AP World History Unit 3 Test Review – Flashcards
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Muhammad
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the prophet of Islam from Mecca
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Mecca
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the native city of Muhammad and the place Muslims travel to to make a pilgrimage
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hajj
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the holy pilgrimage to Mecca by Muslims
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Islam
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meaning "submission", it is the religion/faith started and founded by the prophet Muhammad
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Muslim
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meaning "one who has submitted", it is an individual who accepts the Islamic faith
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Allah
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the only deity recognized in the monotheistic Islamic religion
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dar al-Islam
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Arabic term that means "the house of Islam"
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Khadija
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a wealthy widow whom Muhammad worked for and later married in the year 595
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Gabriel
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the archangel that delivered messages and revelations from Allah to Muhammad
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Quran
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meaning "recitation", it is the holy book of Islam
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hadith
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Islam doctrine that included sayings attributed to Muhammad and accounts of the prophet's deeds
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hijra
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meaning "migration", Muhammad's move to Medina serves as the starting point of the Islamic calendar
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umma
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meaning "community of the faithful", it is the community of the early Islamic people
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the seal of the prophets
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the final prophet through whom Allah would reveal his message to humankind
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Five Pillars of Islam
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1. Allah is the only God, 2. Pray to Allah daily, 3. Fast during daylight hours of month of Ramadan, 4. Contribute alms, 5. Undertake hajj and make pilgrimage to Mecca
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jihad
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meaning "struggle", it involved Muslims making physical and spiritual obligations
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sharia
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the Islamic holy law
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Abu Bakr
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the first Islam caliph that served after the death of Muhammad
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caliph
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deputy that led the Islamic community
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Shia
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"party"; Islamic minority in opposition to the Sunni majority; believed that leadership should reside in the line descended from Ali
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Sunni
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"Traditionalists"; most popular branch of Islam; believed in the legitimacy of the early caliphs
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Ali
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a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad who was a candidate for a caliph when the prophet died
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Umayyad dynasty
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the dynasty that ruled after the death of Muhammad and solved the problem of succession; ruled the dar al-Islam as conquerors
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jizya
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a special head tax that was levied on conquered people that did not convert to Islam
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Abu al-Abbas
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a descendant of Muhammad's uncle and chief leader and founder of the Abbasid dynasty
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Abbasid dynasty
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the dynasty that ruled after the Umayyad and founded by Abu al-Abbas; ruled the dar al-Islam not as conquerors but contended themselves with administering the empire
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ulama
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"the people with religious knowledge"; pious scholars who sought to develop public policy in accordance with the Quran and sharia
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qadis
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"judges"; heard cases at law and rendered decisions based on the Quran and sharia
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Harun al-Rashid
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ruler of the Abbasid during the highest point of the dynasty
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Mongols
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an empire that toppled the Abbasid dynasty in 1258
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Saljug Turks
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a nomadic people from central Asia who took possession of Baghdad and ruled the Abbasid with a sultan, or ruler
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Buzurg ibn Shahriyar
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a famous sailor who compiled his stories in a book called the Book of the Wonders of India
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White Huns
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a tribe from central Asia that invaded India and disrupted the Gupta administration
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Mughals
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a Turkish people that extended their authority and their empire to most of the Indian subcontinent
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King Harsha
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reigned for about 40 years and temporarily restored unified rule in most of northern India and sought to revive imperial authority
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Harsha kingdom
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King Harsha's kingdom that dominated most of northern India during its reign
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Sind
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an Indus River valley that was incorporated as a province of the Umayyad dynasty
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Mahmud of Ghazni
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leader of the Turks in Afghanistan who mounted raided India for its wealth
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sultanate of Delhi
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an Islamic state established by Mahmud's successors after conquering most of the Hindu kingdoms
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Chola kingdom
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a kingdom in southern India that conquered Ceylon and whose navy dominated the waters
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Kingdom of Vijayanagar
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a kingdom in southern India called "the city of victory" and was based in the northern Deccan
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Harihara and Bukka
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two brothers that represented the sultan and implement court policies in the south
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dhow
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Indian ship that was favored by the Persian, Indian, and Arab sailors
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junk
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Chinese and southeast Asian ship that sailed the Indian ocean
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kingdom of Axum
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a kingdom that displaced Kush as Egypt's principal link to southern lands and sent the Nubian kingdom into economic and political decline; also adopted Christianity
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Vishnu and Shiva
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two of the most important deities in the Hindu pantheon
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Shankara
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an Indian devotee of Shiva who held that the physical world was an illusion and that ultimate reality lay beyond the physical senses
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Brahman
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the impersonal world-soul of the Upanishads
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Ramanuja
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a devotee of Vishnu who challenged Shankara's uncompromising insistence on logic
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Sufi
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agent of conversion to Islam and encouraged a personal, emotional, devotional approach to Islam
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bhakti movement
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a cult of love and devotion that sought to erase the distinction between Hinduism and Islam
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Kabir
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a blind weaver who taught that Shiva, Vishnu, and Allah were all the same manifestations of a single, universal deity
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Bantus
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a community whose name means "persons" and migrated throughout sub-Saharan Africa
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Nyamba
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a single god who was recognized by Niger-Congo peoples
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Congo River basin
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a region where brisk economic development supported the emergence of large as well as small kingdoms
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kingdom of Kongo
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one of the more prosperous states whose government included the king and supporting officials
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kingdom of Ghana
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principal state of west Africa who was ruled by as many as twenty-two kings before Muhammad
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Koumbi-Saleh
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Ghana's capital and principal trading site
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Al-Bakri
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a Spanish Muslim traveler who described Koumbi-Saleh as a flourishing site with buildings of stone and mosques
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Sundiata
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lion prince who built the Mali empire after making alliances with local rulers and making an army
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Mansa Musa
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Sundiata's grand-nephew who ruled Mali during its highest point; he also observed Islam after making his pilgrimage
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Swahili
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an Arabic term meaning "coasters", referring to those who engaged in trade along the African coast
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Kilwa
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one of the busiest city-states on the east African coast
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Ibn Battuta
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a Moroccan traveler who traveled throughout much of the eastern hemisphere
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Zimbabwe
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an African kingdom whose names refers to the dwelling of a chief
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Great Zimbabwe
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a magnificent stone complex that arose in the modern state of Zimbabwe
