question

irrigation systems

answer

Replacement or supplementation of rainfall with water from another source in order to grow crops

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Ice Age

answer

Any period of time during which glaciers covered a large part of the earth's surface

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ethnocentrism

answer

Belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group

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nomadic

answer

(of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently

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cultural diffusion

answer

The spread of cultural elements from one society to another

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Homo sapiens

answer

the only surviving hominid

question

Paleolithic

answer

second part of the Stone Age beginning about 750,00 to 500,000 years BC and lasting until the end of the last ice age about 8,500 years BC

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Neolithic Revolution

answer

the shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis around 8,000 BC

question

Jericho

answer

a village in Jordan near the north end of the Dead Sea

question

Catal Huyuk

answer

One of first true cities in history, created in the Neolithic Era in 6500 to 5500 BC, from which were created agriculture, trading, temples, housing, and religions

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Metallurgy

answer

the science or art of metals. It includes the study of their properties and structure, the separation and refining of metals from their ores, the production of alloys, and the shaping and treatment of metals by heat and rolling.

question

Lucy

answer

A forty percent complete skeleton discovery of an Australopithecus afarensis, or a species within the category of hominid. She was rediscovered on November 24, 1974 in Hadar, Ethiopia.

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Gilgamesh

answer

a legendary Sumerian king who was the hero of an epic collection of mythic stories

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Hammurabi

answer

Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. (p. 34)

question

Nebuchadnezzar

answer

A Babylonian king who conquered Jerusalem,and built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon

question

Mesopotamia

answer

first civilization located between the Tigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; term means "land between the rivers;" Sumerian culture

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fertile crescent

answer

Found along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, this was the first early river civilization. The cities in this area were governed by city-states and used irrigation to produced their corps.

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ziggurat

answer

a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians

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Patriarchy

answer

a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line

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Cuneiform

answer

an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia

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Palestine

answer

an ancient country is southwestern Asia on the east coast of the Mediterranean

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Torah

answer

(Judaism) the scroll of parchment on which the first five books of the Hebrew Scripture is written

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Bible

answer

The book that contains the writings or scriptures that Christians recognize as the written word of God.

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Phoenicians

answer

Sailing and trading people who had many colonies on the Mediterranean coast

question

Sargon of Akkad

answer

an ancient Mesopotamian ruler who reigned approximately 2334-2279 BC, and was one of the earliest of the world's great empire builders, conquering all of southern Mesopotamia as well as parts of Syria, Anatolia, and Elam (western Iran). He established the region's first Semitic dynasty and was considered the founder of the Mesopotamian military tradition.

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Hebrews

answer

the ethnic group claiming descent from Abraham and Isaac (especially from Isaac's son Jacob)

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Abraham

answer

Founder of Judaism who, according to the Bible, led his family from Ur to Canaan in obedience to God's command.

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Menes

answer

king of upper egypt united the two kingdoms of upper and lower egypt

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Hatshepsut

answer

Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged. (p.66)

question

Nile River

answer

the world's longest river (4180 miles)

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Nubia

answer

an ancient region of northeastern Africa (southern Egypt and northern Sudan) on the Nile

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Pharaoh

answer

a king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader

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Hieroglyphs

answer

pictures, characters, or symbols standing for words, ideas, or sounds; ancient Egyptians used instead of an alphabet like ours

question

Bantu

answer

a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent

question

Indra

answer

chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior God of thunder and strength

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Aryans

answer

Indo-European speaking nomads who entered India from the Central Asian steppes between 1500 and 1000 BC and greatly affected Indian society.

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Dravidians

answer

one of the main groups of people in India; probably descended from the Indus River culture that flourished at the dawn of Indian civilization over 4,000 yrs. ago

question

Harappan

answer

Civilization that developed along the Indus River (Present Day Pakistan), Controlled larges areas of land on both sides of the Indus River, Largest two settlements were _______ and Mohenjo Daro, Known for City planning, sewer systems, indoor plumbing, and fortresses around their cities

question

Mohenjo-daro

answer

Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning. Not Harappa

question

Sanskrit

answer

(Hinduism) an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism)

question

Vedas

answer

sacred texts in the Hindu religion, they are a set of four collections of hymns and religious ceremonies transmitted by memory through the centuries by Aryan priests

question

Ganges River

answer

Located in India, this river is considered sacred to Hindus and is used for spiritual cleansing, funeral rites, and other Hindu rituals.

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Caste

answer

a social class separated from others by distinctions of hereditary rank or profession or wealth

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Brahmins

answer

Priests, at the top of the caste system which the Aryans established

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Jati

answer

sub castes; were groups of people within each caste that worked together for one economic function

question

Sati

answer

a ritual that required a woman to throw herself on her late husband's funeral pyre or burn herself. This was done gladly and if a woman didn't comply with this she would be disgraced.

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Upanishads

answer

A group of writings sacred in Hinduism concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe.

question

karma

answer

(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation

question

Dharma

answer

In Hinduism, the duties and obligations of each caste

question

Xia dynasty

answer

This was the earliest known dynasty. There is no written evidence of this early time period, but artifacts have been found. The people of this time were farmers and made pottery.

question

Huang He

answer

a major river of Asia in northern China

question

Shang dynasty

answer

Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting.

question

Mandate of Heaven

answer

People believed that heaven gave them the authority to rule. They also believed that heaven would take it away

question

Zhou dynasty

answer

the imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC; notable for the rise of Confucianism and Taoism

question

Period of the Warring State

answer

Civil War broke out in during the Zhou Dynasty, beginning an age known in Chinese historical records as the "____________ of the ____________________ _____________________."

question

Oracle bones

answer

cattle bones or tortoise shells on which Chinese priests would write questions and then interpret answers from the cracks that formed when the bones were heated

question

Steppe lands

answer

-semiarid grasslands -stretch from Russia to the Great Wall of CHina

question

Book of Songs

answer

The Oldest of the Five Classics, preserves 305 of the earliest Chinese poems. Poems deal with political themes, ritual, and romance.

question

Land bridges

answer

long ago, after the Flood, little trails of land connecting the continents together

question

Olmecs

answer

(1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mexican civilization,lived in rainforests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples, carried on trade with other groups.

question

Maya

answer

a member of an American Indian people of Yucatan and Belize and Guatemala who had a culture (which reached its peak between AD 300 and 900) characterized by outstanding architecture and pottery and astronomy

question

Tikal

answer

the most important Maya political center between the 4th-9th centuries. It was a city that had temples, pyramids, palaces, and public buildings.

question

Chichen Itza

answer

Originally a Mayan city; conquered by Toltecs circa 1000 and ruled by Toltec dynasties; architecture featured pyramid of Feathered Serpent (Quetzacoatl).

question

Popol Vuh

answer

the most famous of the Maya books that recounts the Highland Maya's version of the story of creation.

question

Teotihuacan

answer

first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".

question

Temple of the Giant Jaguar

answer

a stepped pyramid rising sharply to a height of 47 meters (154 feet); dominated the skyline and represented Tikal's control over the surrounding region

question

Chavin cult

answer

a new religion that appeared in the Andes mountains after 1000 BCE; enjoyed enormous popularity during the 900 to 800 BCE; spread in the area of modern Peru; vanished about 300 BCE; no information survives on the significance of the cults

question

Mochica

answer

Mochica is a society in the Andean valleys, near the Moche River, that left behind a remarkable artistic legacy. They made ceramics that represented gods and everyday life.

question

Austronesians

answer

earliest inhabitants of New Guinea and Oceania; had remarkable seafaring skills and maritime technology; used canoes; later migrated to the Pacific Islands

question

Lapita

answer

Society from New Guinea to Tonga (1500-500 B.C.E.) with agricultural villages, networks of trade and communication, and hierarchical chiefdoms.

question

civilization

answer

a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)

question

civilization

answer

indicators include: settled agricultural life, and certain political, social economic and technological traits

question

in the floodplains of great rivers (ex. Mesopotamia- Tigris and Euphrates)

answer

societies exhibiting traits of civilization appeared _____

question

culture

answer

the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization

question

Stone Age

answer

started around 2 million years ago, divided into two major subdivisions, Paleolithic and Neolithic

question

Paleolithic

answer

Old Stone Age

question

Neolithic

answer

New Stone AGe

question

foragers

answer

hunting and food gathering peoples

question

Agricultural Revolutions

answer

The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between ca. 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. aka Neolithic Revolution

question

Holocene

answer

approximately the last 10,000 years

question

Earth Mother

answer

the rituals of farmers often centered her, a deity that was considered to be the source of life

question

Sky God

answer

usually a male deity, representing fire, wind and rain

question

megaliths

answer

believed to relate to religious beliefs, translates to "big stones"

question

Babylon

answer

The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. (p. 29)

question

Mesopotamia

answer

"land between the rivers". in this case, Tigris and Euphrates

question

Fertile Crescent

answer

A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates

question

Sumerians

answer

written record begins with ____, The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.

question

Semitic languages

answer

a family of languages spoken in parts of western Asia and northern Africa. Includes Hebrew, Aramaic and PhoenicProxy-Connection: keep-alive Cache-Control: max-age=0 n of the ancient world and Arabic today

question

Epic of Gilgamesh

answer

Mesopotamian narrative poem that was first told in Sumer

question

lugal

answer

"big man", what we would call a king, emerged in Sumer in the 3rd millenium BCE

question

Hammurabi

answer

Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. (p. 34)

question

the 3 classes in Mesopotamia

answer

1. free landowning class 2. class of dependent farmers and artisans 3. slaves, primarily employed in domestic service

question

scribe

answer

an administrator or scholar charged by the temple or palace with reading and writing tasks. In Mesopotamia, a dominantly male position, and their writings reflected elite male activities.

question

Sumerian Gods

answer

embodied the forces of nature. examples : Anu (sky), Enlil (air), Enki (water), Utu (sun), Nanna (moon)

question

anthropomorphic

answer

people imagined their gods as ____, like humans in form and contact

question

ziggurat

answer

a temple tower of the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding stories

question

amulets

answer

small charms meant to protect the bearer from evil, suggests widespread belief in magic

question

cuneiform

answer

a system of writing used in ancient Mesootamia, in which wedge-shaped characters were produced b pressing a stylus into a soft clay tablet, which was then baked or otherwise hardened

question

Upper Egypt

answer

the southern part of Egypt

question

Lower Egypt

answer

the northern part of Egypt

question

pharaoh

answer

ruler of Ancient Egypt

question

ma'at

answer

the divinely authorized order of this universe, pharaoh maintained as their job

question

pyramid

answer

a series of stone platforms laid on top of each other, used as royal tombs for kings

question

Memphis

answer

an ancient city of Egypt on the Nile (south of Cairo)

question

Thebes

answer

an ancient Egyptian city on the Nile River that flourished from the 22nd century BC to the 18th century BC

question

hieroglyphics

answer

Egypt's form of writing, using picture symbols standing for words, syllables or sounds. We can read this because of the discovery of the Rosetta Stone

question

papyrus

answer

reed plant of the Nile Valley, used to make a form of paper

question

mummy

answer

The dead body of a human or animal that has been embalmed and prepared for burial, as according to the practices of the ancient Egyptians.

question

Nile River

answer

the river valley that the Egyptian civilization depended on for survival

question

Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

answer

two urban sites of the Indus River Valley civilization

question

China

answer

isolated from the rest of the Eastern Hemisphere by the Himalayas, Pamir and Tian mountains, Takla Makan Desert, Mongolian steppe and the Gobi Desert

question

Yellow and Yangzi Rivers

answer

great river systems of China

question

loess

answer

yellow-brown soil

question

Shang

answer

The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of Shang culture.

question

feng shui

answer

arrangement of objects to achieve harmony in your environment

question

divination

answer

techniques used to determine the will of gods

question

Zhou

answer

The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History. (p. 61)

question

Mandate of Heaven

answer

the theory that those in power have the right to be in power because they have been chosen by a deity

question

Spring and Autumn Period

answer

after the fall of the western zhou dynasty china entered what later beocame known as the _______

question

Warring States Period

answer

covers the period from some time in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC.

question

Legalism

answer

a political theory that strict codes of law must be made for humans to behave in an orderly fashion. Every aspect of society must be controlled

question

Confucius

answer

Kongzi; a philosopher that believed that one leader was all society needed. Everyone should have good morals, and that is how the government should be based

question

Mencius

answer

Confucius' follower that spread Confucianism after Confucius' death

question

Daoism

answer

created by Laozi, wants humanity to follow their "path", and avoid violence whenever possible. Leaders aren't necessary in this society because for every action, there is a negative reaction

question

Nubia

answer

an ancient region in the Nile River Vally, on the cite of present- day southern Egypt and northern Sudan

question

Kush

answer

an ancient nubian kingdom whose rulers contolled egypt between 2000 and 1000 B.C.

question

Meroe

answer

city in the Kushite empire that become known for its ironworking. They made weapons and tools.

question

Candace

answer

the Nubian queen, but it is debatable whether there was one particular queen named Candace or that was the title given, as there are written records of a Candace at different points in Nubian history

question

Olmec

answer

The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. (86)

question

Chavin

answer

A culture that thrived in the Andean region from 900 B.C. to 200 B.C.

question

llamas

answer

used to move goods, increased trade

question

Iron Age

answer

the period of time when tools were starting to be made with iron instead of bronze

question

Hittites

answer

Indo-European people who settles in Anatolia

question

Neo-Assyrian Empire

answer

911-612 BCE; the first to rule over lots of lands and a diverse population. located in western Asia and the eastern Mediterranean

question

mass deportation

answer

Removal of entire peoples used as terror tactic by Assyrian and Persian Empires. (95)

question

Library of Ashurbanipal

answer

A large collection of writings drawn from the ancient literary, religious, and scientific traditions of Mesopotamia. It was assembled by the sixth century B.C.E. Assyrian ruler Ashurbanipal. (98)

question

Israel

answer

has been called various names: Canaan, Palestine, Hebrews, Israelites, Jews. located on the western edge of the Assyrian empire.

question

Hebrew Bible

answer

the Old Testament to Christians, a compilation of several collections of materials

question

Abraham

answer

Founder of Judaism who, according to the Bible, led his family from Ur to Canaan in obedience to God's command.

question

First Temple

answer

built by King Solomon to strengthen the link between religius and secular authority. a central shrine and set of rituals that could compete with religions in the are

question

monotheism

answer

the absolute belief in one god, in the case of Judaism, Yahweh

question

Diaspora

answer

"dispersion, scattering". dispersion outside the homeland

question

synagogue

answer

built because of the Diapora to maintain their religion and culture outside the homeland

question

Phoenicians

answer

Sailing and trading people who had many colonies on the Mediterranean coast. "red men"

question

Carthage

answer

Phoenician city in modern-day Tunisia which grew to become a major power in the western Mediterranean.

question

tophets

answer

walled enclosures where thousands of small, sealed urns containing the burned bones of children laid

question

Neo-Babylonian Kingdom

answer

626-539 BCE. most of the territory of the Assyrian Empire became ____ thanks to the kings of Nabopolassar and Nebuchadnezzar

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