question

What best describes the earth's average surface temperature for the past 900,000 years

answer

Prolonged periods of cooling and warming

question

About 1% of the earth;s lower atmosphere is composed of greenhouse gases such as

answer

Water vapor, methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxides

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If CO2 rates continue to increase at the same rate, by 2050 the concentration will rise to

answer

560 ppm

question

The amount of heat trapped in the troposphere depends on concentrations of __, this concept keeps the planet warm enough for life, changes in CO2 and MH4 levels correlate closely with changes in global average temperature, life on earth is totally dependent on the natural process of this

answer

Greenhouse effect

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Between 1906 and 2005, mean global temperature has risen __ degree Celsius

answer

.6-.8

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The primary cause of a 20% increase in nitrous oxide emissions over the past 275 years

answer

Increased use of nitrogen fertilizers

question

Major climate models project

answer

A 2-4.5 degree CC rise in earth's mean surface temperature in 2100, human responsibility for the changes in temperature, global warming occurring at a rapid rate, human activities played a greater role in this century

question

Other ozone depletion compounds

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Halons and HBFCs, Methyl Bromide, Carbon Tetrachloride, Methyl chloroform, Hydrogen Chloride

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Ozone depleting compounds that release bromine atoms

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Halons and HBFCs and Methyl Bromide

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Ozone depleting compounds that release chlorine atoms

answer

Carbon Tetrachloride, Methyl Chloroform, and Hydrogen Chloride

question

UV can cause __ on humans

answer

Sunburns, cataracts, skin cancers, immune system suppression

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Makes up 95% of skin cancers

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Squamous cell and basal cell cancers

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Skin cancer that is incurable and has a lag time of 15-25 years

answer

Melanoma

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Areas with increasing cases of cataracts and skin cancer

answer

Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina, and Chile

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20 Nations declared their intentions to reduce the use of CFCs

answer

Vienna Convention of 1985

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36 nations met in Canada and their goal was to cut CFC emissions by 35%

answer

Montreal Protocol

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191 countries joined and signed agreements to phase out the key ozone depleting chemicals

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Copenhagen Protocol

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Major problem with the Copenhagen Protocol

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China and India-the two post populous nations-refused to sign the agreement

question

Effects of ozone depletion on human health

answer

Worse sunburns, more eye cataracts, more skin cancers, immune system suppression

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Effects of ozone depletion on food and forests

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Reduced yields for some crops, reduced seafood supplies from reduced phytoplankton, decreased forest productivity for UV sensitive tree species

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Effects of ozone depletion on wildlife

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Increased eye cataracts in some species, decreased populations of aquatic species sensitive to UV radiation, Reduced population of surface phytoplankton, Disrupted aquatic food webs from reduced phytoplankton

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Effects of ozone depletion on air pollution and materials

answer

Increased acid pollution, increased photochemical smog, degradation of outdoor paints and plastic

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Effects of ozone depletion on global warming

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while in troposphere, CFCs act as greenhouse gas

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Chemical equation for CFCs destroying ozone

answer

CFCl3+UV=CFCl2 Cl+O3=ClO+O2 ClO+O=O2

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ChloroFluoroCarbons-CFCs

answer

Belongs to family of freons, insoluble in water and are chemically unreactive, persistent

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How CFCs destroy ozone

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In 10-20 years, CFCs rise to the stratosphere and releases chlorine which breaks down ozone

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Sources of CFCs

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Coolants in air conditioners and refrigerators

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Scientists who realize the harm of CFCs in 1974

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Rowland and Molina

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Blocks out 95% of harmful UV rays

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Ozone in the stratosphere

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Chemical equation for the formation of ozone

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3O2+UV=2O3

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The strongest type of UV radiation that has the highest energy and shortest wavelength but is blocked almost entirely by the ozone

answer

UV-C

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Type of UV radiation that is the cause of sunburns and skin cancer and 50% is blocked by the ozone

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UV-B

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Type of UV radiation that is the lowest in energy with the longest wavelength and only a small part is blocked by the ozone

answer

UV-A

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Ozone layer gets thinner over Antarctica from

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September to December

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Ozone thinning over north pole from

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February to June

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Thinning from polar vortex

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ODCs collect on ice crystals on swirling mass of cold air and form Cl2O2, releases Cl when gets in contact with light and destroys 40-50% of ozone within weeks

question

Methods to reduce CO2 emissions

answer

Improve car fuel efficiency, use energy efficient appliances, heavily insulate houses and water heaters, reduce garbage and recycling, plant trees to shade house in summer, set water heater to no higher than 49 C, wash laundry in cold or warm water, use low flow showerhead

question

Methods to prepare for possible long term effects of climate change

answer

Move hazardous material storage tanks away from the coast, expand wildlife reserves towards the poles, stockpile 1-5 years supply of key food, connect wildlife reserves with corridors, develop crops that need less water, waste less water, move people away from low-lying coastal areas, prohibit new construction on low-lying coastal areas or put houses on stilts

question

Companies that are reducing their carbon footprint

answer

Alcoa, Dupont, IBM, Volvo, Johnson & Johnson, BP, General Electric, Toyota

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US state that has the 6th largest economy in the world and in 2006 passed a law to cut its greenhouse gases by 25%, has set higher standards for the energy efficiency of appliances and buildings and encouraged consumers to use less and the EPA refused its request

answer

California

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First time nations met to discuss global warming, 106 countries agreed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, took precautionary measures but did not reach goals

answer

Rio Summit treaty

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A treaty that required 36 developed countries to cut their emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O

answer

Kyoto Treaty

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Drawbacks to Kyoto Treaty

answer

Developing countries were exempt from having to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including China and India, the US withdrew from the treaty, and no enforcement or monitoring programs

question

If CO2 emissions stopped today, CO2 would stay in the environment for another

answer

50-120 years

question

Ways to slow global warming

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Halt deforestation and start a global reforestation effort

question

Examples of Technofixes

answer

Add iron to stimulate growth of marine algae to absorb more CO2, Put large foil mirrors in space to reflect incoming solar radiation, Inject sulfate particles in the atmosphere to mimic the cooling of a volcano

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A system where CO2 is captured and pumped underground into abandoned oil wells, gas fields, or deep coal beds

answer

Carbon Capturing and Storage

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Problems with CCS

answer

Costly, Takes energy, No leaks allowed with the sequester

question

Prevention to global warming

answer

Cut fossil fuel use, shift from coal to natural gas, improve energy efficiency, give energy efficient technologies to developing countries, reduce deforestation, use more sustainable agriculture and forestry, limit urban sprawl, reduce poverty, slow population growth

question

Cleanup to global warming

answer

Remove CO2 from smokestacks and vehicle emissions, store CO2 by planting trees, sequester CO2 deep underground, deep in the ocean, sequester CO2 in soil by using no-till cultivation and taking croplands out of production, repair leaky natural gas pipelines and facilities, use animal feeds that reduce CH4 emissions from cows

question

In 2003, a major heat wave killed __ people in Italy and France

answer

52,000

question

Effects of warmer world on human health

answer

Bacteria breed faster and can spoil food faster, tropical diseases reproduce more rapidly, molds grow faster, more heat related death

question

Effects of warmer weather on crops

answer

Climate belts could shift 60-90 miles north, sources of irrigation such as water, lakes, rivers, streams may dry up, IPCC predicts that there will be 10-50% less cropland

question

Threats of warmer weather on biodiversity

answer

Expand the range of invasive species and disease carrying organisms, melting of polar ice caps can threaten arctic organisms

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Ecosystems that would suffer the greatest losses from warmer weather would be

answer

Coral reefs, wetlands, polar seas, taiga, and the tundra

question

According to the IPCC, __ of the land-based plant and animals could disappear if the temperature change exceeds 3.5 celsiius

answer

70%

question

Global warming would cause __ weather

answer

More extreme

question

Global warming increased the number of __ because of __

answer

Insects, longer breeding times

question

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