AP World History Unit 2 Study Guide – Flashcards
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What is NOT an advantage offered by iron?
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It can be heated at lower temperatures
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What was the first real empire in the world?
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Assyria
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Why did the rulers of the Neo-Assyrian military follow the trade routes in their campaigns?
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The caravans were an excellent source of booty
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What made possible the Assyrians' conquest of their empire?
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Their military organization and technology
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In Assyria, the term HUMAN BEINGS referred to?
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All people of the empire
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The text of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) best reflects the view of?
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The fifth century B.C.E. priests who controlled the Temple of Jerusalem
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Because of its lack of land, the Phoenician civilization concentrated on?
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Trade and manufacturing
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Who developed the first alphabetic system of writing?
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Phoenicians
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Why do historians know more about Carthage than they know about the Phoenician homeland?
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Roman and Greek records tell more about Carthage than other Phoenician city-states
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What was NOT one of the internal reasons for the fall of the Assyrian Empire?
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The failure of the Assyrian economy when the Phoenicians discovered the secret of making glass
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What was NOT one of the external reasons for the fall of the Assyrian Empire?
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The kingdom of Israel waged a successful campaign against the Assyrians
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Textile production has generally been the preserve of women because?
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It was possible to care for children and spin or weave at the same time
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How many murex snails does it take to produce one gram of purple dye?
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Nine thousand
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How did Egyptian officials respond to Hatshepsut's rule?
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Some were opposed to the concept of having a woman as a ruler
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What was Akhenaten's motivation in modifying the Egyptian religion to emphasize the primacy of Aten (the sun)?
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He was attempting to reassert the superiority of the pharaoh and to renew belief in his own divinity
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Ramesses II, the greatest monarch of the Ramessides dynasty is an important figure in archaeological records because?
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He undertook monumental building projects
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What was the source of the rivalry between Egypt and the Hittite kingdom?
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Control of the trade routes in Syria-Palestine, the region lying between them
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What did NOT encourage the inhabitants of the Aegean islands to commerce seafaring?
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Frequent flooding of their farmlands
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Cultural uniformity among early Greeks is best explained by?
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Extensive contacts and commerce among the various Greek kingdoms
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The plot of the Iliad revolves around?
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The difficulties Agamemmon has in asserting control over other Greek leaders
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The annihilation of the major trading partners and the disruption of trade routes...?
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Helped bring about the end of Mycenaean civilization, thus illustrating the degree to which major centers of the Late Bronze Age were interdependent
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The ________ capital of Ashur was the leading urban center on the northern Tigris.
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Assyrian
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Around 1640 B.C.E. Egypt came under control of the ________.
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Hyksos
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In 1323 B.C.E. _________ established a new Egyptian dynasty.
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Ramesses II
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The ________ civilization was established on Crete by 2000 B.C.E.
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Minoan
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Information about Mycenaean life is provided by tablets written in a script now called ________.
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Linear B
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The Iliad tells the story of the destruction of the city of ________.
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Troy
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The _________ built royal palaces at Kalhu and Nineveh.
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Assyrians
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The library of the Assyrian king _____________ contained much of the scientific and literary heritage of Mesopotamia.
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Ashurbanipal
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Abraham's son, ________, and his grandson, Jacob, were early leaders of the Hebrews.
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Isaac
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The reign of David's son, _________, marked the high point of the Israelite monarchy.
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Solomon
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What were NOT fundamental environmental factors in Iran?
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The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
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The Medes were the first Iranian people to...?
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Reach a complex level of political organization
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The king responsible for unifying Iran was...?
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Cyrus
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The three social and occupational classes in Ancient Iran were...?
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Warriors, priests, and peasants
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Cyrus and his father ruled the empire by following a practical approach of...?
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Respecting local priests and native traditions
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The Persian provinces were administered by...?
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Satraps (hereditary provincial governors)
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Although Greece is described as "resource poor" in the chapter, it economically prospered...?
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Through access to foreign resources, markets, and ideas
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The Greeks viewed the sea as...?
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An important "connector"
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To ensure good crops, the Greek farmers relied entirely on...?
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Annual rainfall
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The Greek Dark Age was a period of...?
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Poverty, isolation, and depopulation
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The Archaic Period in Greece began...?
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Because of renewed contacts with Phoenicia
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The Phoenician alphabetic writing system was a great gift to Greece because...?
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It allowed for widespread literacy without years of study
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What is NOT a characteristic of the recovery of the Archaic Period?
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The cure of various infectious diseases
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Hostility and jealousy between city-states led to the emergence of new types of warfare with soldiers called...?
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Hoplites
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A Greek population explosion led to...?
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The colonization of North Africa, Sicily, Southern Italy, and the Black Sea
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An oligarchy is a society where...?
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Wealthy members of society have political power
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The Greek concept of democracy included political participation of...?
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All free, native-born, adult males
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The Greeks believed that their gods gave advice through...?
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Oracles
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The Archaic Greek development of humanism, a lasting feature of Western Civilization, was...?
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Valuing the uniqueness, rights, and talents of individuals
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Pre-Socratic philosophers were primarily concerned with...?
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Creating theoretical models to explain the natural world
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The father of history in the western tradition is...?
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Herodotus
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The Spartan city-state can be described as...?
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A militaristic society
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The result of the Persian Wars was...?
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The expulsion of the Persians from Greece
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What can be considered the symbol of Athenian naval success?
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The trireme
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Wise men who provided lessons in logic and rhetoric were...?
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Sophists
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The three great Greek philosophers were...?
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Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
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One irony of Athenian democracy was...?
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An abundance of slaves
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How did Peloponnesian War reveal an inherent flow in Greek society?
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The independent polis fostered rivalry and mistrust among neighbors
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What is NOT one of the policies used by Alexander the Great to control his vast empire?
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He promoted local militia
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When Alexander the Great died, his vast empire...?
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Was broken up into three Macedonian dynasties
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The greatest of the cities of the Hellenistic Age is...?
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Alexandria
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The Hellenistic Age refers to...?
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Political and social cultural influence of Greece over foreign subjects
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The growth of the Roman State was NOT based on...?
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Regular rainfall from the monsoons
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The economic wealth of the early Roman State was based on...?
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Farming
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The Roman Republic was not a true democracy; it was ruled by...?
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Several assemblies of wealthy male citizens
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The family was the basic unit of Roman society under the authority of...?
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The paterfamilias
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What is true about Roman women?
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They exercised influence over husbands and sons
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How did the Romans view the natural world?
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As filled with numerous invisible shapeless forces called numina
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One key to the Romans' success in winning the loyalty of all Italy was...?
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Granting Roman citizenship to conquered peoples
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Two protracted and bloody wars against the Carthaginians were important because...?
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Rome won control of the Western Mediterranean
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When Rome took control of a foreign land, it...?
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Allowed considerable autonomy to cooperative local elites
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As the numbers of independent farmers declined in the later republic, Italian landowners increasingly turned to...?
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Inexpensive slaves
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On what factor do scholars agree was the reason behind why Rome and Han China flourished simultaneously?
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Actually, no theory has won the support of most scholars
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The emperor responsible for the reorganization of the Roman government after 31 B.C.E. was...?
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Octavian
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One of the most enduring consequences of the Roman Empire has been the...?
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Romanization of the Western Mediterranean
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Before 212 C.E., many people living outside Italy became Roman citizens...?
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After serving lengthy terms of military service
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The circumstance surrounding Jesus' ministry and acclimation by his followers as the messiah was...?
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The Roman occupation of Judaea
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Why was becoming Christian considered an act of disloyalty in the Roman Empire?
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Christians could not worship the emperor as a deity
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Roman architecture departed from the Greek style because of the...?
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Roman invention of concrete
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Roman technological expertise is evident in...?
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Engineering roads, aqueducts, concrete, and arches
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From the reign of Augustus, the Roman army was reorganized and redeployed to...?
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Shift from an offensive to a defensive strategy
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The most visible symptom of Rome's "third-century crisis" was the...?
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Frequent change of rulers
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Who reformed Rome in the 3rd century C.E. and saved it from decline?
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Diocletian
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What city became the new imperial capital of the Roman Empire?
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Constantinople
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The conversion to Christianity of which Roman emperor ushered in a time of tolerance, acceptance, and eventual dominance of Christianity?
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Constantine
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In addition to agriculture, a fundamental resource of China was...?
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Human labor
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A result of the competition among states in the Warring States Period was...?
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The creation of the first empire under the Qin state
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The Chinese family was considered to include...?
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All generations, living and dead
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Because of the influence of Confucian ethics, Chinese values emphasized...?
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Obedience and proper conduct
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The Confucian view of proper female behavior was exemplified by the...?
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The three submissions
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It was customary for young brides in China to...?
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Live with their husbands' families
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The Qin ruler took the title Shi Huangdi, which meant...?
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"First Emperor"
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When the Qin government abolished primogeniture, this meant that...?
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The number of small landholders would grow
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The Qin emperor was committed to standardization of coinage, weights and measures, the law code, and writing. This shows a commitment to...?
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The creation of a unified Chinese civilization
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The early Han emperors reformed the Legalist system by...?
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Incorporating Confucianism
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In order to supply administrators for the empire, the Han used officials from the gentry class and adopted...?
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A version of Confucianism to guide government
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What does NOT explain why Daoism was popular among the common people?
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It encouraged education and involvement in government to cure the ills of society
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The important Han innovations include the development of...?
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The horse collar, watermill, and crossbow
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The leading export commodity of China during the Han was...?
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Silk
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What is NOT generally considered by scholars to be a factor helping to explain the fall of the Han Empire?
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The subversive ideas of Buddhism
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According to the book, what CANNOT be said to contribute to India's diversity?
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It has great regional dietary differences
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Northern India is bordered by the...?
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Himalayas
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Three harvests each year have been possible in some parts of India because of...?
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High rainfall from the monsoons
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The Vedic Age was a new historical period in India marked by...?
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The dominance of Indo-Europeans over India
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The varna system was developed in order to create...?
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Social order between groups
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The class and caste systems in India were connected to...?
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A widespread belief of reincarnation
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The reincarnation of the atman (soul) into a given class depends on...?
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Karma (fate) or deeds in life
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What is the underlying message of the cycle of reincarnation?
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You are where you deserve to be
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The Brahmins were important because they...?
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Knew how to perform essential sacrifices correctly
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The collection of Indian poetic hymns dedicated to the various deities and describing sacred practices is...?
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The Rig Veda
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What statement about women in the Vedic Age CANNOT be learned from Vedic literature?
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They are depicted as slaves to men
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To be released from the cycle of reincarnation is the concept of...?
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Moksha
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Jainism emphasizes the principles of...?
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Nonviolence, nudity, and asceticism
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Siddhartha Gautama articulated the "Four Noble Truths," which taught that...?
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Life is suffering, and suffering is caused by desire
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Some followers of Buddhism took vows of...?
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Celibacy, non-violence, and poverty
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The ultimate spiritual reward in Buddhism is...?
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Nirvana
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What is NOT an element of the Hindu religion?
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The denial of the existence of a soul
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Although Hindus worship different deities such as Vishnu and Shiva, they are really...?
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Incarnations of a single divine force in the universe.
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What is NOT a factor in India's habitual political fragmentation historically?
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Competition between different claimants for political power
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The Mauryan government united much of India after...?
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The death of Alexander the Great
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In order to improve trade, the Mauryan Empire...?
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Issued standard coinage throughout the empire
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The Mauryan leader Ashoka converted to Buddhism and became a unique leader because of...?
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He was overwhelmed by the brutality of his early conquests
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During the first centuries C.E., the two great epics of India take their final form; they are...?
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The Ramayana and the Mahabharata
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The story of the great hero Arjuna, who is tutored by Krishna, is called...?
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The Bhagavad Gita
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The chief source of revenue for the Gupta Empire was...?
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A 25% tax on agricultural produce
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One of the most important contributions made by Gupta intellectuals was the...?
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The concept of zero
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The practice of cremating widows on their husband's funeral pyre was called...?
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Sati
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The Gupta Empire collapsed in 550 C.E....?
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After invasions by the Huns of Central Asia
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The Silk Road was a trade route connecting...?
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China and the Middle East
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The initial key to opening the Silk Road was the...?
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Chinese eagerness for Western horses
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General Zhang Jian credited with introducing what to China?
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Persian rugs
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Among the products that China exported along the Silk Road were...?
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Timber, ivory, and myrrh
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What military technologies did the Silk Road spread?
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Chariot warfare, mounted bowman, stirrup
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The mariners involved in the Indian Ocean trade were...?
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A multilingual and multiethnic group
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The Indian Ocean maritime system forged economic and social ties between...?
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East African, Arabia, India, China and Southeast Asia
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The importance of the monsoon was that...?
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It facilitated sailing across the Indian Ocean
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One difference between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean seafaring was that...?
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Mediterranean seamen rarley sailed far from shore
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The early inhabitants of the East African island of Madagascar came from...?
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The islands of Southeast Asia
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The Peripherals of the Erythraean Sea is an important account because it describes...?
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A vast interconnected trading system
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Indian Ocean society could be described as bicultural because...?
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Sailors often married women in port cities
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The book contends that of what theories for the development of trans-Saharan trade routes is most plausible?
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Camel domestication
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The most convincing evidence indicates that camels were introduced to the Sahara from...?
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Arabia
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The most important African network of cultural exchange can be described as...?
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Mainly internal folk migrations within sub-Saharan Africa
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The development of metallurgy in Africa included...?
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Iron
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Most sub-Saharan languages come from one giant linguistic family, called...?
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Bantu
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From where did the Israelites'(and later the Muslims') prohibition of pork eating probably derive?
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Egypt
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The Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade fostered the spread of which religion?
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Buddhism
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The geographic location of Iran (ancient Persia)...?
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Makes a link between West, South, and Central Asia
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Cyrus was able to take over Babylon by...?
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Making a deal with disaffected elements of the city
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Why did satrapies have more autonomy the farther they were from the central seat of government?
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Communication was so slow that it was impractical to refer matters to the central government
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Darius can be considered a second founder of the Persian Empire because...?
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He created a new organizational structure that remained for two centuries
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What did the walled garden called "paradayadam" (paradise) symbolize to the Persians?
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The prosperity that the king and empire could bring to those who served them
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Which group of Persian workers received the most pay?
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Pregnant women
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Historians now believe that the sculpture on the foundations, walls, and stairwells of the buildings at Persepolis represent...?
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Public relations or propaganda
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What was NOT true of Zoroastrianism?
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It preached a belief in multiple deities
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For the Greeks and other peoples living around it, the Mediterranean was...?
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A connector
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What is NOT a reason for the population explosion in Greece during the eighth century?
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Specialization of labor
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What did NOT help inaugurate the outward-looking seafaring activities of the Greek Archaic period?
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The competition between Athens and Sparta
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What about Greek colonies is NOT true?
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The colonists set out after receiving a blessing from the goddess Athena
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Greek states were defended by...?
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Private citizens
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What was NOT a benefit of the invention of coins?
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It made currency standard for all areas
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What was the central ritual of Greek religion?
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Sacrifice
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Why is Herodotus considered the "father of history?"
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He sought the causes behind historical events
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To the Persians, the conflict with the Greeks...?
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Was less important than it was to the Greeks
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What enabled the rowers of Athenian battleships to gain an equal voice in the democratic system?
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The great importance of the navy to the Athenian military
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To become part of the privileged and wealthy ruling class, ambitious members of the indigenous populations conquered by Greece...?
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Learned the Greek language and adopted elements of the Greek way of life
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Socrates' disciple, _______, may represent the first generation of Greeks to be truly literate
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Plato
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________ united the various Persian tribes around 550 B.C.E.
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Cyrus
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________ extended Persian control eastward as far as the Indus Valley
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Darius I
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Darius' empire was divided into twenty provinces governed by _______
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Satraps
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Darius constructed a ceremonial capital at __________
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Persepolis
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________ is said to be the originator of a Persian religion that centers on the struggle between good and evil
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Zoroaster
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The Greek ______ consisted of an urban center and rural territories
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Polis
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An ________ was an open area where Greek citizens gathered to ratify the decisions of their leaders
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Agora
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Greek soldiers called ________ were heavily armored infantrymen who fought in close formation
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Hoplites
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The _______ built a society organized around warfare
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Spartans
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By the late sixth century B.C.E. the ________ was the premier Greek warship
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Trireme
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Roman senators served in the Senate for ______
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Life
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In Rome's hierarchical society, individuals and families were connected by complex ties of obligation. The common relationship was the _____________ relationship
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Patron/Client
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The city of ______ was built on seven hills
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Rome
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The majority of the Roman population was called _________ and the elite were called patricians
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Plebeians
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_________ was Rome's ruler during the Roman Principate
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Augustus
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During the period called the ____________, commerce expanded and Rome enjoyed considerable stability
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Pax romana
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_______ led the effort to convert the gentiles to Christianity
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Paul
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Roman _________ channeled water from its source into Roman cities
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Aqueducts
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The ______ dynasty ruled China from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E.
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Han
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The Han built canals to connect the Yangzi and ________ Rivers
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Yellow
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The Han's first capital was at ________ in the Wei Valley
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Chang'an
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The major external threat to the Han came from a confederacy of Turkic people called the __________
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Xiongnu
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Evidence that representatives of Rome visited Chine in 166 C.E. shows that...?
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Rome and china were linked by far-flung international trading networks
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In agricultural societies, the basis of wealth is...?
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The land
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During the Roman Republic, all adult male citizens had the right to vote...?
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But the votes were weighted so that the votes of the wealthy counted for more
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Technically an advisory council, first to the kings and later to the Republican officials, the Roman Senate was actually...?
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The real center of power
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What was NOT common to both Rome and Han China?
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Slavery was indispensable
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In a legal sense, Roman women...?
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Were equal to children
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What provides the most convincing explanation for Rome's expansion?
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The Romans wanted a buffer against attack
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The missionary career of the Apostle Paul...?
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Exemplifies the cosmopolitan nature of the Roman empire
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Aqueducts worked with the aid of...?
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Gravity
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Why did the people of the Late Roman Empire revert to a barter economy?
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The emperors were cutting back on the precious metals in the coins, thereby causing them to be devalued
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In the Chinese and Roman empires, the majority of the population lived in...?
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The countryside
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What does NOT represent one way in which the Chinese tried to control nomadic raids?
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They tried to reason with the nomads, citing the Buddhist principle of nonviolence
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What is NOT one of the reasons that Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople?
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There were few Christians in the eastern empire, so there was more opportunity to gain new converts
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Why did the majority of the Chinese population during the Han dynasty live in eastern China?
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The best farmland was concentrated in eastern China
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The Qin government abolished slavery because...?
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Slaves did not pay taxes but free people did
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When the Han took over, they...?
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Retained the Qin system with minor modifications
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During the Han dynasty, the emperor's chief widow did what upon his death?
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Chose a new husband from among the male members of the ruling clan
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China's most valuable commodity was...?
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Silk
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What makes tracing Indian civilization back to the Indus Valley civilization of the 3rd and early 2nd millennium B.C.E. difficult?
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The writings from that period have not as yet been deciphered
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Indo-European nomads tended to be...?
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Patriarchal
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In the Vedic religion, when an individual was reborn, whether the new body was an insect, an animal, or a human, depended on...?
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Karma
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Why did members of the higher castes fear contact with the lower castes?
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They feared pollution from contact with lower-caste individuals
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What was the purpose of sacrifice in Vedic Religion?
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It invigorated the gods and promoted stability in the world
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Why did Brahmins resist widespread adoption of writing?
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They might have lost their monopoly on religious rituals if the rites were written down
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What is NOT among the practices of Jainism?
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Farming in order to stay close to the land
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Bodhisattvas are men and women who have achieved enlightment and...?
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Choose to be reborn into mortal bodies
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After 6 years of strict asceticism, Siddhartha Gautama decided to...?
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Adhere to a "Middle Path" of moderation
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What is NOT a characteristic of Buddhism?
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It demands frequent sacrifices of small animals
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Why was Buddha originally represented by symbols?
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To emphasize his achievement of a state of nonexistence
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What factor did NOT contribute to a tendency toward disunity in ancient India?
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The threat of outside invasion
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What purpose did Ashoka's famous stone pillars serve?
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They were inscribed with his belief in nonviolence, morality, moderation, and religious tolerance both in government and in private life
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In the absence of a strong central authority and to facilitate trade, Indian towns developed...?
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Powerful guilds of merchants and artisans
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What is NOT part of Southeast Asia's three geographic zones?
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The Japanese islands
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The region of Southeast Asia first rose to prominence and prosperity because...?
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Of its intermediary role in the trade between southern and eastern Asia
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What is NOT true about Borobodur?
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The temple was destroyed by invading Muslims in the 13th century
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The development and spread of belief systems- Vedism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism- are important to scholars because...?
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In this part of the world, nearly all sources from antiquity are religious
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The main source of information about the "Vedic Age" comes from the _______, religious texts from the period
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Vedas
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The Srivijaya built the temple complex of _________, the largest human construction in the Southern Hemisphere at the time
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Borobodur
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By 683 C.E., the _________ Kingdom dominated the Strait of Malacca
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Srivijayan
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Two empires arose in the Ganges plain: the Mauryan Empire of the fourth to second centuries B.C.E. and the _______ Empire of the fourth to the sixth centuries C.E.
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Gupta
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India gets most of its moisture from its annual ________ rains
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Monsoon
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The period of Indian history from 1500-500 B.C.E. is called the ________ Age
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Vedic
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The _______ system divided the Indian society into four classes
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Varna
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Believers in ________ emphasized the holiness of the life force that animates all living things
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Jainism
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_________ and Shiva are the preeminent gods in the Hindu pantheon
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Vishnu
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Chandragupta was the founder of the ________ Empire
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Mauryan
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The second great Indian empire was the ________ Empire
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Gupta
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The first major Southeast Asian center was called _______ by the Chinese
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Funan
