question

Indian Territory

answer

area covering most of present-day Oklahoma to which most American Indians in the SE were forced to move in the 1830s

question

Sioux

answer

Native Americans in the Dakotas. Massacred Custer at Battle of Little Bighorn. Many were later massacred at Wounded Knee in 1890; Displaced from the great lakes; transformed into nomadic traders and deadly buffalo hunters; almost extinguished bison

question

Great Sioux Reservation

answer

where Native Americans were herded by the federal government after giving up their ancestral land for the promise of being left alone with food and clothing they were never sufficiently taken care of

question

George Armstrong Custer

answer

the buckskin-clad "boy general" of Civil War fame, colonel and fought against Native Indians, wrote that Fetterman massacre "awakened a bitter feeling toward the savage perpetrators", announced that he had discovered gold in the Sioux reservation, led the Seventh Cavalry: Americans wanted revenge for his humiliation

question

Bozeman Trail

answer

trial to the MOntana gold fields, Sioux war party wanted it to stop so they ambushed it not leaving a single soul, they mutilated the corpses disrespectfully, disrespect angered Custer and let to american vengeance.

question

Sitting Bull

answer

inspired the aggravated Sioux people to attack, Chief Joseph hoped to rendezvous, took refuge in fort off the border of Canada after the Little Big Horn; inspiration engaged fighting to hold together Indian spirit and culture

question

Battle of Little Big Horn

answer

1876 Battle in the Black Hills of the Dakota Territory where Custer's Seventh Cavalry was massacred when they attempted to suppress the Sioux and return them to their reservation. Crazy Horse led the Sioux in battle, and killed every one of Custer's men. The Indians were later pursued over the plains and crushed in a series of battles.

question

Chief Joseph

answer

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations searching for Sitting Bull. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations where he surrendered his men.

question

Buffalo Bill Cody

answer

employed by the Kansas Pacific, and killed over 4,000 animals in 18 months

question

Ghost Dance

answer

Spiritual revival in 1890 by Indians that would lead to the massacre at Wounded Knee

question

Battle of Wounded Knee

answer

US soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native American in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars., A battle between the U.S. Army and the Dakota Sioux, in which several hundred Native Americans and 29 U.S. soldiers died. Tensions erupted violently over two major issues: the Sioux practice of the "Ghost Dance," which the U.S. government had outlawed, and the dispute over whether Sioux reservation land would be broken up because of the Dawes Act.

question

Dawes Act

answer

dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, and set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres. If the Indians behaved like "good white settlers" then they would get full title to their holdings as well as citizenship. The Dawes Act attempted to assimilate the Indians with the white men; remained Indian policy until the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

question

Charlisle Indian School

answer

1879 Government funded Indian school; to educate and civilize the Natives; paid for by the proceeds of the Dawes act where indian lands were sold for railroads

question

Indian Reorganization Act

answer

"Indian New Deal" 1934 partially reserved the individualistic approach and belatedly tried to restore the tribal basis of indian life, Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs.

question

Pike's Peak

answer

a mountain peak in the Rockies in Central Colorado where gold and silver were discovered...this led to a mad rush in the direction of this area; "59ers" "Pikes-Peakers"

question

Comstock Lode

answer

first discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.

question

Silver Senators

answer

the Treasury injected the silver issue into American politics, representing the West, using influence to promote the interests of the silver miners

question

Long Drive

answer

Process in which Texas cowboys would drive herds of cattle thousands strong over the plains until they reached a railroad terminal, such as Dodge City, Abilene, or Cheyenne. It became significantly less profitable when homesteaders and sheepherders began to put up barbed-fences by which the cattle could not cross.

question

Wild Bill Hickok

answer

a gunman who killed only in self-defense or in the line of duty, ordered the "cowtown" at Abilene; shot in the back of the head while playing poker

question

Homestead Act

answer

allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30. Instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm. The Homestead Act turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation. Many homesteaders were forced to give their homesteads back to the government.

question

Great American Desert

answer

After the devastating 6-year drought in the West in the 1880s had destroyed farmers' crops, "dry farming" took root on the plains. Its methods of frequent shallow cultivation were adapted to the dry western environment, but over time it depleted and dried the soil.; Once wheat was introduced to the West, it flourished. Eventually federally-financed irrigation projects caused this place to bloom to bloom

question

John Wesley Powell

answer

Explorer of the Colorado River;s Grand Canyon and director of the U.S> Geological Survey, warmed in 1874 that beyond the 100th meridian so little rain fell that agriculture was impossible without massive irrigation. His idea let to the Blossoming of the Great American Desert.

question

Joseph F. Glidden

answer

Perfected barbed wire, and solved the problem of how to build fences on the treeless prairies.

question

Boomers

answer

50,000 or so settlers that legally entered Oklahmoa after the government supplied freed Indian land

question

Sooners

answer

overeager and well armed settlers who were illegally jumping the gun who had entered the Oklahoma Territory, and had to be evicted repeatedly to federal troops

question

1890

answer

the Mormon church outlawed polygamy;the superintendent of the census announced that for the first time, a frontier line was no longer evident; all the unsettled areas were now broken up by isolated bodies of settlement. Western migration may have actually caused urban employers to maintain wage rates high enough to discourage workers from leaving to go farm the West. Cities of the West began to grow as failed farmers, failed miners, and unhappy easterners sought fortune in cities. After 1880, the area from the Rockies to the Pacific Coast was the most urbanized region in America, measured by the percentage of people living in cities. Inspired Turner's essay

question

Frederick Jackson Turner

answer

United States historian who stressed the role of the western frontier in American history (1861-1951)

question

Yellowstone

answer

Signed into a national park in 1871 by Ulysses S. Grant, it is the first ever national park in the world, established in Wyoming, Montana and Idaho

question

George Catlin

answer

First painted portraits of American Indian Life. First person to envision the idea of a national park; influenced YellowStone

question

Frederick Remington

answer

was an American painter, illustrator, sculptor, and writer who specialized in depictions of the American West. Artist who accompanied the USV during the Spanish-American War.

question

Montgomery Ward

answer

sent out the first catalogue in 1872, changed the market and allowed for mail order more available than what they see in the stores

question

Combine

answer

increased the speed of harvesting wheat by the 1880s; The mechanization of farms brought about the idea that farms were "outdoor grain factories."

question

Deflation

answer

simply not enough dollars to go around; as result prices forced down; people lived year after year in more and more debt; New industrial feudalism

question

The Grange

answer

National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry;to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities.; radually raised their goals from individual self-improvement to improvement of the farmers' collective troubles. They established cooperatively owned stores for consumers and cooperatively owned grain elevators and warehouses for producers; those who went into politics introduced grange laws which held the idea of public control of private business for the general welfare. influence faded as courts reversed their laws

question

Cooperatives

answer

businesses owned and operated by members of Granger

question

Greenback-Labor Party

answer

Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

question

James B. Weaver

answer

He was a general during the Civil War. He was chosen as the presidential candidate of the Populist party. He was a Granger with an apt for public speaking. He only ended up getting three percent of the popular votes which is really a large number for a third party candidate.

question

The Farmer's Alliance

answer

founded in Texas in the late 1870s farmers came together in the Alliance to socialize, but more importantly to break the strangling grip of the railroads and manufacturers through cooperative buying and selling; chapters spread through out the south; weakened self by ignoring the landless tenant farmers, sharecroppers, and farm workers; People's party emerged from these people in early 1890s (Populists)

question

Mary Elizabeth Lease

answer

queen of the Populist "calamity howlers" reportedly demanded that Kansans should raise "less corn and more hell"; "we don't want anymore states until we can civilize kansas.

question

Coxey's Army

answer

a protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time

question

Eugene V. Debs

answer

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

question

Pullman Palace Car Company

answer

manufactured railroad cars; nationwide conflict between labor unions and railraods; 3000 employees began a wilde cat strike in response to recent reductions in wages, stopping traffic in chicago

question

Mark Hannah

answer

an American industrialist and Republican politician from Cleveland, Ohio. He rose to fame as the campaign manager of the successful Republican Presidential candidate, William McKinley, in the U.S. Presidential election of 1896 in a well-funded political campaign and subsequently became one of the most powerful members of the U.S. Senate.

question

William McKinley

answer

The twenty-fifth President of the United States, and the last veteran of the Civil War to be elected. By the 1880s, this Ohio native was a nationally known Republican leader; his signature issue was high tariffs on imports as a formula for prosperity, as typified by his McKinley Tariff of 1890. As the Republican candidate in the 1896 presidential election, he upheld the gold standard, and promoted pluralism among ethnic groups.

question

William Jennings Bryan

answer

This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 (and again in 1900). His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Though a gifted orator, he lost the election to Republican William McKinley. He ran again for president and lost in 1900. Later he opposed America's imperialist actions, and in the 1920s, he made his mark as a leader of the fundamentalist cause and prosecuting attorney in the Scopes Monkey Trial.

question

Cross of Gold Speech

answer

An address given by Bryan, the Democratic presidential nominee during the national convention of the Democratic party, it criticized the gold standard and supported the coinage of silver. His beliefs were popular with debt-ridden farmers.

question

Fourth Party System

answer

New party system that emerged in 1896 after the McKinley/Bryan election; marked the end of a large scale effort to gain agrarian votes, diminished voter participation, weakening of party organization, & fading issues of money & civil service reform

question

Dingley Tariff Bill

answer

Raised tariff pushed through in 1897 by Republicans who had contributed strongly to Mark Hanna's campaign. Lobbyists raised the average rates to 46.5 percent.; proposed new high tariff rates to generate enough revenue to cover the annual Treasury deficits.

question

Describe the effect of westward expansion on Native Americans.

answer

Native Americans were pushed further west, or killed by the whites. They were effected by disease and the wars. Eventually pushed into Indian Reserves, and many changed their life style the the Sioux to be more nomadic. Many were forced to convert and submit to the white style of living and morals and religion.

question

How were the buffalo reduced form 15 million to less than a thousand?

answer

After the Civil War, over 15 million bison grazed the western plains. By 1885, fewer than 1000 were left after the bison had been slaughtered for their tongues, hides, or for amusement. Both whites and natives were using the buffalo for a source of food and other things.

question

What did the government do to try and assimilate Native Americans?

answer

The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, and set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres. If the Indians behaved like "good white settlers" then they would get full title to their holdings as well as citizenship. The Dawes Act attempted to assimilate the Indians with the white men. The Dawes Act remained the basis of the government's official Indian policy until the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. In 1879, the government funded the Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania.

question

Why was cattle ranching so profitable in the 1870's?

answer

It was the only solution to the problem of not being able to get the cattle to the railroads. It was also very dangerous, and difficult.

question

Did the Homestead Act live up to its purpose of giving small farmers a decent life on the plains?

answer

No, The Homestead Act turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation. Many homesteaders were forced to give their homesteads back to the government.

question

Explain the statement "The amazing mechanization of agriculture in the postwar years was almost as striking as the mechanization of industry."

answer

Historians generally agree that the Civil War was the first modern war, meaning the first in which technology and industrial strength played a significant role.

question

What problems faced farmers in the closing decades of the 19th century?

answer

The farmers of the West became attached to the one-crop economy - wheat or corn - and were in the same lot as the southern cotton farmers. The price of their product was determined in a unprotected world market by the world output. In 1870, the lack of currency in circulation forced the price of crops to go down. Thousands of farms had mortgages, with the mortgage rates rising ever higher.

question

How did nature, government, and business all harm farmers?

answer

The good soil of the West was becoming poor, and floods added to the problem of erosion. Beginning in the summer of 1887, a series of droughts forced many people to abandon their farms and towns. Farmers were forced to sell their low-priced products in an unprotected world market, while buying high-priced manufactured goods in a tariff-protected home market. Farmers were also controlled by corporations and processors. Farmers were at the mercy of the harvester trust, the barbed-wire trust, and the fertilizer trust, all of which could control the output and raise prices to high levels. Even though farmers made up ½ the population in 1890, they never successfully organized to restrict production until forced to do so by the federal government 50 years later.

question

Why did President Cleveland send in federal troops during the Pullman Strike?

answer

The strike was broken by President Cleveland because the railroad workers had stopped the trains, harming commerce in the US.

APUSH 26 – History – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards