Approaches to music therapy – Flashcards
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First approach to music therapy
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Nordoff Robbins
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Second MT approach
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GIM Bonny Method
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Beliefs of Nordoff Robbins
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all individuals have a musical self and by awakening it they can become more self aware, more open to therapy, and more communicative/responsive.
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Three major categories of approaches to MT
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music education, psychotherapeutic, medical
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According to Orff the foundation elemental music is
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rhythm
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Two basic premises of Orff
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Everyone is able to participate in music, and music used in the classroom must be elemental in nature.
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Order of participation in Orff Schulwerk
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Participate in music activities> learn sounds of music and words (explore and imitate)> manipulate them through harmony and sentence formation (improv and creation)> learn written music
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In Orff movement expands into...
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rhythmic movement, free/interpretive movement, and accompaniment
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Aspects of Orff that support music therapy
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everyone participates beginning where they are, moving from experiential to conceptual, designing success-oriented experiences, using culturally specific material, focusing on process not product
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Multimodal in the context of Orff
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Using all senses. speech, singing, movement, playing instruments
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4 underlying premises when working with orff in clinical settings
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successful/positive environment, open-ended material, materials must be appropriate for ability levels, knowledge.sense of humor/flexibility
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Dalcorze approach is somatic because
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activities/games are focused to connect the brain with the body and the emotional spirit of creativity and the nuances of music (synthesis of the mind, the body, and the emotions is fundamental to all learning
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Solfege rhythmique
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most visible component of dalcorze.
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4 basic premises of Dalcroze
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1. awakens physical, aural, and visual images of music in the mind. 2. Solfege (SS/ET) improve and eurhythmics work to improve expressive musicality and enhance intellectual understanding 3. music may be experienced through speech, gesture, and movement which can be experienced in time, space, and energy 4. humans learn best when learning through the senses
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3 components of Dalcroze
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1. solfege rhythmique (ET), 2. Improvisation. 3. Eurhythmics. The action of participants reacting to music through purposeful and spontaneous movement
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Plastique Animee
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the culminating experience in a dalcroze class. Combines all skills learned in class into a loosely based choreography
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Heirarchy of learning through the Dalcroze approach
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hearing>moving>feeling>sensing>analyzing>reading>writing>improvising>performance
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Goals of eurthythmics in therapy
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improve body awareness and enable clients to develop spatial awareness, to bring clients to a more recptive and alert mental condition, to foster creativity and imagination, to provide verbal and physical contact with others, to provide clients with a form of relaxation.
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Kodaly believed
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music should belong to everyone, children should learn their musical "mother tongue" first, children should receive musical training in their early years of formal education
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Four key elements of the Kodaly approach
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singing, folk music, solfege, and the movable do.
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Solmization
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Technique in the Kodlay approach. (ta for a quarter note, ti for an eighth note
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Four stages of the Kodaly approach
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Prepare, make conscious (teacher asks question about a specific element in the music then presents in tangibly), reinforce (exposed to more music the practice using the new elements), assess (able to read music)
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Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music
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music-centered exploration of consciousness which uses specifically sequenced classical music programs to stimulate and sustain a dynamic unfolding of inner experiences
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Purpose of music in BMGIM
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releases unconscious material for therapeutic use
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Transpersonal psychology
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purpose is for the client to acquire an expanded awareness of self. BMGIM says music can help accomplish this
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Four elements of BMGIM
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music program listening, imagery, conciousness, and guide.
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Bonny's series of listening programs that contain certain emotional characteristics
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Comforting, Positive Affect, Affect Release, Imagery, etc
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What do clients learn through BMGIM
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to take control of their imagery experiences and to work with the music the elicit feelings and eventually greater self-worth
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Four different (??) elements of BMGIM...
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preliminary conversation, induction, music listening, and postsession integration or review
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Autogenic relaxation
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the use of images to increase client relaxation and concentration
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three stages during the listening part of BMGIM
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prelude, bridge, the heart of the session
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order of a session
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client history and establishment of treatment goals, relaxation and concentration, music listening, review and analysis
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Nordoff Robbins originally started for use with
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children with hearing impairments and other disabilities
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Techniques used in NR to evoke singing or vocalization responses
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humming, whistling, singing nonverbal syllables, chanting words
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Techniques used in NR to evoke instrumental responses
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imitating clients rhythms, finishing with an unresolved chord, tempo changes
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NR clinical goals/objectives
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develop clients potential rather than conforming to specific behaviors to meet cultural expectations/standards
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NR believes
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musical growth is therapeutic growth
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In NR, after the session (indexing) the therapist looks at
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clients musical/nonmusical responses, changes, musical relationship, and teamwork.
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music as psychotherapy
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therapeutic issues are used using only music
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music-centered psychotherapy
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issue is resolved through music and verbal discourse is used to guide
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music in psychotherapy
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issues worked through using both music and verbal discourse
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verbal psychotherapy with music
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issue mostly worked through via verbal discourse and music may be used to facilitate or enrich the discussion
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Analytical music therapy
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improv form of MT used to explore patients unconscious through use of musical and verbal expression
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Music can serve as these things in psychodynamic approaches
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form of free association, make the unconscious conscious, can serve as a mirror,
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Definition of wellness
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the creation of homeostasis by finding an internal and external balance between emotional, social, cultural, physical, and environmental stimuli.
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Holistic balance is achieved by
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self-responsibility, nutritional awareness, physical fitness, stress management, and environmental sensitivity
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wellness aims to...
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maximize an individuals potential within the environment where he or she is functioning
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AMTA defines wellness as
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the specialized use of music to enhance quality of life, maximize well being and potential, and increase self-awareness in individuals seeking music therapy services
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clinical techniques to increase wellness
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therapeutic drumming, active music making, music listening, music-based wellness exercises, movement and music programs, guided imagery and music, singing, and lyrics analysis
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Music therapy is used in wellness to address
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physical fitness, interpersonal support, intellectual stimulation, stress management, self-actualization, and spiritual development
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3 levels in which music therapy can be used in wellness
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health treatment provided by a qualified music therapist, consist of wellness techniques established by a music therapist for a clients implementation, or it may include the appropriate use of music by other allied health professionals to promote wellness benefits.
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Dr. Thaut defines neurologic music therapy as
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the therapeutic application of music to cognitive, sensory, and dysfunctions due to neurologic disease of the human nervous system
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neurologic clinical techniques
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focus on functional, therapeutic goals in rehab development and adaptation
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neuropediatric therapy
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muscular dystrophy, TBI
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neurologic rehabilitation
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cerebravascular accident, TB, parkinsons, multiple scroleosis, huntingtons
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neurogeriatric disease
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alzheimers, demential, huntington
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four essential paradigms for neurologic mt
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neuroscience guided rehabilitation, learning and training models, cortical plasticity models, neurological facilitation models
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Rational-Scientific Mediating Model (R-SMM)
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describes the reciprocal relationship between musical behavior and brain function
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Transformational Design Model
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5 step model which enables clinicians to metamorphise the R-SMM and apply it to interventions
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standardized neurologic music therapy interventions are used for 3 types of training
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sensorimotor, speech and language, cognitive
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Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation (RAS)
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uses music as an external time cue to regulate the body's movement in time (gait training)
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Patterned Sensory Enhancement (PSE)
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forms functional movement patterns that aren't rhythmical in nature. rhythm structures timing, duration guides range of motion, pitch indicates direction in space, and dynamics and harmony direct amount of force
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Therapeutic instrumental music playing (TIMP)
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instrument playing to facilitate engagement in exercise. range of motion, motor coordination, endurance, strength, etc.
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Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT)
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used for expressive aphasia. singing gradually to talking
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Vocal Intonation Therapy (VIT)
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trains elements of vocal control including inflection, pitch, breathe control, timbre, and loudness. used to enhance speech effected by voice disorders. clients learn exercises in which sung phrases simulate the prosody, inflection, and pace of typical speech.
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Musical Sensory Orientation Training (MSOT)
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patients with severe developmental disabilities or who are comatose. begins with sensory stimulation where music is used to evoke responses. it moves to arousal orientation where the client is oriented to place and time. attention maintenance is achieved through engagement in the music
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Music Psychotherapy and counseling
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used to induce and change moods, provide cognitive reorientation, train affective behavior responses, train social skills. music involvement leads to appropriate emotional responses, social interactions, time and place orientation, mood management etc.
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Biomedical Theory of Music Therapy
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a way of understanding and explaining why and how music is therapeutic in any intervention
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the philosophical basis for biomedical music therapy
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rests on establishing the human brain as the basic domain of treatment and the primary focus for change in all music therapy applications
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sensory integration
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refers to the process in which the nervous system receives and organizes all sensations
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Role of the therapist in a biomedical model
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elicit behavior by manipulating sensory input in order to control the information the the central nervous system works with in deciding how to respond
