AP World History Unit 5 – Flashcards
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Seven Years War 1756-1763
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England vs. France England wins India and midwest territories in the US Both countries raised taxes
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The Englightenment
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liberal movement that applied Scientific Revolution to everyday life; most philosophers were French
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John Locke
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most influential to Revolutions/Declarations; believed people are born good, have natural rights, limited government, citizens have duty to overthrow bad governments
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Jean Jacques Rousseau
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believed in minimum government control, collective good, hated oppression, valued the majority
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Thomas Hobbes
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not as liberal; wrote Leviathan; believed in social order because people were born bad
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Montesquieu
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believed in division of government powers
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Voltaire
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inspired 1st Amendment: freedom of religion, speech, and press; was against monarchy, brought ideas from China
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despots
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Catherine the Great of Russia & Frederick of Prussia; patronized the Enlightenment
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Benjamin Franklin
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believed in earning opportunity through merit not heredity
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English colonial problems post-1763
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conflict with Natives over fur trade / taxation without representation / Proclamation of 1763 & Quebec Act 1774
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new colonial taxes
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Stamp Act: on everyday products Townshend Act: on goods from Europe used in small businesses Tea tax: East Indian Company had monopoly on Indian tea
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Sons of Liberty
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at front of protests against British
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Boston Massacre 1770
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colonial propaganda against the British; 5 civilians killed by British soldiers
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"Common Sense"
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written by Thomas Paine to spur revolution among colonists
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Intolerable Acts
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punishment for NE colonies after Boston Tea Party. 1- Boston harbor shut down/regulated by British 2- Marshall law (British military runs government)
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Continental Congress
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1775; formed army with General Washington; tried to implement colonial currency
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loyalists
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supported by slaves & Amerindians
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American allies
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France (navy, training, resources) Spain & Netherlands (weapons)
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Battle of Yorktown
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1778, Washington defeats Cornwallis
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Treaty of Paris 1783
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officially ended the American Revolution, Britain recognized US as independent
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Articles of Confederation
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aimed at keeping national government weak, short term president, no taxes; accomplished nothing
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Constitutional Convention 1787
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formed new and improved US Constitution: taxes, majority vote, centralized
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Estates General
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First Estate: clergy Second Estate: nobles Third Estate: peasants, merchants, artisans, bourgeoisie 98% of population
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National Assembly
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collectively unifies Third Estate, wrote up Declaration of Rights of Man, was called for arrest
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"French disease"
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Austria and Prussia threatened to interfere in French Revolution, National Assembly declared war on them in 1971
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Storming of Bastille
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July 14, 1789: beginning of French Revolution
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guillotine
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"humane" execution method, symbol of violent French revolution
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The Terror
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1793-1794: Robespierre's ruthless, bloody, dictatorial rule of the French Revolution
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National Convention
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radical liberal group (Jacobins & Girondists & more extreme Mountain faction), hated the Church
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Maximilien Robespierre
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leader of National Convention Mountain faction; executed anyone who supported monarchy, eventually arrested and executed
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The Directory
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5 man group elected after The Terror; got nothing done
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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popular authoritarianism; limited Church; liberal reforms; forced French culture upon conquered people; repressed women & freedoms of speech/press
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Gens de Couler
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free colored people in Haiti who led Haitian Revolution
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Saint Dominique
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sugar production = brutal slavery & wealth
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Toussaint Louverture
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led Haitian Revolution, was imprisoned in France
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Haitian Revolution
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1794 -1804
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American Revolution
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1776 - 1783
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French Revolution
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1789 - 1792
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Congress of Vienna
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Napoleon's enemies (Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria) meet up to reestablish monarchy and conservatism, results in Holy Alliance that represses liberalism/nationalism in Spain & Italy
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Greek independence
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from Ottomans in 1830s
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War of 1812
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US declares war on England after they kidnap American shipmen as impressment to blockade France; US is forced to industralize, ends up winning
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Corn Laws
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50% tax on corn in Britain, gets people to vote indirectly
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Revolutions of 1848
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all across continental Europe, including second French Revolution (monarchy overthrown forever)
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industrializing European nations by 1850
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England, Wales, France, Belgium, Germanic states
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5 innovations that led to industrial economy
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mass production (division of labor), mechanization, iron manufacturing, steam engine, electric telegraph
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Chartism
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led by Lovett and O'Connor; appealed to miners/industrial workers; left a legacy but was rejected
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Muhammad Ali
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driving force of Egyptian industrialization, built up Egyptian economy/military, ordered peasants to grow cotton
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Why did imperial countries fuel the Industrial Revolution?
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They were more advanced and had lots of resources.
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causes of the Industrial Revolution
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1- population growth 2- agricultural revolution 3- trade/inventiveness 4- england
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Technological Revolution
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mass production (pottery), mechanization (cotton industry), iron industry (cheap), steam engine (most revolutionary invention, allowed deeper travel), railroads (triggered coal industry)
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Latin American Revolution
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1810-1825; started by creole elites who feared lower classes taking control; inspired by Napoleon and Enlightenment
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Laissez-faire
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economic system supported by Adam Smith (father of economics) where the government has no intervention in the economy and it is self regulated by the people
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Positvists
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utopian socialists; Robert Owen
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Simon Bolivar
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led Venezuela's independence, inspired others, was a smart, military elite, led by force/charisma to gain mulattoes/slaves/natives as allies, promised them gains but lied
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Jose de San Martin
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led Southern Liberation Forces
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Gran Columbia
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formed in 1824; confederation of newly independent Latin American states
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Mexican Independence
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1810-1823; was Spain's richest colony; priests Hidalgo & Morelos led violent rebellions and were crushed by loyalists; second rebellion by Agustin de Iturbide won independence in 1821
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Brasilian Independence
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King John VI ruled in Brazil until 1821; Pedro stayed in Brazil and declared himself king with an independent constitutional monarchy, his liberal policies made him unpopular, he abdicated in favor of his son who reigned till 1889
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power turnovers in Latin America
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had no experience with constitutionalism unlike US and Canada; had bad influences from Napoleon
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Personalist leader
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aka Populist leader. sought to represent the people and undermine the constitutional order and move toward dictatorship
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US Civil War
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1860-1865; example of regionalism in the US
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European intervention in Latin America
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mostly successful; Spanish American War 1898, US gained Cuba, PR, DR, Guam, Philippines); US annexes Texas; French invasion of Mexico
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US abolishes slavery
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1865- 13th Amendment
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Brazil abolishes slavery
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1888
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Cuba abolishes slavery
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1886
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Puerto Rico abolishes slavery
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1873
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Russia abolishes slavery
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1861
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American immigration
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as slave trade ends, immigration from Europe and Asia to the Americas increased
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Feminist movement
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second half of 19th century, women's rights progressed slowly, Western countries; only upperclass women were politically active
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neocolonialism
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nonindustrialized nation depends on industrialized nation economically, is only politically independent
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sphere of influence
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intimidation is used to influence another country's decisions
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protectorate
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native leader appointed, dominant government has influence, indirect rule
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colony annex
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colonizing directly, often violently
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crown jewel of Britain
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India (cotton, tea, spices, gold, rice, etc)
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nawabs
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independent de facto rulers of regions of India after Mughal Empire fell
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Company Men
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from the British East India Company; est. trading posts and hired sepoys for protection; pushed out French and forced the Mughal to recognize them as "Bombay Presidency"
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sepoys
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Indian soldiers hired by English men
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raj
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the British Company's rule of India; administrative/social reform placed less emphasis on caste, aculturation, Christianity; supported Indian customs through superficial parades
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Before 1850s...
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the English created a government that relied on sepoy military that disarmed Indian warriors, protected Christian missionaries.English's private lands, endorsed "traditional" rituals
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Indian elites
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benefited from British political and economic influence while poor was oppressed
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Indian textile industry
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collapsed due to competition with British industrialization
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Sepoy Rebellion 1857
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Sepoys revolt against British; was a severe shock to British; British government now assumes control of India
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causes of Sepoy Rebellion
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animal fat greased bullet casings were against religion; forced to travel to places outside caste restrictions; sati abolished and divorce allowed
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British control of India
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London in control; Indian princes kept in luxury to appease people; Durbar (fake ceremonies of Indian culture)
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Indian Civil Service
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for bureaucrats (Indian & British), only British had highest status
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expanding production in India
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British empire's money led to agricultural commodities, irrigation systems, railroads, and telegraphs, but DOES NOT INDUSTRIALIZE INDIA AS A WHOLE, only does this to benefit themselves. spread of cholera also leads to new sewage systems
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Pan Indian nationalism
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embracing Indian pride and some British culture
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Rammouhan Roy and the Brahmo Smaj movement
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Western secular values to replace caste, reforms traditional abuses of women to remove sati, Western nationalism that transcends religious differences
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First Indian National Congress 1885
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national/Hindu unity, service to community/education, mostly members of high castes, overall gained no widespread Indian support
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Cape Colony
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valuable because of strategic importance as supply station and resources en route to India
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Afrikaners
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people of white descent in South Africa (French/Dutch)
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Great Trek
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1836 and 1839 to find new colonies on fertile high veld that had been depopulated by Zulu Wars
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Southeast Asia
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Singapore, Assam & Burma annexed in 1820s
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British interest in
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trade, not territory
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Australia
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first sighted by Portuguese in 17th cent., colonized by English; Aborigines and Maori died off mostly; was a penal colony
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Gold in Australia
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found in 1851, rush of migrants
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migrations
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Indian, Chinese, African, Japanese migrated to British colonies, Cuba, and Hawaii; working in sugar production
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indentured servants
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lower quality lives than British emigrants
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Shaka
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gave Zulu new national identity
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West Africa
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slavery still existed, purified Islam & jihad; largest states in Hausa (Sokoto Caliphate); more learning centers; less rights for women as slaves take their jobs
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Muhammad Ali
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raised military by requiring peasants to grow cotton for exports
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Ismail
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focused on westernization in Syria, railroads in Cairo, borrowed $$$ from France, when the market for cotton collapsed after Civil War, France and England occupy Egypt
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Ethiopian kings
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reconquered land in late 19th century, purchased modern weapons and began to manufacture weapons locally, resisted imperialism
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David Livingstone & Henry Morton Stanley
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missionaries who traced rivers in Africa
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1808
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British started prohibiting people from slave trade using navy blockades
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legitimate trade
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Exports from Africa in the nineteenth century that did not include the newly outlawed slave trade. (gold and palm oil sold by Jaga)
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Tippu Tip
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formed an empire using money gained from selling ivory with high western demand
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secondary empires
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formed from dependency on European weapons
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Sultan Mahmud II
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used popular outrage (loss of Greece) to reform/rally, formed new army with no jannisaries and less religious elites (TANZIMAT REFORMS)
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Tanzimat Reforms
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Ottoman reform; French/German training, general education, foreign instructors, language, urban wealth, clothing, equal taxation, equal access to courts for males, women lose inheritance
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The Crimean War
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Russia's SW expansion bothers France & England so they fight with Ottoman allies and beat Russia
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Impact of Crimean War
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warfare tech, Russia discredited, Turk-French unity, percussion caps/breech rifles machine guns, railways, Trench warfare Ottoman changes: continued European model is very expensive = fiscal problems, loans, trade deficit, inflation
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Turkish nationalism
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law that would permit all men to vote left Muslims worried that Ottoman Empire was no longer a Muslim society, contributed to hositlities against Christians and genocide against Armenians
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Young Turks
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liberals who wanted westernized politics, constitutionalism, national Turkish state; 1826 granted a constitution but a coup placed a more conservative ruler in place and Ottoman was further weakened
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European question
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to help or destroy the Ottoman Empire
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Russia
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had slow development because of isolation
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Great Embassy
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trip taken by Peter the Great to explore Europe and bring back knowledge and reform Russia
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Russia
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developed relations with Europe while Ottoman eventually succumbs during 1850-1900
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Qing China
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restored peace and promoted expansion of agricultural economy
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White Lotus Rebellion
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under Qing, wanted Buddhism and Ming ways back
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Opium war 1839-1850
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Qin didn't take British opium trade seriously, banned opium in 1839, Lin Zenxu went to Canton to deal with British, ends w/ Treaty of Nanking which allowed British free trade and extraterritoriality
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Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864
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pacified poorer Chinese but fell to Chinese/British/French alliance, resulted in 20 mil deaths, depopulation, 14 years of destruction, Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, resurgence of the Plague, and decentralized China
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Tongzhi Restoration
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reform modeled after USA after Qing, aristocrats contributed as well as France/England; large zones with governors, in general it failed
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inventions of the New Industrial Revolution
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submarines, electric telegraphs, dynamite, plastics, steels, electricity = world trade increased
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until 1914
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value of exports from tropical countries remained high
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European population
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rose worldwide due to diverse diets, medicine, hospitals, etc; people also emigrated to US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina
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English Midlands, German Ruhr, Tokyo Bay
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pop and size grew tremendously
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separate spheres
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middle-class ideal where home life was separated from the workplace and womens roles were separate from mens
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Victorian Age
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increased cleanliness, politeness, raise children, frowned on careers, etc
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working class women
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domestic servants, textile factories, mothers; long hours, hard labor, sexual abuse, etc
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Karl Marx
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wrote Communist Manifesto, despised capitalism wanted to ranslate his intellect into political action
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labor movements
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formed by industrial workers to defend their interests in negotiations with employers (were accused of being communists)
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Austria and Hungary
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hard to unify because of multiethnic bonds and borders
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language
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usually the crucial element of creating national unity
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Italian unification
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popular leaders with influence favored unification, Pope and Austria opposed it as Austria lost land; added Venetia and Papal states to territory
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German unification
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wars led by Prussia divided German speakers among Prussia, West Austria, etc. Franco-Prussian War
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nationalism after 1871
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nationalism used to justify imposition of dominant religion, language, or customs on a minority pop...Social Darwinism
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Otto Van Bismarck
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formed loose coalition with Austria, Hungary, and Russia (Triple Alliance) which formed a strong sense of national unity
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The Second Reich
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Wilhelm II, keiser of Germany, emphasis on colonization
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France
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second best army to Germany; universal education; divided between Catholics and republicans; strong nationhood; popular participation in politics
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Britain
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stable government, disparity in wealth, expensive empire, Irish resentment, splendid isolation
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Austria
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nationalism weakened slavs and dominated Balkan
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Russia
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czar Alexander II ended serfdom in 1861
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Russo-Japanese War
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1904-05; fought over China, Japan won, formation of Dama in Russia
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Ci Xi vs Tokugawa
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westernization was difficult
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Matthew C Perry
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American Commodore sent by President Pierce to Japan with fleet of steam worships to demand Japan open trade in 1853
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Meiji Restoration
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1868-1894; military reform, industrialization, science, engineering; was easy because Japan had a history of adaptation; raised money through taxes and selling government land
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Japanese Imperialism
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authoritarian constitutional monarchy; sphere of influence in Korea/Manchuria/China
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new imperalism
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territorial conquest for reorganized new world economy/food/resources; Europeans and Americans
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direct imperialism
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in Africa, indirect in Latin America
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motives for imperalism
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political: national prestige/colonial agents cultural: missionary work, adventure, competition, nationalism economic: industrialization, demand for goods, entreprenuers
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Europeans and Americans
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built new imperialism because they had steamships, Suez Canal, submarine cables, Quinine, machine guns, etc
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colonial administration
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indigenous elite used as leaders, youth were trained for modern jobs in colonies
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khedives
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carried out expensive modernization in Egypt
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Leopold II of Belgium
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first to colonize Africa; wanted rubber from Congo; were violent
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Berlin Conference 1885
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imperial countries met to split up Africa
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Southern Africa
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had gold, diamond, crops, ports; English settlers defeated Zi;i amd Xhosa
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Cecil Rhodes
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used British South African Company to take over land in Central Africa = Rhodesia
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Boer War 1899-1902
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South African War, between English and Afrikaners; through Armistice treaty all joined collectively and formed the Union of South Africa in 1910
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apartheid
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by Afrikaners and Union until mid 90s
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Menelik II
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modernized Ethiopia and resisted Italy in 1896
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Thailand/Siam
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resisted imperialism
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Spanish American War
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Philippines annexed in 1898; also gained Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico)
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Monroe Doctrine
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listed Latin America off limits to anyone but USA
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Panama Canal 1903
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east to west travel, exploited Panama, took advantage of government
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Shi'ite
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regards Ali as successor to Mohammed
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Sunni
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accepts caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad
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Abbasid Caliphate
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flourishing and prosperous, new capital in Baghdad, Persian influence; golden age of Islam, unity was short lived, fractured into sultanates, overthrown by Mongols
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Ummayad Caliphate
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illegitimate usurpers, lots of discontent, luxurious living and impiety; overthrown by Abbasid
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hadith
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journals of Muhammad, Sunna
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Sharia law
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the code of law derived from the Quran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed
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Tang
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reunified China after Sui; emperors legitimized control with Buddhism; avoided over centralization, civil service, many benefits for Buddhists, by late 9th cent. Buddhism cracked down
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Song inventions
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movable type, flying money, calendar, compass, junk, gunpowder, astrolabe; neo Confucianism
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Zheng He
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eunuch who led voyages of gigantic fleet through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa under Ming Dynasty
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Columbian Exchange
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The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages
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16th century Mediterranean trade
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dominated by Italy and Ottoman Muslims
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Ottoman Empire
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1299
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Ibn Battuta
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Muslim who traveled to Mali, Persia, and India
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Han and Rome
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both agriculture economy, dependent on peasantry; homogenous core, expansion of pop, autonomy to local officials, cities were centers of empire, defending borders was hard
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Han vs Rome
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Romans were more individualistic; no social conduct standard in Rome, greater economic mobility in Rome, China had more divine leadership, Christianity prevailed over Roman tradition, Confucianism is brought back
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Bantu migrations
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farmers and herders who migrated south from West Africa and spread language
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Hellenistic Era
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under Alexander the Great; mixture and spread of Greek and Persian fused culture
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chronological order
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vikings > crusades > black death > columbian exchange
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Chang'an
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capital of Han and Tang; huge, million residents, most lived outside walls, curfew
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Karakoram
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capital of Mongol empire
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Kilwa
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city-state on east African coast; major trading center by 14th century
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Cuzco
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capital of the Inca empire
