APES Ch 18 & 19 – Flashcards

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What best describes the earth's average surface temperature for the past 900,000 years
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Prolonged periods of cooling and warming
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About 1% of the earth;s lower atmosphere is composed of greenhouse gases such as
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Water vapor, methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxides
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If CO2 rates continue to increase at the same rate, by 2050 the concentration will rise to
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560 ppm
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The amount of heat trapped in the troposphere depends on concentrations of __, this concept keeps the planet warm enough for life, changes in CO2 and MH4 levels correlate closely with changes in global average temperature, life on earth is totally dependent on the natural process of this
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Greenhouse effect
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Between 1906 and 2005, mean global temperature has risen __ degree Celsius
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.6-.8
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The primary cause of a 20% increase in nitrous oxide emissions over the past 275 years
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Increased use of nitrogen fertilizers
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Major climate models project
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A 2-4.5 degree CC rise in earth's mean surface temperature in 2100, human responsibility for the changes in temperature, global warming occurring at a rapid rate, human activities played a greater role in this century
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Other ozone depletion compounds
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Halons and HBFCs, Methyl Bromide, Carbon Tetrachloride, Methyl chloroform, Hydrogen Chloride
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Ozone depleting compounds that release bromine atoms
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Halons and HBFCs and Methyl Bromide
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Ozone depleting compounds that release chlorine atoms
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Carbon Tetrachloride, Methyl Chloroform, and Hydrogen Chloride
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UV can cause __ on humans
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Sunburns, cataracts, skin cancers, immune system suppression
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Makes up 95% of skin cancers
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Squamous cell and basal cell cancers
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Skin cancer that is incurable and has a lag time of 15-25 years
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Melanoma
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Areas with increasing cases of cataracts and skin cancer
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Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina, and Chile
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20 Nations declared their intentions to reduce the use of CFCs
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Vienna Convention of 1985
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36 nations met in Canada and their goal was to cut CFC emissions by 35%
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Montreal Protocol
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191 countries joined and signed agreements to phase out the key ozone depleting chemicals
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Copenhagen Protocol
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Major problem with the Copenhagen Protocol
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China and India-the two post populous nations-refused to sign the agreement
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Effects of ozone depletion on human health
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Worse sunburns, more eye cataracts, more skin cancers, immune system suppression
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Effects of ozone depletion on food and forests
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Reduced yields for some crops, reduced seafood supplies from reduced phytoplankton, decreased forest productivity for UV sensitive tree species
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Effects of ozone depletion on wildlife
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Increased eye cataracts in some species, decreased populations of aquatic species sensitive to UV radiation, Reduced population of surface phytoplankton, Disrupted aquatic food webs from reduced phytoplankton
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Effects of ozone depletion on air pollution and materials
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Increased acid pollution, increased photochemical smog, degradation of outdoor paints and plastic
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Effects of ozone depletion on global warming
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while in troposphere, CFCs act as greenhouse gas
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Chemical equation for CFCs destroying ozone
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CFCl3+UV=CFCl2 Cl+O3=ClO+O2 ClO+O=O2
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ChloroFluoroCarbons-CFCs
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Belongs to family of freons, insoluble in water and are chemically unreactive, persistent
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How CFCs destroy ozone
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In 10-20 years, CFCs rise to the stratosphere and releases chlorine which breaks down ozone
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Sources of CFCs
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Coolants in air conditioners and refrigerators
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Scientists who realize the harm of CFCs in 1974
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Rowland and Molina
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Blocks out 95% of harmful UV rays
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Ozone in the stratosphere
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Chemical equation for the formation of ozone
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3O2+UV=2O3
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The strongest type of UV radiation that has the highest energy and shortest wavelength but is blocked almost entirely by the ozone
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UV-C
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Type of UV radiation that is the cause of sunburns and skin cancer and 50% is blocked by the ozone
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UV-B
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Type of UV radiation that is the lowest in energy with the longest wavelength and only a small part is blocked by the ozone
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UV-A
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Ozone layer gets thinner over Antarctica from
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September to December
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Ozone thinning over north pole from
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February to June
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Thinning from polar vortex
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ODCs collect on ice crystals on swirling mass of cold air and form Cl2O2, releases Cl when gets in contact with light and destroys 40-50% of ozone within weeks
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Methods to reduce CO2 emissions
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Improve car fuel efficiency, use energy efficient appliances, heavily insulate houses and water heaters, reduce garbage and recycling, plant trees to shade house in summer, set water heater to no higher than 49 C, wash laundry in cold or warm water, use low flow showerhead
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Methods to prepare for possible long term effects of climate change
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Move hazardous material storage tanks away from the coast, expand wildlife reserves towards the poles, stockpile 1-5 years supply of key food, connect wildlife reserves with corridors, develop crops that need less water, waste less water, move people away from low-lying coastal areas, prohibit new construction on low-lying coastal areas or put houses on stilts
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Companies that are reducing their carbon footprint
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Alcoa, Dupont, IBM, Volvo, Johnson & Johnson, BP, General Electric, Toyota
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US state that has the 6th largest economy in the world and in 2006 passed a law to cut its greenhouse gases by 25%, has set higher standards for the energy efficiency of appliances and buildings and encouraged consumers to use less and the EPA refused its request
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California
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First time nations met to discuss global warming, 106 countries agreed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, took precautionary measures but did not reach goals
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Rio Summit treaty
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A treaty that required 36 developed countries to cut their emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O
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Kyoto Treaty
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Drawbacks to Kyoto Treaty
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Developing countries were exempt from having to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including China and India, the US withdrew from the treaty, and no enforcement or monitoring programs
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If CO2 emissions stopped today, CO2 would stay in the environment for another
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50-120 years
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Ways to slow global warming
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Halt deforestation and start a global reforestation effort
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Examples of Technofixes
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Add iron to stimulate growth of marine algae to absorb more CO2, Put large foil mirrors in space to reflect incoming solar radiation, Inject sulfate particles in the atmosphere to mimic the cooling of a volcano
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A system where CO2 is captured and pumped underground into abandoned oil wells, gas fields, or deep coal beds
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Carbon Capturing and Storage
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Problems with CCS
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Costly, Takes energy, No leaks allowed with the sequester
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Prevention to global warming
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Cut fossil fuel use, shift from coal to natural gas, improve energy efficiency, give energy efficient technologies to developing countries, reduce deforestation, use more sustainable agriculture and forestry, limit urban sprawl, reduce poverty, slow population growth
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Cleanup to global warming
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Remove CO2 from smokestacks and vehicle emissions, store CO2 by planting trees, sequester CO2 deep underground, deep in the ocean, sequester CO2 in soil by using no-till cultivation and taking croplands out of production, repair leaky natural gas pipelines and facilities, use animal feeds that reduce CH4 emissions from cows
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In 2003, a major heat wave killed __ people in Italy and France
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52,000
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Effects of warmer world on human health
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Bacteria breed faster and can spoil food faster, tropical diseases reproduce more rapidly, molds grow faster, more heat related death
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Effects of warmer weather on crops
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Climate belts could shift 60-90 miles north, sources of irrigation such as water, lakes, rivers, streams may dry up, IPCC predicts that there will be 10-50% less cropland
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Threats of warmer weather on biodiversity
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Expand the range of invasive species and disease carrying organisms, melting of polar ice caps can threaten arctic organisms
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Ecosystems that would suffer the greatest losses from warmer weather would be
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Coral reefs, wetlands, polar seas, taiga, and the tundra
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According to the IPCC, __ of the land-based plant and animals could disappear if the temperature change exceeds 3.5 celsiius
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70%
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Global warming would cause __ weather
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More extreme
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Global warming increased the number of __ because of __
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Insects, longer breeding times
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More insects causes problems such as
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Diseases like malaria, destroy trees like the pine beetle
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Degradation and destruction of at least 1/3 of the world's coastal wetlands, estuaries, and coral reefs can occur from
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Rising sea levels
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Disruption of many of the world's coastal fisheries can occur from
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Rising sea levels
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Flooding of low-lying barrier islands and erosion and retreat of gently sloping coastlines like Florida, Louisiana, Texas, N+S Carolina can occur from
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Rising sea levels
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Flooding of agricultural lowlands and deltas in coastal areas where much of the world's rice is grown can occur from
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Rising sea levels
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Contamination of freshwater coastal aquifers with saltwater and brackish water and decreased supplies of groundwater currently used for irrigation, drinking and cooking power plants in such areas can occur from
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Rising sea levels
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Submergence of low-lying islands in the Pacific Ocean, Caribbean sea, and Indian Ocean which are home to 1 out of every 20 of the world's people can occur from
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Rising sea levels
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Flooding of coastal areas, some of the world's largest cities, and displacement of 100M people and property damage can occur from
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Rising sea levels
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Source of CO2
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Burning fossil fuels-coal, natural gas, oil, wood
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Facts of CO2
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60% comes from developed countries, is 50-60% of all greenhouse gases, US is the largest emitter, the #1 man made greenhouse gas, persistence is 50-120 years
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Source of water vapor
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Hydrologic cycle
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Facts of water vapor
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#1 non man made greenhouse gas
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Source of ozone
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NO2+UV=NO+O O+O2=O3 Photochemical smog
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Facts of ozone
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Lung and eye irritant
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Source of methane
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Intestinal bacteria of ruminant-cows, anaerobic decomposition-landfills, leaks in LNG pipelines
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Facts of methane
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More potent greenhouse gas than CO2, persistence is 12-18 years
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Source of Nitrous Oxide
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Denitrification-fertilizers, burning fossil fuels
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Facts of nitrous oxide
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300x as potent as CO2, persistence is 114-120 years
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Source of CFCs
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Refrigerants-AC, freezers, refrigerators
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Facts of CFCs
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900-8300x as potent as CO2, insoluble and persistent, DESTROYS OZONE
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Which water current brings warm air to continents?
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North Atlantic Current
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Examples of greenhouse gases
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CO2, water vapor, O3, CH4, N2O, CFCs
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When gases in the lower troposphere help trap heat
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Greenhouse effect
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Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, ___ has led to a significant increase in global temperature
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Agriculture, deforestation, and burning fossil fuels
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This event 275 years ago was a series of human activities that significantly increased global temperature
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Industrial revolution
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At the start of the industrial revolution, CO2 levels were about
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280 ppm
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In 2007, the CO2 levels increased to
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384 ppm
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The estimated tipping point of CO2 is
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450 ppm
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The largest emitter of CO2 with 25% of the world's emissions
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The US
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China emits __ of the world's CO2 emissions
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5%
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In 2002, the largest chunk of ice in the arctic the size of Rhode Island broke off
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Larsen Ice Shelf
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The ultimate sink for CO2 is
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The ocean
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The Asian Brown Cloud is approximately the size of
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Continental US
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What is the Asian Brown Cloud made of
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Toxic metals, dust, smoke and ash, and mercury
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In India, the Asian Brown Cloud had reduced photosynthesis by what percentage?
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7%
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The correct sequence of layers of the atmosphere from innermost to outermost is
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Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere
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The atmosphere is divided into spherical layers based upon
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The temperature changes from variations in absorption of solar energy
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The atmospheric layer containing 75% of the mass of earth's air is the
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Troposphere
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Most of earth's weather occurs in the
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Troposphere
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Stratospheric ozone is responsible for
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Screening out UV, Allowing the evolution of life on land, preventing ozone formation in the troposphere, helping protect humans from sunburn and cataracts
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According to WHO, one in every __ persons lives in urban areas with air that is unhealthy to breathe
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six
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Examples of VOCs are
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Methane, vinyl chloride, benzene, trichloroethylene
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What do all VOCs have in common?
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All are carbon based
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Harmful chemicals emitted directly into the air from natural processes and human activities are
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Primary pollutants
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Photochemical smog is formed when primary pollutants interact with
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Sunlight
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Photochemical smog is characteristic of urban areas with many vehicles and a climate that is
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Warm, dry, and sunny
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Primary pollutants from burning coal include
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CO, SO2, Soot, CO2
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Gray air smog comes from suspended particles of
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soot
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A temperature inversion is the result of
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A lid of warm air on top of cooler, stagnant air
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Acid deposition is properly defined as the __ deposition of __ pollutants onto earth's surface
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wet and dry, secondary
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Typical rain in the eastern US has a pH of
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4.6
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Experts rate acid rain as
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Medium risk ecological and high risk human health problem
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In general, acid deposition has harmful effects for terrestrial ecosystems when it falls below a pH level of
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5.6
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Acid deposition has been linked to
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Contamination of fish with highly toxic methyl mercury, excessive soil nitrogen levels, reduced nutrient uptake by tree roots, weakening trees become more susceptible to other types of damage
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How much of China's cropland suffer from excess acidity
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30%
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The least effective strategy to reduce acid deposition is
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Adding lime to neutralize the acids
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Sick Building Syndrome is linked to
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Headaches, coughing and sneezing, chronic fatigue, formaldehyde
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Four most dangerous indoor air pollutants
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Asbestos, radon 222, cigarette smoke, formaldehyde
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Furniture stuffing, paneling, particle board, and foam insulation may be the sources of
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Formaldehyde
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Exposure to indoor formaldehyde pollution is likely to cause
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Headaches, chronic breathing problems, dizziness, sore throat
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Respiratory illnesses in developing countries are most likely to be caused by
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Formaldehyde
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Radioactive __ is a product of uranium decay and an indoor air pollutant
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Radon
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On average, radon levels should be monitored continuously in the main living areas of houses for
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Two months to a year, per year
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In the US, how many people get cancer from breathing diesel fumes from buses and trucks?
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125,000
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How many people are thought to die prematurely bc of air pollution caused by on-going ships that dock at US ports?
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750
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National ambient air quality standards
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Specify the maximum allowable level, averaged over a specific period, for a certain outdoor air pollutant
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According to a 2007 EPA report, between 1980 and 2006 the combined emissions of six major air pollutants decreased by how much
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49%
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One third of the mercury in the skies above __ can be traced to the air pollution made in China
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Los Angeles
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Sunlight, the production of oxides of nitrogen, and the production of volatile organic compounds must be present to develop
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Photochemical smog
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A colorless gas used in foam insulation and can cause irritation of eyes, throat, skin, and lungs
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Formaldehyde
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What established air pollution regulations for pollutants to be enforced by states and cities?
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Clean Air Act
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