AP World History Study Guide – Unit 2 (Classical Period) – Flashcards
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RVCs
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led to control of barbaric outsiders, expansion; political organization, legal codes, specialization, more writing and architecture
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artisians
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person skilled in crafts
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Continuity from RVCs
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barter economy, patriarchal societies
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Change form RVCs
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military organization, war, more writing/records
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Assyrians
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from northern Mesopotamia, no natural barriers/easy to attack, empire stretched from N/E of Tigris to central Egypt
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provinces
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dependent territories protected by army
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Nineveh
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Assyrian capital, one of world'd largest libraries; demolished by enemies(Medes and Chaldeans' revenge for Assyrian cruelty)
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Persia
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southwest Asia; nomadic
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qanat
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underground canal used in water systems of ancient Persians
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nomadic
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roaming lifestyle
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Cyrus the Great
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military leader; organize by ranks; freed the Jews
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Darius the Great
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stops rebellions; soldier of Cyrus; expands Persia north; Builds capital Persepolis; creates postal service and spies
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centralized bureaucracy
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ruling with ranks/orders/parts and one central capital
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satraps
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Persian Governor, oversees laws, military, and taxes of their province
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Darians
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monetary, Persian gold coins
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Royal Road
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Persian trade route, connects cities for faster trade
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Zorostrianism
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founded by Persian prophet Zoroster, 2 gods, good and evil, idea of heaven and hell
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Avesta
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collection of books on Zorostrianism
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Greece
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independent city-states in the rocky terrain of Southeast Europe
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Minonians
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Crete, known for architecture and sea trade with Egypt
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Myceneans
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warlike, Greek gods, Trojan War, Homer w/ Odyssey and Illyiad
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Dorians
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from north Macedonia, iron weapons, Dark Age of little writing, a population decrease, and isolation
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polis
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Greek city-state
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Greek governments
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Monarchy, aristocracy, oligarchy, direct democracy
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Aristocracy
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the wealthy make laws
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Oligarchy
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Wealthy control government and army
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Direct democracy
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first form of democracy, created by Solon in 461 Athens, vote at the acropolis
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Acropolis
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A fortified hilltop in an ancient Greek city
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Olympics
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games against polises were held to honor their gods
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Athenian women
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homemakers, no government role, not allowed in public
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Spartan women
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more equal to men (not exactly though), athletes, run businesses, step up while men were training
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Greek Ionian Revolt
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Cause of the Persian Wars, mistrust, no honorable satrap
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Persian War
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Greece vs. Persia, Greeks unite
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Marathon
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1st battle, Greek victory due to Phalanx formation, mostly Athenians
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Emperor Xerxes
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Persian, seeks revenge for the defeat at Marathon
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Thermonopylae
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turning point, 2nd battle, Spartans, Greek lost but bought time
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Salamis
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last battle, naval, Thermistecles sends a "traitor", big Persian ship get caught and sunk in the straight
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Thermistecles
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Greek military leader
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Athens Golden Age
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political and cultural achievements, democracy becomes stronger
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Pericles
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Greek ruler/philosopher, pay more to political figures and then the poor can take part
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Cause of Peloponnesian War
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Spartan jealousy of Athenian Golden Age, fear of rising power
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Peloponnesian War
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civil war, Delian League (Athens) vs. Peloponnesian League (Sparta); phase 1: Athenian blockade, Spartans burning and pillaging; phase 2: Athenian plague, Spartans surround Athens
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Athenian Plague
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Athenians fled to inside the Athens citadel walls, disease affected 1/3 the population including Pericles
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bicameral legislature
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A lawmaking body made up of two chambers or parts
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civic duty
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A belief that one has an obligation to participate in civic and political affairs
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Hippocratus
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father of medicine, believed germs and bacteria led to sickness
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Archimedes
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philosopher, pi, levers and pulleys
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Aristotle
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classified plants and animals, taught Alexander the Great
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Macedonia
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barbaric, frontier of Greece/Balkans, nomadic, pastorial, subsistent farmers
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Philip II
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unites the Macedonians, conquers Greek polises, Greeks don't unite after Peloponnesian War
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Macedonian weapons
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catapult and long spike
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Alexander the Great
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Philip's successor, age 20, student of Aristotle, goal to spread Hellenism
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Hellenism
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Greek culture
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Alexander's conquest
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put down Thebian rebellion, invades Persia, liberates Egypt, builds Alexandria, burns Persepolis, crosses Indus to defeat unorganized Aryans (also suffers high losses due to elephants)
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Antigonid Empire
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Greece and Macedonia, flourishing trade, constant rebellion
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Ptolemaic Empire
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Egypt, Holy Land, Anatolia, wealthiest, salt monopoly
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Seleucid Empire
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east Persia to India, largest, cosmopolitan society
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Cosmopolitan society
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a condition in which international organizations, transnational corporations and global markets are accountable to the peoples of the world.
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Erastosthenes
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director of library in Alexandria, computed Earth's circumference
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Aristarchus
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estimate sun was 300x larger than earth, and that earth revolves around the sun
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Hipparchus
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invented longitude and latitude
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Chandragupta Mauryan
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unified India, feared assasinantion so he became a Jainist monk
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Mauryan history
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Vedic age ends when Persians invade, Alexander the Great conquers in 326
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autocratic ruler
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single ruler with complete authority
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Pataliputra
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Mauryan capital
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Kautilya
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advisor of Chandragupta, wrote the Arthashastra
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Arthashastra
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guide for ruling, strict control, legalist
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Asoka
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Chandragupta's grandson, follows Arthashastra, becomes sorrow-changed, becomes Buddhist
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Battle of Kalinga
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deadly battle in which Asoka becomes sorrow-changed
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Asoka's Law Code
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mostly sanskrit, pillars(stupas) with 30 edicts, Buddhist principles of toleration and righteousness
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Gupta Empire
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the Golden Age of India, flourish in arts, literature, math, medicine, rewarded for discoveries
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Chandra Gupta I
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inherits his father's kingdom, marries princess of another kingdom, conquers and assembles the other kingdoms
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Chandra Gupta II
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expands, prosperity/wealth, maritime and land trade, patrons of the art, etc
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Kalidosa
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Gupta empire poet, play Shakuntala
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Aryabhatta
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earth is sphere
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Sushruta Samhita
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text on surgery/medicine
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Shi Huangdhi
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1st emperor of Qin dynasty, 13, legalist
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Qin Empire
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nobles families lived at capital, 100s of Confucian scholars killed
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autocracy
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A system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual
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Qin centralization
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highway networks, peasants work against will, uniform standards, law, $, weights, measures, cart and axel lengths
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Han dynasty
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collapse of Qin after Shi Huangdi dies, Lui Bang bring rise of Han
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Changán
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Han capital
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Han emperor
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semi divine, connection between heaven and Earth, secluded, many wives
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ministers or officials
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Han leaders of provinces, forced conscription, labor, taxes, etc
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Han Wudi
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creator of civil service exam
