question

Private railroad companies built the transcontinental rail lines by raising their own capital funds without the assistance of the federal government.

answer

False. Private railroad companies built the transcontinental rail lines by using government funds.

question

The rapid expansion of the railroad industry was often accompanied by rapid mergers, bankruptcies, and reorganizations.

answer

True

question

The railroads created an integrated national market, stimulated the growth in cities, and encouraged European immigration.

answer

True

question

The practice of artificially inflating railroads' stock prices (stock watering) often left the companies deeply in debt after promoters absconded with the profits.

answer

True

question

The new Interstate Commerce Commission did end some of the worst railroad abuses, but served more to stabilize the railroad industry than to seriously reform it.

answer

True

question

The Rockefeller oil company technique of "horizontal integration" involved combining into one organization all the phases of manufacturing from the raw material to the customer.

answer

False. The Rockefeller oil company technique of "horizontal integration" involved allying with competitors to monopolize a given market

question

Rockefeller, Morgan, and others organized monopolistic trusts and "interlocking directorates" in order to consolidate business and eliminate cutthroat competition.

answer

True

question

Defenders of unrestrained capitalism like Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner primarily used natural law and laissez-faire economics rather than Charles Darwin's theories to justify the "survival of the fittest."

answer

True

question

The pro-industry ideology of the "New South" enabled that region to make rapid economic gains by 1900.

answer

True

question

Two new inventions that brought large numbers of women into the workplace were the typewriter and the telephone.

answer

True

question

The most successful American manufacturers concentrated on producing high-quality, specialized goods for luxury markets in the United States and Europe.

answer

False. They benefited from cutting corners and saving a dollar at every opportunity.

question

The impact of new machines and mass immigration held down wages and gave employers advantages in their dealings with labor.

answer

True

question

The Knights of Labor achieved spectacular growth by enlisting all workers, including skilled and unskilled, male and female, black and white.

answer

True

question

The Haymarket Square bombing severely damaged the Knights of Labor by linking it with anarchist violence, even though the organization had nothing to do with the bombs.

answer

True

question

The American Federation of Labor tried hard but failed to organize unskilled workers, women, and blacks.

answer

False. The American Federation of Labor tried and generally succeeded in organizing unskilled workers, women, and blacks.

question

Federally owned acreage granted to the railroad companies in order to encourage the building of rail lines.

answer

Land Grants

question

The original transcontinental railroad, commissioned by Congress, which built its rail line west from Omaha.

answer

Union Pacific Railroad

question

The California-based railroad company, headed by Leland Stanford, that employed Chinese laborers in building lines across the mountains.

answer

Central Pacific Railroad

question

The luxurious railroad cars that enabled passengers to travel long distances in comfort and elegance.

answer

Pullman Palace Cars

question

Dishonest device by which railroad promoters artificially inflated the price of their stocks and bonds.

answer

Stock Watering

question

Supreme Court case of 1886 that prevented states from regulating railroads or other businesses engaging in interstate commerce.

answer

Wabash Case

question

The region of northern Minnesota that supplied most of the iron ore for tremendously profitable American steel industry.

answer

Mesabi Range

question

Late-nineteenth-century invention that revolutionized communications and created a large new industry that relied heavily on female workers.

answer

Telephone

question

First of the great industrial trusts, organized through the principle of horizontal integration, that ruthlessly incorporated or destroyed competitors in an energy industry.

answer

Standard Oil Company

question

The first billion-dollar American corporation, organized when J. P. Morgan bought out Andrew Carnegie.

answer

United States Steel Corporation

question

Term that southern promoters used to proclaim their belief in a technologically advanced, industrial South.

answer

New South

question

Somewhat misleading term to describe the ideas of theorists like Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner, who claimed that vast wealth was the result of the natural superiority of those who achieved it.

answer

Social Darwanism

question

Secret, ritualistic labor organization that enrolled many skilled and unskilled workers but collapsed suddenly after the Haymarket Square bombing.

answer

Knights of Labor

question

Shorthand term for the image of the independent and athletic new woman created by a popular magazine illustrator of the late nineteenth century.

answer

Gibson Girl

question

The conservative labor group that successfully organized a minority of American workers but left others out.

answer

American Federation of Labor

question

Inventive genius of industrialization who worked on devices such as the electric light, the phonograph, and the motion picture.

answer

Thomas Edison

question

The only businessperson in America wealthy enough to buy out Andrew Carnegie and organize the United States Steel Corporation.

answer

J. Pierpont Morgan

question

Illinois governor who pardoned the Haymarket anarchists.

answer

John P. Altgeld

question

Southern newspaper editor who tirelessly promoted industrialization as the salvation of the economically backward South.

answer

Henry Grady

question

Aggressive energy-industry monopolist who used tough means to build a trust based on horizontal integration.

answer

John D. Rockefeller

question

Wealthy southern industrialist whose development of mass-produced cigarettes led him to endow a university that later bore his name.

answer

James Buchanan Duke

question

Aggressive eastern railroad builder and consolidator who scorned the law as an obstacle to his enterprise.

answer

Cornelius Vanderbilt

question

Pro-business clergyman whose "Acres of Diamonds" speeches criticized the poor.

answer

Russell Conwell

question

Scottish immigrant who organized a vast new industry on the principle of vertical integration.

answer

Andrew Carnegie

question

Former California governor and organizer of the Central Pacific Railroad.

answer

Leland Stanford

question

Organizer of a conservative craft-union group and advocate of more wages for skilled workers.

answer

Samuel Gompers

question

Eloquent leader of a secretive labor organization that made substantial gains in the 1880s before it suddenly collapsed.

answer

Terence V. Powderly

question

Public-spirited railroad builder who assisted farmers in the northern areas served by his rail lines.

answer

James J. Hill

question

Intellectual defender of laissez-faire capitalism who argued that the wealthy owed nothing to the poor.

answer

William Graham Sumner

question

Former teacher of the deaf whose invention created an entire new industry.

answer

Alexander Graham Bell

question

J. P. Morgan buys out Andrew Carnegie to form the first billion-dollar U.S. corporation.

answer

5

question

The first federal law regulating railroads is passed.

answer

4

question

The killing of policemen during a labor demonstration results in the execution of radical anarchists and the decline of the Knights of Labor.

answer

1

question

A teacher of the deaf invents a machine that greatly eases communication across distance.

answer

2

question

A golden spike is driven, fulfilling the dream of linking the nation by rail.

answer

3

question

The vast American national market and the high cost of skilled labor in the United States

answer

encouraged industrialists to develop technological innovations that would enable them to produce goods with limited, unskilled labor.

question

The building of a transcontinental rail network

answer

stimulated the growth of a huge unified national market for American manufactured goods.

question

Corrupt financial dealings and political manipulations by the railroads

answer

created a public demand for railroad regulation, such as the Interstate Commerce Act.

question

New developments in steel making, oil refining, and communication

answer

laid the technological basis for huge new industries and spectacular economic growth.

question

The ruthless competitive techniques of Rockefeller and other industrialists

answer

eliminated competition and created monopolistic trusts in many industries.

question

The economic investments of European financiers

answer

provided a large share of the capital for the growth of American industry.

question

The North's use of discriminatory price practices against the South

answer

kept the South in economic dependency as a poverty-stricken supplier of farm products and raw materials to the Northeast.

question

The growing mechanization and depersonalization of factory work

answer

often made laborers feel powerless and vulnerable to their well-off corporate employers.

question

The Haymarket Square bombing

answer

helped destroy the Knights of Labor and increased public fear of labor agitation.

question

The American Federation of Labor's concentration on skilled craft workers

answer

created a strong but narrowly based union organization.

question

The federal government contributed to the building of the national rail network by

answer

providing free grants of federal land to the railroad companies.

question

A large share of the capital that financed the growth of American industry came from

answer

the federal government.

question

The railroad most significantly stimulated American industrialization by

answer

inspiring greater federal investment in technical research and development.

question

The railroad barons aroused considerable public opposition by practices such as

answer

stock watering, rate discrimination, and bribery of public officials.

question

The railroads affected even the organization of time in the United States by

answer

introducing four standard time zones across the country.

question

Congress finally stepped in to pass the Interstate Commerce Act to regulate the railroad industry because

answer

railroad corporations themselves were demanding an end to corruption and cutthroat competition.

question

Financier J. P. Morgan exercised his tremendous economic power most effectively by

answer

consolidating and controlling rival industries through interlocking directorates.

question

Two late-nineteenth-century technological inventions that especially drew women out of the home and into the workforce were the

answer

typewriter and the telephone.

question

Andrew Carnegie's industrial system of vertical integration involved the

answer

combination of all phases of the steel industry from mining to manufacturing into a single organization.

question

The large trusts like Standard Oil and Swift and Armour justified their economic domination of their industries by claiming that

answer

only large-scale methods of production and distribution could provide superior products at low prices.

question

So-called Social Darwinists like Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner justified harsh competition and vast disparities in wealth by arguing that

answer

the wealthy who came out on top were simply displaying their natural superiority to others.

question

Andrew Carnegie's "Gospel of Wealth" proclaimed his belief that

answer

churches needed to take a stronger stand on the economic issues of the day.

question

The attempt to create an industrialized New South in the late nineteenth century generally failed because

answer

continued political violence made the South an unattractive place for investment.

question

For American workers, industrialization generally meant

answer

a steady, long-term decline in wages and the standard of living.

question

In contrast to the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor advocated

answer

working for black and female labor interests as well as those of white men.

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