A&P2 Ch 19. Blood – Flashcards
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Formed Elements
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Red blood cells (RBC) White blood cells (WBC) Platelets
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Blood composition of formed elements
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37-54%
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Venipuncture
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Common sampling technique because: -Superficial veins are easy to locate -Walls of veins are thinner than those of comparable arteries -Blood pressure in venous system is low
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Blood temperature
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is about 100.4°F
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Blood is slightly _______, with a pH between _______.
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alkaline; 7.35 - 7.45
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Plasma accounts for ______ of blood volume
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50-60%
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Plasma has a Higher concentration of ______ and ________ than interstitial fluid.
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dissolved oxygen and dissolved proteins
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Bind and transport molecules such as: -Fatty acids -Thyroid hormones -Steroid hormones
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Albumins
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Responsible for viscosity and osmotic pressure of blood
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Albumins
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Include antibodies and transport globulins
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Globulins
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Also called immunoglobins; Attack foreign proteins and pathogens
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Antibodies
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Bind ions, hormones and other compounds
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Transport globulins
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Provide hormone reserves in the blood stream
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Hormone-binding proteins
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Transport metal ions Transferrin is an example (Carries Fe2+)
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Metalloproteins
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Carry lipids When bound to lipids becomes a lipoprotein
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Apolipoproteins
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Transport steroid hormones in the blood An example is testosterone-binding globulin
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Steroid-binding proteins
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Converted to fibrin during clotting
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Fibrinogen
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Other Plasma Proteins include:
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Insulin FSH TSH LH
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Temporarily increase the blood volume: dextran and Ringer's solution
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Plasma Expanders
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Isotonic saline containing lactate ions - Effects fade as liver and muscles absorb and metabolize lactate
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Ringer's solution
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measures the percentage of whole blood occupied by formed elements (Commonly referred to as the volume of packed red cells)
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Hematocrit
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After erythropoietin (EPO) stimulation
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Hematocrit increases
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Biconcave disc, allows stacking, bending and flexing, lack organelles Typically degenerate in about 120 days They are either phagocytized or lysed
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Structure of RBCs
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______ is a globular protein, formed from two pairs of polypeptide subunits. Each subunit contains a molecule of heme which reversibly binds an oxygen molecule
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Hemoglobin
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Molecules of hemoglobin account for 95% of the _____ in RBCs
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proteins
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Accounts for RBCs ability to bind and transport: - Oxygen - Carbon dioxide
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Hemoglobin
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Heme stripped of iron and converted to biliverdin, then bilirubin > Iron is recycled by being stored in phagocytes, or transported throughout the blood stream bound to transferrin.
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RBC Recycling
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the formation of blood
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Hemopoiesis or Hematopoeisis
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the formation of new red blood cells
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Erythropoeisis
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Process of new red blood cell formationspeeds up with in the presence of ________.
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EPO (AKA: Erythropoeisis stimulating hormone)
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Vertebrae, Sternum, Ribs, Skull, Scapula, Pelvis, and Proximal limb bones
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myeloid tissues
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Deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin
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Anemia
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Oxygen deficiency as a result of anemia
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hypoxia
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Deficiency of RBCs due to Vitamin B12 deficiency
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Pernicious anemia
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Autoimmune disorder
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Hemolytic anemia
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Abundance of over-sized erythrocytes due to impaired erythropoiesis (Often the result of Vitamin B12 deficiency)
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Macrocytic anemia
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Abnormally small erythrocytes - Found in iron-deficient anemia
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Microcytic anemia
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- Over abundance of RBCs - Similar effects to blood-doping - Due to excessive or prolonged secretion of EPO - Affects blood viscosity
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Polycythemia
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Increase in the number of reticulocytes in circulating blood
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Reticulocytosis
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Non-specific immunity, such as phagocytosis, is a function of which blood cells?
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neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
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The combination of plasma and formed elements is called
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whole blood
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Each hemoglobin molecule contains
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four iron atoms
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The enzyme that can digest fibrin and dissolve a clot is
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plasmin
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Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the
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immunoglobulins
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White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are
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basophils
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A substance that activates plasminogen might be useful to
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cause clot dissolution to proceed faster
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The clumping of red blood cells, when the specific antibody against the antigen on the cells is added, is called
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agglutination
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More than 95 percent of the protein in a red blood cell is
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hemoglobin
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If a patient has thrombocytopenia, the best therapy is infusion of __________.
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purified platelets
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involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
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coagulation
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Granulocytes form in
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red bone marrow
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The function of platelets is to assist in the
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process of hemostasis
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The process of fibrinolysis
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dissolves clots.
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The common pathway of coagulation begins with the
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activation of Factor X, production of prothrombin activator.
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What would you expect to see in increased numbers in a peripheral blood sample after donating a unit of blood?
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reticulocytes
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People with type O blood are considered "universal donors" for transfusions because __________.
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their red blood cells lack A and B surface antigens
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Thyroid-binding globulin is an example of which kind of plasma protein?
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hormone-binding
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The plasma protein involved in blood clotting is
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fibrinogen
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The process of lymphopoiesis occurs mainly in the
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red bone marrow
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- granules contain heparin - constitute about 1 percent of WBCs - attract other defense cells - granules contain histamine
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basophils
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The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the
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release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium.
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true of eosinophils?
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They have bilobed nucleus. Allergic patients have many. They constitute about 2 to 4 percent of WBCs. Granules stain with eosin dyes.
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The enzyme that dissolves fibrin is named __________.
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plasmin
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________ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells.
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Monocytes
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A typical adult hematocrit is
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45%
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A bruise appears as a greenish spot in the skin because
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the heme group in the hemoglobin has broken down into biliverdin.
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Which of the following vitamins is needed for the formation of clotting factors?
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Vitamin K
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The common pathway in coagulation ends with __________.
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conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin
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develop into plasma cells
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B lymphocytes
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The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the
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neutrophils
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Anti-D antibodies are present in the blood of
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Rh negative individuals who have been exposed to the D surface antigen.
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A triglyceride + globulin complex is termed a(n) __________.
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lipoprotein
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Transferrin is an example of which kind of plasma protein
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metalloprotein
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Plasminogen is converted to its active form by an enzyme called
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tpa
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Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?
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liver
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It transports iron ions in the plasma
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tranferrin
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Which feature of WBCs makes them particularly important in tissue injury
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They can squeeze out through blood vessel walls into tissues.
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The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by the enzyme
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thrombin
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Aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by macrophages in the
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spleen, liver, and bone marrow.
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In which phase of hemostasis does local contraction of the injured blood vessel occur?
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vascular phase
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Which ions affect almost every aspect of the clotting process?
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calcium ions and vitamin K
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red pigment that gives blood its color
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heme
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mature red blood cell
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erythrocyte
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what activates plasminogen
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thrombin and t-pa
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Jaundice results from the build up of ______ in tissues due to liver or bild duct problems
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Bilirubin
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Myeloid stem cells produce
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Monocytes
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female hematocrit levels are ususally
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37-47
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basophils release
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histamine
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avg lifespan for a RBC
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120 days
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erythropoises requires _____; proper clotting ability requires _______
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vitamin B12, Vitamin K
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transferrin is an example of a
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globulin
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Which of the following become macrophages when they leave the bloodstream and enter peripheral tissue?
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Monocytes
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Which of the following occures after a cut to the blood vessel?
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Vascular spasm at the site of injury
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ringer's solution
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does not increase the amount of oxygen being carried to the body tissues
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endothelial cells release which of the following in response to a vascular trauma such as a cut
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tissue factor
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Microcytic anemia is associated with
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iron deficient anemia
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Vitamin K is fat soluble and some dietary fats is require for absorption. Fruit juice diets case bruising. What body process is being affected?
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Hemostasis
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The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the
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release of tissue factor by damaged epithelium
