AP World history unit 4: 1450-1750 vocabulary – Flashcards
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Northwest Passage
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A passage through the North America Continent that was sought early by explorers to North America as a route to trade with the east
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Enlightenment
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A philosophical movement in eighteenth century Europe that was based on reason and the concept that education and training could improve human society
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Viceroyalty
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A political unit ruled by a viceroy that was the basis of organization of the Spanish colonies
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Encomienda
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A practice in the Spanish colonies that granted land and the labor of Native Americans on that land to European Colonists
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Devshirme
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A practice of the Ottoman empire to take Christian boys from their home communities to serve as Janissaries
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Protestant Reformation
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A religious movement began by Martin Luther in 1517 that attempted to reform the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church; it resulted in the formation of new Christian denominations
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Caravel
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A small, easily steerable ship used by the Spanish and Portuguese in their explorations
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Nation-State
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A sovereign state whose people share a common culture and national identity
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Creoles
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A term used in colonial Spanish America to describe a person born in the Americas of European parents
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Empirical Research
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a way of gaining knowledge by means of direct observation or experience.
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Taj Mahal
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a white marble mausoleum built at Agra, India, by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (fl. 1628-58) for his favorite wife
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Factor
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An agent with trade privileges in early Russia
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Laissez-Faire Economies
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An economic concept that holds that the government should not interfere with or regulate business and industries
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Capitalism
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An economic system based on private ownership and opportunity for profit-making
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Northern Renaissance
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An extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations of northern Europe; the northern Renaissance took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance
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Philosophes
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French Enlightenment social thinkers
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Peninsulares
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In the Spanish and Portuguese colonies a person of mixed African and European descent
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Repartamiento
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In the Spanish colonies, a replacement for the encomienda system that limited the number of working hours for laborers and provided fair wages
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Mestizo
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In the Spanish colonies, persons of mixed European and native descent
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Mulato
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In the Spanish colonies, those who were born in Europe.
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Qing Dynasty
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Manchurian rule of China beginning in 1644 and lasting until 1914
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Janissaries
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Members of the Ottoman army, often slaves, who were taken from Christian lands
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Jesuits
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Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic missionary and educational order founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534
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Manchus
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Peoples from northeastern Asia who founded China's Qing dynasty
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Natural Law
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Principles that govern nature
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Absolute Monarch
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Rule by a king or queen whose power is not limited by a constitution
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Mughal Dynasty
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Rulers who controlled most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
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Boyars
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Russian Nobility
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Cossacks
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Russians who conquered and settled Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
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Sovereignty
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Self-rule
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Treaty Of Tordesillas
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The 1494 treaty in which the pope divided unexplored territories between Spain and Portugal
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Divine Right
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The belief of absolute rulers that their right to govern is granted by God
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Predestination
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The belief of Protestant reformer John Calvin that God had chosen some people for heaven and others for hell
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Glorious Revolution
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The bloodless overthrow English King James I and the placement of William and Mary on the English Throne
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Hagia Sophia
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The church in Constantinople that was converted to a mosque after the Ottoman conquest
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Deism
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The concept of God common to the scientific revolution; the god was believed to have set the world in motion and then allowed it to operate by natural laws
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Heliocentric Revolution
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The concept that the sun is the center of the solar system
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Triangular Trade
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The eighteenth century trade network between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
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Columbian Exchange
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The exchange of food, crops, livestock, and disease between Eastern and Western hemispheres after the voyages of Columbus
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Commercial Revolution
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The expansion of trade and commerce in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
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Tokugawa Shogunate
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The feudal rulers of Japan who moved the capital to Edo. They ruled from 1603 to 1868.
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Purdah
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The Hindu custom of secluding women
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Middle Passage
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The portion of the trans-Atlantic trade that involved the passage of Africans from Africa to the Americas
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Excommunication
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The practice of the Roman Catholic and other Christian churches of prohibiting participation in the sacraments to those who do not comply with church teachings or practices.
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Reconquista
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The recapture of Muslim-held lands in Spain by Christian forces; it was completed in 1492
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Catholic Reformation
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The religious reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church that occurred in response to the Protestant reformation. It reaffirmed Catholic beliefs and promoted education
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Estates-General
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The traditional legislative body of France
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Dutch Learning
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Western learning embraced by some Japanese in the eighteenth century
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Ninety-Five These
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Work by Martin Luther where he laid out his arguments against the Roman Catholic Church
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