democracies must unite to quarantine agressor nations., Roosevelt delivered this speech in Chicago in autumn of 1937; called for "positive endeavors" to "quarantine" the aggressors- presumably by economic embargoes

American ship sunk by Japanese in 1937. The US boat was floating up an international river in Manchuria, and Japan saw guns on board, so they fired. Japanese were testing their power and America's foreign attitude. Americans were not at all alarmed, and after an apology and a payment, pretended the incident didn't happen., Japanese bombed USS Panay and apologized for incident, claiming it was an "accident".

policy by which Czechoslovakia, Great Britain and France agreed to Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland in agreement for not taking any additional Czech territory., Foreign policy followed by the British government, and later by the French, in their dealings with the-> Axis powers from 1937-39. It was designed to avoid war by giving way to some of their demands and by conceding territory to them, notably the Sudetenland area of Czechoslovakia by the-> Munich Agreement in 1938.

Also known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, this was an agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union signed in Moscow in 1939. It pledged neutrality by either party if the other were attacked by a third party. It remained in effect until June 1941., August 23, 1939, signed in Moscow by German Reich and the Soviet Union. When two contracting parties agree to refrain from any act of violence, any aggressive action, or any attack against one another, whether individually or jointly with other powers., Pact between Germany and Russia in which neither country would invade each other or cause military action between each other in 1939; One month later, the pact failed as Germany went to war with Russia. This pact opened the door to Poland- in exchange for a slice of poland, Russia agreed not to attack germany.

the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler, A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled., the systematic extermination of millions of European Jews, as well as Roma, Slavs, intellectuals, homosexuals, and political dissidents, by the Nazis and their allies during World War II.

Federal agency created in 1944 to try to help people threatened with murder by the Nazis, a group stablished by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that helped 20,000 Jews who might otherwise have falen in to the hands of the Nazis., (1944) A United States agency formed to help rescue Jews from German-occupied territories and to provide relief to inmates of Nazi concentration camps. The agency performed noble work, but it did not begin operations until very late in the war, after millions had already been murdered. (865), LIMITED, , worked with the red cross to save thousands of Eastern European Jews, especially in Romania, and Hungary.

European democracies might buy American war materials on a "cash-and-carry basis"; improved American moral and economic position, (FDR) European democracies might buy American war materials on a "cash-and-carry basis"; improved American moral and economic position, Act that allowed nations at war to buy goods and arms in the United States if they paid cash and carried the merchandise on their own ships, This act stipulated that European democracies might buy American munitions, but only if they could pay in cash and transport them in their own ships. The terms were known as "Cash-and-Carry." It represented an effort to avoid war debts and protect American arms-carriers from torpedo attacks. (861)

Selective Service Act to require men to register with few exceptions; women and blacks drafted/enlisted, highly successful, except for construction workers and farmers?

the US would give britain its old destroyers in return for american bases on british contolled areas, Roosevelt's compromise for helping Britain as he could not sell Britain US destroyers without defying the Neutrality Act; Britain received 50 old but still serviceable US destroyers in exchange for giving the US the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean., In exchange for 50 old World War I American destroyers which had in 1939 and 1940 had been re-commissioned and were serving on Neutrality Patrol, Britain Gave Us 99 Year leases to establish Military Bases on British Possessions in the Western Hemisphere

Organization created by isolationists who argued that the United States should keep out of Europe's business, largely Midwestern isolationist organization support by many prominent citizens who were opposed to the US joining WWII. (1940-1941). They argued that a Nazi victory would pose no threat to national security and therefore the US should stay out of war, A powerful isolationist lobby whose members included some to the most prominent Americans such as Charles Lindbergh and Senators Gerald Nye and Burton Wheeler. They committee joined the debate over American policy toward the war and the lobby had at least the indirect support of a large proportion of the Republican Party.

Popular choice for Repub nominee in election of 1940. Critized New Deal, but largely agreed with Roosevelt on preparedness and giving aid to Britain. Lost to Roosevelt., The Republican nominee for president in the 1940 election, he was a surprise nominee as he had never before run for public office; He criticized the New deal but largely agreed with Roosevelt on preparedness and giving aid to Britain short of actually entering the war. His strongest criticism of Roosevelt was regarding his decision to break the two term tradition established by George Washington, had no experience, FDR chosen in case we went to war

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S, Approve by Congress in March 1941; The act allowed America to sell, lend or lease arms or other supplies to nations considered "vital to the defense of the United States.", U.S. policy before the U.S. enters W.W. II in December, 1941 in which the U.S. provided war materials to the Allies fighting the Axis powers. Shows that in the period 1939-1941 the U.S. was moving away from its policy of neutrality., (FDR) , 1941 March; Congress' act which allied the president to lend or sell war materials to any country he deemed vital to that country's defense, had to return things though, Taft was against, used "gum theory"

US will act as the supplier of all things necessary to defeat axes powers, This is one of 30 fireside chats that Franklin Delano Roosevelt conducted when he was president. Roosevelt was referring to Detroit, Michigan as an "Arsenal of Democracy" in this speech because of its rapid transformation from having an industry to build cars to one that could build weapons. Overall the speech was a 'call to arms' for all Allies to work hard and fight the Axis until they were defeated., US had to turn itself into the great arsenal of democracy in order to help defeat the axis threat, what America becomes because of Lend/Lease

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war, Anglo-American declaration that stated the countries aims for the outcome of the war. Stated people of every nation should be free to choose their own form of government and live free of fear and want, disarmament, and a permanent system of general security., Agreement signed by President Franklin Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill in 1941 outlining the two nations' war aims, Anglo-American declaration that stated the countries aims for the outcome of the war. Stated people of every nation should be free to choose their own form of government and live free of fear and want, disarmament, and a permanent system of general security, most people couldn't name the stipulations of the agreement/didn't know the reasons for war

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941., 7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

Camps, A presidential executive order issued during WW2 by FDR that sent Japanese ethnic groups to internment camps.It was issued because of the fear for the country's safety and also Japanese-American's safety., An order signed by FDR that allowed the secretary of war to declare some areas of the U.S. as military zones. What it really did was clear the way for internment of Japanese Americans., President Roosevelt signed the this permitting the war department to restrict or remove from certain areas persons who might be considered a danger to the war effort.

Japanese and Japanese Americans from the West Coast of the United States during WWII. While approximately 10,000 were able to relocate to other parts of the country of their own choosing, the remainder-roughly 110,000 me, women and children-were sent to hastly constructed camps called "War Relocation Centers" in remote portions of the nation's interior., Roosevelt signed a document Feb. 19,1942 stating that all people of Japanese ancestry from California and parts of Washington, Oregon, and Arizona, needed to be removed. Put them in internment camps because of their fear for another attack by the Japanese., Japanese and Japanese Americans from the West Coast of the United States during WWII. While approximately 10,000 were able to relocate to other parts of the country of their own choosing, the remainder-roughly 110,000 men, women and children-were sent to hastly constructed camps called "War Relocation Centers" in remote portions of the nation's interior.

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 2 each survivor, This supreme court case followed the movement of 100,000 Japanese Americans moved to internment camps; the case upheld the US govt's internment policy as justified in wartime., supreme court ruled that movement of Japanse to camps was constitutional, 5th amendment

A speech by FDR that outlined the four principles of freedom (speech, religion, from want, and from fear) This helped inspire Americans into patriotism., A speech that proposed lending money to Britain for the purchase of US war materials and justified such a policy because it was a defense of "four freedoms." Addressed to the Congress on January 6, 1941., FDR asked for increased authority to aid Britain; freedom of speech/expression, of religion, from want, from fear; resulted in Lend-Lease, 1941 ; speech by FDR that outlined the four principles of freedom (speech, religion, from want, and from fear) This helped inspire Americans into patriotism. ; in turn inspired Americans into pro war sentiments

During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers, Created in 1942, this organization oversaw the production of planes, tanks, artillery pieces, and munitions needed for entering WWII, Converted factories from civilian to military production. Manufacturing output tripled., supervised the conversion of industries to war production. for example, automakers shifted from making cars to trucks and tanks, Decided which companies would convert from peacetime to wartime production and allocated raw materials to key industries.

Instituted in 1942, this agency was in charge of stabilizing prices and rents and preventing speculation, profiteering, hoarding and price administration. The OPA froze wages and prices and initiated a rationing program for items such as gas, oil, butter, meat, sugar, coffee and shoes in order to support the war effort and prevent inflation., WWII Office that installs price controls on essential items to prevent inflation, set limits on consumer prices and rent to prevent inflation

Also the War Labor Disputes Act, this act required unions to wait 30 days before going on strike and as a result allowed the president to seize a struck war plant.The Smith-Connally Act[1] (also called the War Labor Disputes Act)[2] was an American law passed on June 25, 1943, over President Franklin D. Roosevelt's veto.[3] The legislation was hurriedly created after 400,000 coal miners, their wages significantly lowered due to high wartime inflation, struck for a $2-a-day wage increase.[2][4] The Act allowed the federal government to seize and operate industries threatened by or under strikes that would interfere with war production,[5] and prohibited unions from making contributions in federal elections.[6]

women participants in WW2, navy, army, etc.

symbol of American women who went to work in factories during the war, Advertising campaign character who encouraged women to take factory jobs., A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part., a picture of the ideal strong working woman while the men were at war, a model dressed in overalls who became the cover girl for the intense publicity campaign that was launched by the government to draw women into traditionally male jobs- during the war time effort it helped with the need for workers in WWII, daycares

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920, Movement between 1915 - 1940 of millions of African Americans to the north in search of work and fair treatment., large scale migration of southern blacks during and after WWI to the North, where jobs had become available during the labor shortages of the war years. They moved in large groups into the same cities, causing their political power to increase slightly and causing white hatred to increase

Labor leader who successfully convinced FDR to integrate defense industries, an African American labor leader, helped atchive writes in 1941, pesident and founder of the brotherhood of sleeping car Porters and the nations most respected African American labor leader. He protested discrimination both in the military and in the industry. He also organized a march on washington where he called on african americans everywhere to come to the capitol and march. roosevelt asked Randolph to back off but in the end Roosevelt was the one to back off. Roosevelt ordered that all workers in defense industries be treated without discrimination., President of the Brotherhood of Car Porters and a Black labor leader, in 1941 he arranged a march on Washington to end racial discrimination. --> executive order 8802?

In 1941 FDR passed it which prohibited discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy., Also known as the Fair Labor Standards Act, this banned discrimination in the war industries., authorized a Committee on Fair Employment practices to investigate and prevent race descrimination, 1941, Issued by President Roosevelt after A. Phillip Randolph threatened to descend on Washington. It authorized the Committee of Fair Employment Practices to investigate and prevent racial discrimination in employment. Civil rights champions hailed the ct, and Randolph triumphantly called off the march.

Roosevelt established this initially to give fair employment to blacks. Eventually, and to this day, its purpose is to protect and serve all races, sexes, ages, and ethicnicities involving employment.

African Americans pledged to fight for "Double Victory" - victory over Hitler in Europe, but also against racism at home., victory over racism in germany and a home during WWII, started by NAACP, black soldiers saw segregation at home and lack of overseas, Pittsburgh Courier embraced the idea that African Americans should join the war effort in order to achieve a double victory-a victory over Hitler's racism abroad and a victory over racism at home.

(CORE) (1942) Nonviolent civil rights organization founded in 1942 and committed to the "Double V"—victory over fascism abroad and racism at home. After World War II, CORE would become a major force in the civil rights movement. (884), organized in 1942, mobilized mass popular resistance to discrimination in a way that the older, more conservative organizations had never done, (African American leaders helped organize sit ins and demonstrations in segregated theaters and restaurants)., CORE was a civil rights organization. They were famous for freedom rides which drew attention to Southern barbarity, leading to the passing of civil rights legislation.

A series of riots in L.A. California during WW2, soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican youths because of the zoot suits they wore., white hate riots against mexican youth because they though they were not conserving for war, In the 1940's - Riots that occurred mostly in Los Angeles, CA between white marines and young Mexican Americans. White marines thought that the dress of "zoot suits" of the Mexican Americans was un-patriotic, although about 300,000 Mexican Americans were in the armed forces. Some Mexicans thought that they would be the next "Japanese" and be taken to camps., Zoot Suits were a form of dress adopted by young Mexican Americans. It became a symbol of their religion and a tradition. With the strong anti-Mexican tensions increasing, a riot broke out when some sailors claimed that they had been attacked by Mexican Americans. Mobs of people went into Mexican neighborhoods and beat any one wearing a zoot suit. The cities response was to outlaw wearing zoot suits, so as to avoid any further racial discrimination of this kind.

United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II, (1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman., Commanded Allied troops in the Pacific during World War II. He was forced to surrender the Philippines in 1941 and was thereafter obsessed with its recapture, which he accomplished in 1944. He later commanded the American occupation of Japan and United Nations troops in the Korean War., (FDR), surrender the Phillippines during WWII, He was the supreme allied commander during the Cold War in 1945. After World War II, MacArthur was put in charge of putting Japan back together. In the Korean War, he commanded the United Nations troops. He was later fired by Harry Truman for insubordination.Allied commander and five star general in the U.S. army. He headed the U.S. army in Japan and Korea but was fired by Truman for questioning the actions of his superiors in the midst of the Korean war, i will return

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II., (FDR) , , (1942) World War II naval battle fought in the Pacific; the Americans broke the Japanese code and knew the date and location of the attack, setting the stage for a major American victory, American planes destroyed all 4 of attacking japanese aircraft carriers and established american superiority (naval) in the pacific. Victory remarkable because most Am. planes shot down. island hopping

the American navy attacked islands held by the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean. The capture of each successive island from the Japanese brought the American navy closer to an invasion of Japan., stragety of Allies in World War 2 of capturing some Japanese-held islands and going around others, U.S. strategy in Pacific during WWII, focus on most strategic islands to get us within bombing range of Japan, japan captured many islands but did not hold them down well, easy to recapture

leader of the Allied forces in Europe then was elected to be Pres. of the USA, leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School, leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion., He was in command the the Operating Torch. An Allied army of Americans and British surrounded the Germans in Tunisia in 1943 where they surrendered. In 1944, he was chosen supreme allied commander in Europe for the "second front", five-star general and oversaw the Allied forces in Europe, including the famous D-Day invasion of France in 1944.

Jan. 14-23, 1943 - FDR and Chruchill met in Morocco to settle the future strategy of the Allies following the success of the North African campaign. They decided to launch an attack on Italy through Sicily before initiating an invasion into France over the English Channel. Also announced that the Allies would accept nothing less than Germany's unconditional surrender to end the war., January 1943 conference between FDR and Churchill that produces Unconditional Surrender doctrine, Was the meeting of President Roosevelt and Winston Churchill in January 1943 in French Morocco. The Big Two agreed to step up the Pacific war, invade Sicily, increase pressure on Italy, and insist upon an "unconditional surrender" of the enemy. "Unconditional surrender" proved to be one of the most controversial moves of the war. And by utterly destroying the German government, it immensely complicated the problems of postwar reconstruction.(p. 836-837)

Stalin (USSR), Churchill (Brit), FDR (USA), allied powers, met at the tehran conference, eureka, beat germany, united nations

First major meeting between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war, December, 1943, a meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace, Codenamed EUREKA, it was the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill between November 28 and December 1, 1943 in Tehran, Iran. The conference was organized to plan the final strategy for the war against Nazi Germany and its allies.

Planned June 5th June 6 1944 Germans occupied Normandy France Germans though it would occur at Calais and goal was to liberate Paris, allied forces under dwight d. eisenhower landed on the beaches of normandy in history's greatest naval invasion., June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II., (FDR) , June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses., This was Germany's last attempt at success against the Allies during WWII. This was an epic failure and basically served as a way to waste men, supplies, and fuel. The Germans went through Belgium (which was a bad idea because Belgium was a neutral country, and it caused more tension and hostility) to get to the Western Front for this historic offensive battle., Fought December 16, 1944; Germans final desperate bid to break the Allies; Germans attacked with 2 armies hoping to take Antwerp (the main Allied base)

May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered, victory in Europe; Germany's surrender officially signed in Berlin, day WWII ended in Europe, now Allies can focus on Japan

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War., July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction., * Big Three: Clement Attlee, Harry Truman, & Stalin; August 1945. * Occupation zones in Germany; reperation payments came from zones. * Council of Foreign Ministers; met in London in fall of 1945. * USSR support in Pacific. * Poland and Korea to hold "free elections." * Berlin divided into occupation zones., Third meeting of the Big Three; gathered to decide how to administer the defeated Nazi Germany, which had agreed to unconditional surrender nine weeks earlier; The goals of the conference also included the establishment of post-war order, peace treaties issues, and countering the effects of war.

code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II, Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States., Code name given to the development of the US atomic bomb during World War II. Work on the bomb was carried out in great secrecy by a team including US physicists Enrico Fermi and J. Robert Oppenheimer. The first test took place on July 16, 1945, near Alamogordo, New Mexico, and the next month the US Air Force dropped bombs on Japan.

(FDR following death) nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman, United states dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Mass bombing of ciies and civilians, one of the terrible new practices of WWII had ended in the final nightmare- unprecedented human destruction in a single blinding flash. Japanese announced their surrender. (987), caused for unconditional surrender of the japanese, only term was to keep current emperor, mandate of heaven

"Victory over Japan day" is the celebration of the Surrender of Japan, which was initially announced on August 15, 1945