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African Culture & Religion

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Africans had their own native religions that conflicted heavily with European religions. They believed in natural spirits, connection to the after life, and tribal ceremonies. Africans were viewed as savages by European.

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African Slave Trade

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Columbus's voyages kickstarted the Transatlantic Slave Trade in which ~10 mil Africans were brought to the Americas. Europeans would buy slaves on coast of Africa from slave traders in exchange for goods. The Middle Passage was the lethal sea route slave ships took from Africa.

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Bartolome de Las Casas

answer

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor

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Christopher Columbus

answer

An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World."

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Columbian Exchange

answer

An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa. Mostly benefitted Europeans as new foods were added to their diet.

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Encomienda System

answer

A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery.

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Fall of Tenochtitlan

answer

Hernan Cortes (Spanish) set out from Cuba w/ 11 ships ; 550 soldiers and even more slaves towards Mexico at Veracruz Attacked Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire, and recruited Native Americans to fight against their Aztec overlordsSpanish use of horses and gunpowder weapons, along with a smallpox epidemic, helped to overwhelm the Aztecs.

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Great Dying

answer

European colonizers had evolutionarily built up an immunity to most diseases, which gave them a huge advantage over the American natives. 90% of the native population was killed by disease.

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Hernan Cortez

answer

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico

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Introduction of European Livestock

answer

As part of the Columbian Exchange, herd animals such as cattle, goats, horses, pigs, burros, and sheep flourished in the safe grasslands of the Americas. Population skyrocketed and the animals caused topsoil erosion and desertification Pigs were particularly destructive, destroying local animal and plant populations.

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Joint Stock Companies

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Corporation that sells stock and uses capital to supply colonization expeditions

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Maize Cultivation

answer

The domestication of corn; became the staple food in all Native americans in north central and wester South America; also traveled through trade routes to North America

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Metizo, Meti, Maroon Populations

answer

Mestizo: A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry Maroon: A slave who ran away form their master

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Nomadic Societies

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(of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently

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Smallpox

answer

A highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs; responsible for killing Native Americans.

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Spanish Mission System

answer

This helped colonize the southwest,Catholic priests educated and converted Native Americans, the Natives farmed, built churches and learn crafts , this was also to convert native americans to christianity

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Bacon's Rebellion

answer

A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attemp to gain more land

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Dominion of New England

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Sir Edmund Andros created the Dominion of New England and imposed taxes/public gov/trial by jury. Combined north eastern states.

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Enlightenment

answer

18th century movement led by French intellectuals who advocated reason as the universal source of knowledge and truth

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First Great Awakening

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The First Great Awakening was a time of religious fervor during the 1730s and 1740s. The movement arose in reaction to the rise of skepticism and the waning of religious faith brought about by the Enlightenment. Protestant ministers held revivals throughout the English colonies in America, stressing the need for individuals to repent and urging a personal understanding of truth.

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French, Dutch, Spanish, English Colonization Practices

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English colonization were private ventures unlike Spain. Spain was chartered by the crown. The Dutch focused on trade and resource gathering.

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Glorious Revolution

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A bloodless revolt in England against Catholic King James II that led to his overthrow and the appointment of Protestant daughter Mary to the throne. These events in England allowed many colonists in America to get rid of hated officials.

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Indentured Servitude

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A person who agreed to work for a colonial employer for a specified time in exchange for passage to America.

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Jamestown

answer

1607, first permanent English settlement, Virginia, John Smith, tobacco, cash crop

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King Philip's War

answer

A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

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Mercantilism ; Navigation Acts

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Passed by Britain - allowed only English and Colonials ships are allowed in Colonial Ports. Mercantilism ensured trade with only mother country.

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Molasses Act

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1733 - British legislation which taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar which the colonies imported from countries other than Britain and her colonies. The act angered the New England colonies, which imported a lot of molasses from the Caribbean as part of the Triangular Trade. The British had difficulty enforcing the tax; most colonial merchants ignored it.

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Pueblo Revolt

answer

Revolt of Indian laborers led by shaman named Pope'. killed colonists and priests and got Spanish out of modern-day New Mexico for 12 years

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Puritan Society

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The beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans (most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects)

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Salem Witchcraft Trials

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Trials in Salem, Massachusetts in 1691 that led to the deaths of twenty people after young girls charged people with practicing witchcraft. Showed religious hysteria.

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Staple Crops by Region

answer

New England: Fish Middle Colonies: wheat, barley, oats, rye, and corn Southern Colonies: Tobacco, Rice

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Alien & Sedition Acts

answer

Acts passed by federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government

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American Revolution (Causes, Events, Results)

answer

Causes: taxes, intolerable acts, Boston Massacre, mercantilism, navigation laws, currency act, quartering act, stamp act Events: surrender of British General Cornwallis to George Washington at Yorktown (1781); treaty recognizing the United States as a separate nation signed in Paris (1782)

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Articles of Confederation

answer

the agreement made by the original 13 states in 1777 establishing a confederacy to be known as the United States of America; replaced by the Constitution of 1788

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Battle of Fallen Timberes

answer

Aug. 20, 1794 - decisive victory of the U.S. general Anthony Wayne over the Northwest Indian Confederation, ending two decades of border warfare and securing white settlement of the former Indian territory mainly in Ohio. Wayne's expedition of more than 1,000 soldiers represented the third U.S. attempt to eradicate the resistance posed by the Northwest Confederation, comprising the Miami, Potawatomi, Shawnee, Delaware, Ottawa, Chippewa, Iroquois, and other tribes.

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Constitution ; Bill of Rights

answer

A document that embodies the fundamental laws and principles by which the United States is governed. It was drafted by the Constitutional Convention and later supplemented by the Bill of Rights and other amendments. The Bill of Rights was the first ten amendments to the Constitution.

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Declaration of Independance

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The fundamental document establishing the United States as a nation, adopted on July 4, 1776. The declaration was ordered and approved by the Continental Congress and written largely by Thomas Jefferson.

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Democratic-Republicanism

answer

led by Jefferson and Madison; prominent in Middle and Southern states; self-assured, optimistic; supported agriculture; sympathetic to France; strict constructionist

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Federalists vs. Antifederalists

answer

Federalists supported a strong central government, advocated the ratification of the new constitution; included Alexander Hamilton. Anti Federalists opposed strong central government, skeptical about undemocratic tendencies in the Constitution, insisted on Bill of Rights; included Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe.

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French ; Haitian Revolutions

answer

1789-1804, Washington, Adams, Jefferson; First successful slave revolt; led to more slave revolts because of hope of success now that there was an example; hurt France financially; gave Haiti freedom, spread fear of slave rebellion, first free slave nation in the western hemisphere, ended Napoleon's dream of an American empire which led to him selling the Louisiana land to the Americans

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Hamilton's Financial Plan

answer

created by Alexander Hamilton to stabilize the American economy. It consisted of federal assumption of all debts, including state and federal debts. Along with this, he proposed the chartering of the U.S. bank to help restore American credit.

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Intolerable Acts

answer

a series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea party. They were meant to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance in throwing a large tea shipment into Boston harbor.

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Iroquois Confederation

answer

The Iroquois Confederacy, or Five Nations, was an alliance of five, later six, American Indian tribes—the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora—located in modern-day New York state.

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Jay's Treaty

answer

1795: Jay made a treaty w/ England in response to England snatching up American ships and impressing sailors who were then US citizens, but England claimed they were deserters from the war. The treaty got Britain to remove troops from the US and stop supporting the natives. America payed back all pre-war debts to England. England also kept the right to seize French property on ships.

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Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions

answer

put into practice in 1798 by Jefferson and James Madison. These were secretly made to get the rights back taken away from the Alien and Sedition Acts. These also brought about the later compact theory which gave the states more power than the federal government.

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Federalists vs. Anti Federalists

answer

Federalists supported a strong central government, advocated the ratification of the new constitution; included Alexander Hamilton. Anti Federalists opposed strong central government, skeptical about undemocratic tendencies in the Constitution, insisted on Bill of Rights; included Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe.

question

French & Haitian Revolutions

answer

1789-1804, Washington, Adams, Jefferson; First successful slave revolt; led to more slave revolts because of hope of success now that there was an example; hurt France financially; gave Haiti freedom, spread fear of slave rebellion, first free slave nation in the western hemisphere, ended Napoleon's dream of an American empire which led to him selling the Louisiana land to the Americans

question

Hamilton's Financial Plan

answer

created by Alexander Hamilton to stabilize the American economy. It consisted of federal assumption of all debts, including state and federal debts. Along with this, he proposed the chartering of the U.S. bank to help restore American credit.

question

Intolerable Acts

answer

a series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea party. They were meant to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance in throwing a large tea shipment into Boston harbor.

question

Iroquois Confederation

answer

The Iroquois Confederacy, or Five Nations, was an alliance of five, later six, American Indian tribes—the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora—located in modern-day New York state.

question

Jay's Treaty

answer

1795: Jay made a treaty w/ England in response to England snatching up American ships and impressing sailors who were then US citizens, but England claimed they were deserters from the war. The treaty got Britain to remove troops from the US and stop supporting the natives. America payed back all pre-war debts to England. England also kept the right to seize French property on ships.

question

Kentucky ; Virginia Resolutions

answer

put into practice in 1798 by Jefferson and James Madison. These were secretly made to get the rights back taken away from the Alien and Sedition Acts. These also brought about the later compact theory which gave the states more power than the federal government.

question

Louisiana Purchase

answer

U.S. acquisition of the Louisiana territory from France in 1803 for $15 million. The purchase secured American control of the Mississippi river and doubled the size of the nation.

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Northwest Territory ; Ordinance

answer

The 1787 Northwest Ordinance defined the process by which new states could be admitted into the Union from the Northwest Territory. He ordinance forbade slavery in the territory but allowed citizens to vote on the legality of slavery once statehood had been established. The Northwest Ordinance was the most lasting measure of the national government under the Articles of Confederation.

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Pinckney's Treaty

answer

1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans

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Pontiac's Rebellion

answer

1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area. Last major Indian rebellion.

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Proclamation of 1763 (Treaty of Paris)

answer

The British sought peace with the Indians (after Pontiac's Rebellion) by prohibiting colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. The Americans saw this ban as an unlawful restriction of their rights and generally ignored it.

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Republican Motherhood

answer

The British sought peace with the Indians (after Pontiac's Rebellion) by prohibiting colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. The Americans saw this ban as an unlawful restriction of their rights and generally ignored it.

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Seven Years' War

answer

Fought between France and England, in North America, Europe, West Indies, Philippines, Africa, and on the Ocean. Officially declared in 1756. Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in 1793. Established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

question

Shays' Rebellion

answer

An armed uprising that took place in Massachusetts during 1786 and 1787, which some historians believe "fundamentally altered the course of United States' history." Fueled by perceived economic terrorism and growing disaffection with State and Federal governments, Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays led a group of rebels (called Shaysites) in rising up first against Massachusetts' courts, and later in marching on the United States' Federal Armory at Springfield in an unsuccessful attempt to seize its weaponry and overthrow the government.

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Sons of Liberty

answer

An organization of patriots that was created in the Thirteen American Colonies. The secret society was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to fight the abuses of taxation by the British government. They are best known for undertaking the Boston Tea Party in 1773 in reaction to new taxes.

question

Sugar, Currency, Stamp Acts

answer

Sugar Act was a tax on sugar imported from the West Indies. The Sugar Act represented a significant change in policy: whereas previous colonial taxes had been levied to support local British officials, the tax on sugar was enacted solely to refill Parliament's empty Treasury. The Currency Act removed devalued paper currencies, many from the French and Indian War period, from circulation. The Stamp Act required certain goods to bear an official stamp showing that the owner had paid his or her tax. Many of these items were paper goods, such as legal documents and licenses, newspapers, leaflets, and even playing cards.

question

Thomas Paine's Common Sense

answer

A pamphlet that inspired people in the Thirteen Colonies to declare and fight for independence from Great Britain in the summer of 1776. The pamphlet explained the advantages of and the need for immediate independence in clear, simple language. It was published anonymously on January 10, 1776, at the beginning of the American Revolution and became an immediate sensation. It was sold and distributed widely and read aloud at taverns and meeting places.

question

Washington's Farewell Speech

answer

A letter written by the first American President, George Washington, to "The People of the United States of America". The letter was almost immediately reprinted in newspapers across the country and later in a pamphlet form. The work was later named a "Farewell Address," as it was Washington's valedictory after 20 years of service to the new nation. It is a classic statement of republicanism, warning Americans of the political dangers they can and must avoid if they are to remain true to their values.

question

Charles G. Finney

answer

Successful Revivalist, leader during 2nd Great Awakening, established Oberlin theology, emphasis on "disinterested benevolence", helped shaped charitable enterprises.

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Dorothea Dix

answer

Superintendent of nurses in Union Army during Civil war. (Postwar) Improved conditions in jails, poorhouses, ; insane asylums

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Hartford Convention

answer

New England Merchants (Federalist) met in protest of war and U.S gov. restrictions on trade, opposed Embargo Act, advocated right of states to nullify, discussed idea of seceding from U.S, turned public sentiment against Federalist and led to demise of Federalist party

question

Henry Clay's American System

answer

An economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy during the first half of the 19th century. Rooted in the "American School" ideas of Alexander Hamilton, the plan "consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other 'internal improvements' to develop profitable markets for agriculture.

question

Hudson River School

answer

A mid-19th century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism. The paintings for which the movement is named depict the Hudson River Valley and the surrounding area, including the Catskill, Adirondack, and the White Mountains; eventually works by the second generation of artists associated with the school expanded to include other locales in New England, the Maritimes, the American West, and South America.

question

Jackson's Bank War

answer

The political struggle that developed over the issue of rechartering the Second Bank of the United States(BUS) during the Andrew Jackson administration (1829-1837). Anti-Bank Jacksonian Democrats were mobilized in opposition to the national bank's reauthorization on the grounds that the institution conferred economic privileges on financial elites, violating U.S. constitutional principles of social equality. The Jacksonians considered the Second Bank of the U.S. to be an illegitimate corporation whose charter violated state sovereignty and therefore it posed an implicit threat to the agriculture-based economy dependent upon the U.S. southern states' widely practiced institution of slavery.

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Jacksonian Democracy

answer

The political movement during the Second Party System toward greater democracy for the common man symbolized by American politician Andrew Jackson and his supporters. The Jacksonian Era lasted roughly from Jackson's 1828 election as president until the slavery issue became dominant after 1850 and the American Civil War dramatically reshaped American politics as the Third Party System emerged. Jackson's policies followed the era of Jeffersonian democracy which dominated the previous political era.

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John Audubon

answer

An American ornithologist, naturalist, and painter. He was notable for his expansive studies to document all types of American birds and for his detailed illustrations that depicted the birds in their natural habitats. His major work, a color-plate book entitled The Birds of America (1827-1839), is considered one of the finest ornithological works ever completed. Audubon identified 25 new species.

question

Lowell Mills

answer

Francis Cabot Lowell invented the first factory system "where people and machines were all under one roof." A series of mills and factories were built along the Merrimack River by the Boston Manufacturing Company, an organization founded in years prior by the man for whom the resulting city was named. Construction began in 1821, and the mills were at their peak roughly twenty years later. For the first time in the United States these mills combined the textile processes of spinning and weaving under one roof, essentially eliminating the "putting-out system" in favor of mass production of high-quality cloth. The workforce at these factories was three-quarters women.

question

McCulloch v. Maryland

answer

A landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. This case established two important principles in constitutional law. First, the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government. Second, state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government.

question

Missouri Compromise

answer

A federal statute in the United States that regulated slavery in the country's western territories. The compromise, devised by Henry Clay, was agreed to by the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress and passed as a law in 1820. It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30? north, except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri.

question

Monroe Doctrine

answer

A US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. At the same time, the doctrine noted that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries.

question

Nat Turner

answer

An African-American slave who led a slave rebellion of slaves and free blacks in Southampton County, Virginia on August 21, 1831 that resulted in 60 white deaths. He led a group of other slave followers carrying farm implements on a killing spree. As they went from Plantation to Plantation they gathered horses, guns, freed other slaves along the way, and recruited other blacks that wanted to join their revolt. At the end of their rebellion they were accused of the deaths of fifty white people.

question

Oregon Territory Dispute

answer

The region was often referred to as the Columbia District by the British and the Oregon Country by the Americans, with both governments having residual claims from treaties with the Russian and Spanish Empires. The broadest definition of the disputed region was defined by the following: west of the Continental Divide of the Americas, north of the 42nd parallel north (the northern border of Alta California established in 1818), and south of the parallel 54°40? north (the southern limit of Russian America after 1825).

question

Richard Allen

answer

A minister, educator, writer, and one of America's most active and influential black leaders. In 1794 he founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), the first independent black denomination in the United States. He opened his first AME church in 1794 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Worked to upgrade the social status of the black community, organizing Sabbath schools to teach literacy and promoting national organizations to develop political strategies.

question

Samuel Slater

answer

An early English-American industrialist known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution" (a phrase coined by Andrew Jackson) and the "Father of the American Factory System." In the UK he was called "Slater the Traitor" because he brought British textile technology to America, modifying it for United States use. He learned textile machinery as an apprentice to a pioneer in the British industry. Immigrating to the United States at the age of 21, he designed the first textile mills.

question

Second Great Awakening

answer

A Protestant revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States. The movement began around 1790, gained momentum by 1800, and after 1820 membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations whose preachers led the movement. It was past its peak by the late 1840s.

question

Seminole Wars

answer

Also known as the Florida Wars, were three conflicts in Florida between the Seminole — the collective name given to the amalgamation of various groups of native Americans and African Americans who settled in Florida in the early 18th century — and the United States Army. They were the largest conflicts in the United States between the War of 1812 and the American Civil War.

question

Seneca Falls convention

answer

The first women's rights convention. It advertised itself as "a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman". Held in Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19-20, 1848.

question

Trail of Tears

answer

A series of forced relocations of Native American nations in the United States following the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The removal included members of the Cherokee, Muskogee, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw nations, who chose not to assimilate with American society, from their ancestral homelands in the southeastern U.S. to an area west of the Mississippi River that had been designated as Indian Territory. Native Americans who chose to stay and assimilate were allowed to become citizens in their states and of the U.S.

question

War of 1812

answer

A military conflict, lasting for two-and-a-half years, between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, its North American colonies and its American Indian allies. Seen by the United States and Canada as a war in its own right, it is frequently seen in Europe as a theatre of the Napoleonic Wars, as it was caused by issues related to that war (especially the Continental System). The war resolved many issues which remained from the American Revolutionary War but involved no boundary changes.

question

Webster

answer

Ashburton Treaty - Signed August 9, 1842, was a treaty resolving several border issues between the United States and the British North American colonies. It resolved the Aroostook War, a nonviolent dispute over the location of the Maine-New Brunswick border. It established the border between Lake Superior and the Lake of the Woods, originally defined in the Treaty of Paris (1783), reaffirmed the location of the border (at the 49th parallel) in the westward frontier up to the Rocky Mountains defined in the Treaty of 1818, defined seven crimes subject to extradition, called for a final end to the slave trade on the high seas, and agreed to shared use of the Great Lakes.

question

Worcester v. Georgia

answer

A case in which the United States Supreme Court vacated the conviction of Samuel Worcester and held that the Georgia criminal statute that prohibited non-Native Americans from being present on Native American lands without a license from the state was unconstitutional.

question

Xenophobia

answer

The unreasonable fear of that which is perceived to be foreign or strange.

question

Yeoman farmers

answer

Identified in the 18th and 19th centuries as non-slaveholding, small landowning, family farmers. In Southern areas where land was poor, like East Tennessee, the land owning yeomen were typically subsistence farmers, but some managed to grow some crops for market. Whether they engaged in subsistence or commercial agriculture, they controlled far more modest land holdings than those of the planters, typically in the range of 50-200 acres.

question

13th amendment

answer

Slavery was abolished

question

14th amendment

answer

1868, citizenship and equal rights under the law to freed slaves

question

15th amendment

answer

Allowed black men the right to vote

question

Anaconda Plan

answer

The name widely applied to an outline strategy for subduing the seceding states in the American Civil War. Proposed by General-in-Chief Winfield Scott, the plan emphasized the blockade of the Southern ports, and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two.

question

California Gold Rush

answer

Began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California. All told, the news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. Of the 300,000, approximately half arrived by sea, and half came overland from the east, on the California Trail and the Gila River trail.

question

Civil War

answer

With a period of many heavy sectional tensions-- slavery, constitutional disputes (Union + States' Rights) and the economic differences between the North and South

question

Dred Scott case

answer

A landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court held that African Americans, whether enslaved or free, could not be American citizens and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court, and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States.

question

Emancipation Proclamation

answer

A presidential proclamation and executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, as a war measure during the American Civil War, directed to all of the areas in rebellion and all segments of the executive branch(including the Army and Navy) of the United States. It proclaimed the freedom of slaves in the ten states that were still in rebellion, excluding areas controlled by the Union and thus applying to 3 million of the 4 million slaves in the U.S. at the time.

question

Freedmen's Bureau

answer

A U.S. federal government agency that aided distressed freedmen (freed slaves) during the Reconstruction era of the United States. The Freedmen's Bureau Bill, which established the Freedmen's Bureau on March 3, 1865, was initiated by President Abraham Lincoln and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War.The Freedmen's Bureau was an important agency of the early Reconstruction, assisting freedmen in the South.

question

Free Soil Party

answer

A short-lived political party in the United States active in the 1848 and 1852 presidential elections, and in some state elections. Founded in Buffalo, New York, it was a third party and a single-issue party that largely appealed to and drew its greatest strength from New York State. The party leadership consisted of former anti-slavery members of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party. Its main purpose was opposing the expansion of slavery into the western territories, arguing that free men on free soil comprised a morally and economically superior system to slavery.

question

Homestead Act

answer

An applicant ownership of land, typically called a "homestead", at little or no cost. In the United States, this originally consisted of grants totaling 160 acres (65 hectares, or one-quarter section) of unappropriated federal land within the boundaries of the public land states. An extension of the Homestead Principle in law, the United States Homestead Acts were initially proposed as an expression of the "Free Soil" policy of Northerners who wanted individual farmers to own and operate their own farms, as opposed to Southern slave-owners who could use groups of slaves to economic advantage.

question

Kansas Nebraska Act

answer

Created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opening new lands for settlement, and had the effect of repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820 by allowing white male settlers in those territories to determine through popular sovereignty whether they would allow slavery within each territory. The act was designed by Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois.

question

Know Nothing Party

answer

An American political movement that operated on a national basis during the mid-1850s. It promised to purify American politics by limiting or ending the influence of Irish Catholics and other immigrants, thus reflecting nativism and anti-Catholic sentiment. It was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by German and Irish Catholic immigrants, whom they saw as hostile to republican values and controlled by the Pope in Rome.

question

Lincoln Douglas Debates

answer

Lincoln- supported the "free soil" argument" that slavery should not be extended into the new territory and regarded slavery as a moral, social and political evil. Stephen Douglas-supported the theory that people in a territory should decide for themselves on the issue of slavery and ignored the moral question of slavery

question

Little Big Horn

answer

Battle between Custer's Seventh Cavalry and the Sioux, Custer's Seventh was decimated

question

Manifest Destiny

answer

that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.

question

Matthew Perry & Japan

answer

the Commodore of the U.S. Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854.

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Mexican American War

answer

(1846-48): war between US & Mex. after annexation of Texas after Texas Revolution of 1836, the War is controversial in US (Whig Party & Abolitionists oppose).

question

Nativism, anti Catholic movement

answer

movement based on hostility to immigrants; motivated by ethnic tensions and religious bias; considered immigrants as despots overthrowing the American republic; feared anti-Catholic riots and competition from low-paid immigrant workers

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Oregon Trail

answer

The route that pioneers going west followed. Began in Missouri

question

Reconstruction policies

answer

- Extend pardons and restore property rights to Southerners who swore an oath of allegiance to the Union - Wanted to restore the Union as quickly as possible- Wanted to restore the domain of the executive branch

question

Republican Party

answer

political party formed in the 185O's to stop the spread of the slavery in the west, Horace Greeley (founder)

question

Sand Creek Massacre

answer

Colonel J.M. Chivington's militia massacred some four hundred Indians in cold blood—Indians who had thought they had been promised immunity and Indians who were peaceful and harmless.

question

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

answer

ended the U.S.-Mexican War and transferred 500,000 square miles of land from Mexico to United States ownership.

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