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Civilization

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an advanced state of human society where there is an increased level of culture, science, industry, government, and writing.

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Stone Age

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a period in the history of mankind, emphasized mostly by the use of stone in weapons and other things--divided into three general periods

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Paleolithic

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one of the first periods of the stone age which appeared first in Africa and is marked by the growth of stone tools, paintings, etc.

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Foragers

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people who gather food or objects they haven't cultivated or created themselves

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Megalith

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a stone of great size, especially in ancient construction work, used to create monuments or as building blocks

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Bipedalistm

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the ability to walk on two feet

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Holocene

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of, or formed in the second period of the Quaternary period, beginning 10,000 years ago and continuing on to today

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Agricultural Revolution

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the beginning of agriculture, varying in speeds and times across the globe

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Pastoralism

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to have herding as the primary economic activity of a person or society

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Irrigation

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to dig small ruts or tunnels from a water source to supply crops further inland with water

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Slash and burn

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when farmers cut and burn away forests to provide more space to grow plants and more fertile soil to grow the plants in

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Surplus

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an extra amount of anything

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Specialized Labor

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when people with certain skills can have specific jobs with those skill sets instead of everyone working on cultivating food

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Artisans

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a person skilled in a specific art or craft, such as making ornaments or weapons

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Plows

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a farming tool used to turn over soil, usually dragged by cows or in tractor form

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Woven textiles

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something such as fabric, usually made by knitting or weaving things on a loom or by hand

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Mesopotamia

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an ancient region between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers that is now current-era Iraq

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Shang Dynasty

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the earliest Chinese Dynasty which we have written records of

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Mohenjo-Daro

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the largest city in the Indus River Valley

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Harappa

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one of the greatest cities in the Indus River Valley

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Olmecs

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the people of the first Meso-american civilization, living in Central Mexico. Stone heads.

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Chavin

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the first civilization of the Andes Mountains, Peru, and South America. Domesticated llamas.

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Divine right

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the concept that a ruler was put into the ruling position by the gods, or was a god, or the son of a god, in order to legitimize his position

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Religious hierarchy

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When the church or religious leaders of an area are essentially the rulers

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Hittites

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people from Anatolia who established an empire then fought with New Kingdom Egypt for control of Syria-Palestine

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Sumerians

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the name of the people who dominated Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BCE

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Akkadians

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the Semitic people who ruled Mesopotamia, or the language they spoke

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Babylonians

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the people of Babylon, the largest and most important city in Mesopotamia

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Nubia

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an ancient region of Africa, along the Nile, that traded with Egypt

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Semetic

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related languages that include Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician

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Epic of Gilgamesh

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an epic about the adventures of Gilgamesh, the king of Uruk, which was written down and today reveals many parts of Mesopotamian culture

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Book of the Dead

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a group of texts originating in Europe, often found in tombs, with instructions on how the spirits of the dead should behave on their journey to the land of the dead along with prayers and hymns

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Rig (Reg?) Veda

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a collection of 1028 hymns, dating from no earlier than the 2nd millennium BCE. One of many Vedas, all other Vedas originate from this one. Oldest text of Hindu beliefs

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Pyramid

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triangular-prisim-shaped object used as a king to bury kings

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Ziggurat

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a pyramid-like tower, stepped and made of mud bricks. Found in Mesopotamia.

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Code of Hammurabi

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the first written law code, made by Hammurabi of Babylon/Mesopotamia as a list of suggested punishments for criminal and civil cases

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Ethical Monotheism

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the belief of one God, who guides humanity through ethical principles and morals

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Cuneiform

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a system of writing, originating in Mesopotamia, that used wedge-shaped symbols

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Hieroglyphics

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a system of writing in ancient Egypt using pictographs to represent sounds (AKA letters) which was later replaced by a script writing that was used on papyrus

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Pictographs

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a small picture that represents sounds or concepts, or a certain number of things

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Alphabets

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the system of characters in which languages are written, usually somewhat varying between languages

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Sewage and water systems

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tunnels or some sort of plumbing used to either bring water to an area or take wastes away from it

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Vedic religion

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Early Indian religion based on the Vedas, or 'knowledge'

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Judaism

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the monotheistic religion of the Jews, having its foundation in the Old Testament of the Bible, along with the teachings of Rabbis

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Zoroastrianism

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a religion originating in ancient Iran, focusing on one deity (Ahuramazda) who struggled with demonic forces for 12000 years and prevailed, restoring a pristine world. Emphasizes truth telling, purity, and reverence of nature

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Mayan

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the people of, or having the cultural aspects of, the Maya civilizations, which was concentrated in Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras. Blame 2012 on these guys.

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Teotihuacan

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a city-state in central Mexico, with a peaking population of about 150 thousand people. NOT TENOCHTITLAN. That's the Aztec Empire, and Mexico.

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Stele

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an upright stone slab serving as a marker, usually with inscriptions or designs

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Moche

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an Andean civilization of great importance, off the north coast of Peru

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Khipu

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the system of using knotted cords to transfer information in preliterate Andes civilization

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Senate

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a council of citizens having the highest function in a government. The main rulers of Rome before it became an empire

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Patrician

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an aristocrat, or person of high rank in Rome

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Plebian

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the common people in Rome

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Republic

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a government in which the supreme power rests amongst the citizens who can vote and laws are made by representatives chosen by the people

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Consul

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one of two chief officers of the Ancient Roman Republic government. Two appointed for one year, usually military officers.

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Tribunes

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administrative officers assigned to areas to protect the rights of the plebians from the patricians in Rome. Changed yearly.

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Julius Caesar

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a Roman general and statesman who acted more like a tyrant than a consul. Known for being the first Roman Emperor (No he wasn't, there were others); getting stabbed 27-or-so times by the Senate (et tu, Brute?) and salad dressing (he probably didn't invent that)

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Triumvirate

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the office of a triumvir, one of three officers exercising the same function

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Pax Romana

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'Roman Peace'; an era of general peace and wealth and exchanges of goods and thoughts in Rome.

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Twelve Tables

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the earliest Roman Law Code, made around 451-450 BCE

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Patron/Client

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the wealthy and powerful individuals in Rome would provide economic and legal protection to men of lesser status in exchange for support in political endeavors

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Punic Wars

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wars Rome held against Carthage that resulted in the destruction of Carthage. 264-241 BCE, 218-201 BCE, 149-146 BCE WAR ELEPHANTS

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Octavian/Agustus Caesar

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the first ever Roman Emperor who was actually accepted as a Roman Emperor, son of Julius Caesar, ruling from 27 BCE to 14 CE. A lot nicer than his father, how he earned the title of Emperor.

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3rd Century Crisis

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the disastrous state of politics, economics, and military during the 3rd century CE. Frequent changes in rulers, barbarian invasions, urban center decline, near-destruction of trade.

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Romanization

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Latin language and Roman culture becoming dominant in the added civilizations of the Roman Empire. People weren't forced to Romanize, but chose to because it had political benefits.

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Aqueducts

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a system using elevation and gravity to bring water from a source to another location, usually a city.

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Constantine

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a Roman emperor who united the Roman empire and made Christianity the most popular religion. Little story where he was fighting to become emperor and saw a cross superimposed in the sky before a battle, so painted it on all the soldier's shields and won the battle, becoming emperor, and made Christianity the favored religion

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Diocletian

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an emperor who pulled the Roman empire out of the 3rd Century Crisis, made radical changes to Rome such as locking people into their professions and forcing them to teach their sons said profession, setting maximum prices for various services and commodities. This lead to a black market and people thinking the government was mean.

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Constantinople

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the new capital of Rome, formerly known as Byzantium (an ancient Greek city) which was named after himself. Then got changed to Instanbul, but that's later.

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Phoenicians

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Semetic-speaking people living off the coast of modern-day Lebanon and Syria during the first millennium BCE. Sailors and merchants explored the Mediterannean Sea, founded Carthage and other colonies in the Western Mediterannean, made Phoenician alphabet.

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Minoans

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people of a prosperous civilization on the island of Crete in the second millennium BCE. Exerted powerful cultural influences on the early Greeks.

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Myceneans

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People of Mycenae, a site of a fortified palace complex in Southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age kingdom. Probably conquered the Minoans.

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Athens

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the capital power of Greece, one side of the Peloponnesian War. Widely known for developing democracy but nope, they corrupted it. Only males could vote. Named after the goddess Athena.

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Sparta

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THIS IS _______!!!!! City-state in Greece, at one time the dominant city, the other side of the Peloponnesian War. Famous for focusing on military; its aristocracy; and the movie 300 and whatever the ham and potatoes the sequel was called.

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Monarchies

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states or nations where absolute power rested in one individual. Common in Greece and other ancient civilizations.

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Polis

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Greek term for city-state, used to mean Greek city-state. How Greece was split up. Made up of the urban center and the agricultural territory around it, didn't necessarily have the same form of government as the one closest to it.

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Tyrants

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people who took and held power in contradiction of normal procedures and traditions of the community they ruled. Unwillingly contributed to the development of democracy by weakening the elite class.

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Oligarchy

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Rule by a few. Form of government in which power is vested in a few people, or a dominant class or clique. Sparta was one.

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Socrates

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Athenian philosopher who shifted the emphasis of philosophy from questions of natural science to those of human ethics and behavior. Long story short, lots of young Athenians liked him, old Athenians hated him because he pointed out how ignorant and pretentious the government was, so the government made him drink hemlock (which is a poison) and he died.

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Plato

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a Greek philosopher who was taught by Socrates and regarded as one of the initiators of Western mythology. Plato was taught by Socrates and was the teacher of Aristotle, built The Academy (Is...) in Athens

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Alexander the Great

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the King of Macedonia, who defeated the Persian Empire and conquered land all the way up to the Indus. His army only stopped at the Indus River Valley because they got tired of marching. He named a lot of cities after himself and his horse.

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Hellenistic Culture

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the spread of Greek culture across western Asia and northeastern Africa. The _______ Age ended with the fall of the last ________ kingdom to Rome, the culture lasted until the rise of Islam

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Pericles

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Aristocratic leader of the Athenians and eventually started the Peloponnesian War. Guided Athens into the 'full' participation of democracy, supervised the building of the Acropolis, but died of the plague early in the war.

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Hoplites

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heavily-armed Greek infantry men, comprised mostly of middle and upper-class citizens. Used a specific military formation, in which they would stand behind each other and used their shields to build a larger shield around them, pointing very long spears forwards and waiting the other army out.

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Warring States Period

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a point in time between 457 BCE to 221 BCE, in which China fell into political chaos and were fighting each other. The period ended with the Qin conquering all of the other states, therefore unifying them

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Zhou Dynasty

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the dynasty that took over the Shang, ruling from 1027 BCE to 771 BCE. Created the idea of the Mandate of Heaven to give them a reason to overthrow the Shang.

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Shi Huangdi

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Emperor of the Qin dynasty, remembered for the burning of books, unifying China with the same systems of measurements for lengths and music and whatnot, other generally disliked 'improvements', and built the Terra-Cotta Army, where each soldier had different characteristics and clothing.

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Qin Dynasty

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ruling dynasty from 221 BCE to 206 BCE that took control after the Warring states Period, only to be succeeded after their emperor's death by the Han Dynasty. This was a time where Chinese society became very standardized and the emperor was ruthless with military and building projects, which earned him dislike, which lead to the downfall of the Qin dynasty after his death.

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Liu Bang

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the first emperor of the Han Dynasty, remembered for being waaaaaaay nicer than Shi Huangdi (the previous emperor). Perceived as nicer because he promoted Confucianism instead of Legalism.

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Great Wall (of China)

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a wall that began construction during the Qin Dynasty, intended to keep out nomadic invaders. IT SUCKED AT IT'S JOB!! But hey, it's famous. No, it is not visible from the moon, or mars, or by the naked eye on a space ship unless you knew where you were looking.

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Han Dynasty

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a dynasty of emperors who ruled from 206 BCE to 220 CE. So influential that the Chinese call themselves the Han.

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Han Wudi

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the 7th emperor of the Han Dynasty, ruling from 141 BCE to 87 BCE. He doubled the size of the Han Dynasty during his rule, but was very superstitious and paranoid.

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Forbidden City

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a walled section of Peking which was built in the 15th century and included the Imperial Palace and other Imperial government buildings. Commoners weren't allowed inside.

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Scholar-gentry

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civil servants appointed by the emperor to perform day to day governance from the Han Dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty. Mainly stayed in villages or cities as social leaders.

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Calligraphy

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penmanship, the art of writing beautifully, etc. The Scholar-gentries received training in caligraphy.

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Chang'an

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a city in the Wei valley of China (Eastern China), the capital of the Qin dynasty and early Han empires, main features were imitated in new towns and cities all throughout the Han empire

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Xiongnu

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a tribe of nomadic peoples that formed a state of confederation centered around modern day Monglia. Ruled much of Central Asia for more than 500 years. Chinese wars against them lead to Chinese exploration and conquest of much of Central Asia. The Huns in Mulan.

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Corvee labor

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unpaid forced labor usually by lower classes, forced upon them by the government

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Caste system

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the Hindu system of social roles based on ____s. People generally didn't try to leave their ____ because they believed their obedience to it determined what _____ they would be in in the next life.

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Sanskrit

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the religious and classical literary language of India. Hasn't been used since about 1200 BCE

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Jati

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Regional groups that have a common occupational sphere within the caste system. They marry, eat with, and generally interact with other caste members.

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Karma

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the remnants of deeds performed in past and present lives that determines how a creature will live in it's next life cycle. Used by the elite along with reincarnation to encourage commoners to accept their social position and not object to it. Today it is used in pop culture to describe 'you did this so this will happen to you eventually.' For example, when you use the last of the toilet paper without replacing it and you end up being the next person to use the restroom.

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Varna

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The four main social divisions of the Caste System. There are the Brahmins (priests), Ksyhatriya (Warriors and administrators), the Vaishya (merchants and farmers) and the Shudra (Laborers)

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Ashoka

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The third ruler of the Mauryan empire, famous for converting to Buddhism after a battle and trying to promote it across India. The stones and pillars he broadcast his beliefs upon are the earliest surviving Indian writing

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Peloponnesian War

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conflict between Athens and Aparta and their allies that consumed most of the Greek war, caused mainly by Athenian imperialism. Famous for the Melian Dialogue, which contains 'the strong do what they can, and the weak suffer what they must' (or something like that) shortly before the Athenians kill all of the Melians.

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Mauryan Empire

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the first empire to unify most of India, founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 3245 BCE and lasted into 184 BCE. The empire grew wealthy from taxes on agriculture, iron mining, and control of trade routes. Controlled basically all of India except for the southernmost tip.

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Gupta Empire

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the empire after the Mauryan Empire, which also controlled most of India (But way less at the same time) and had the same capital (Pataliputra). Controlled with a mix of military force and it's prestige as a center of 'sophisticated' culture.

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Theatre State

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Historian term for a state that acquires prestige and power by developing attractive cultural forms and staging fancy public ceremonies to attract and bind subjects to the center. Literally the Gupta empire. Think theatrics.

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Democracy

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a system of government in which all citizens have the right to vote and hold government office if they please and all have equal rights. It began in Athens, except women and slaves and children weren't considered citizens and therefore couldn't do anything. 'MURICA!!

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Pataliputra

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a city in ancient India adjacent to modern day Patna. The capital city of the Mauryan and the Gupta Empires.

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White Huns

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a nomadic group that invaded India and eventually overthrew the Gupta Empire, only to be defeated and eventually driven out of India. Better known as the Hephthalite Empire, was located in the territories of present-day Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, India, and China.

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Xerxes

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the king of the Persian Empire from 486 to 465. The son f Darius 1, and his army was defeated by the Spartans, which is basically the plot of the movie 300.

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Darius 1

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the third ruler of the Persian Empire. He eliminated the initial resistance to his rule, gave all major governing posts to Persians as opposed to Persians and Medes like Cyrus did, and expanded Persian control east into Pakistan.

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Satrap

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the governor of a province in the Persian Empire, responsible for protecting the province and sending tribute to the central government. Generally had a lot of freedom, if they were in the outlying provinces.

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Battle of Marathon

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an important battle in the First Persian invasion of Greece, taking place in 490 BCE, in which the win gave Greece the confidence to defend themselves. The field of Marathon is where we get the length of a marathon--its 26.2 miles from Athens.

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Cyrus

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the founder of the Persian Empire, most commonly known as Cyrus the Great because he was an all-around good guy. He respected the cultures and such of the conquered peoples, letting the kings stay kings as long as they paid taxes. Thus he was called the King of Kings, which is apparently where the Bible got the 'King of kings, Lord of lords' thing from.

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Persian Wars

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the conflicts between the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, beginning with the Ionian Revolt of 499 to 494 BCE to the Batttle of Marathon in 490 BCE to the defeat of Xerxes' army by the Spartan-lead Greek army from 480 to 479 BCE. This launched the Greeks into their period of greatest cultural productivity, which was important considering we do somethings like the Greeks did even now.

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Persepolis

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a collection of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings built up by Darius 1 and Xerxes in the Persian homeland.

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Confucianism

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a philosophy based on the teachings of Confucius and his doctrine of duty and public service. It wasn't originally accepted by the Chinese government, but is now the basis of Chinese schools, governments, households, etc.

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Legalism

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a political philosophy that emphasized the fact that humans were naturally unruly, and had to be controlled by harsh rules in order to act properly. The Qin dynasty used it to justify their authoritarian nature.

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the Analects

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the collection of sayings attributed to Confucius, written by his early followers. It's not really a bible, more like a collection of the thoughts of the people who follow it.

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Daoism

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a Chinese philosophy that was an alternative to Confucianist emphasis on hierarchy and duty, originating during the Warring State's Period (604-531 BCE). They believe that the world is constantly changing and is devoid of morality or meaning, so just go with the flow and try to avoid deviating from the Dao (the path) of nature.

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Lao Zi

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a Chinese philosopher who is generally credited to being the founder of Taoism (Daoism?), the philosophical system that promotes a life of simplicity and naturalness and not interfering with the course of natural events

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Ren

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a Confucian virtue describing the feeling one gets when being selfless, such as an adult's protective feelings towards children. The outward expression of Confucian ideals.

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Reciprocity

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the expectation that people will respond to each other in similar ways, being nice when people are nice to them, being rude when others are rude to you, etc.

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Filial Piety

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the primary duty in Confucianism; respect, obedience, and caring for one's parents and elders.

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Universalizing religion

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a religion that attempts to appeal to all people of all cultures and origins across the globe, as opposed to specific ethnic groups. The top 3 are Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity.

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Diaspora

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a word used to describe the communities of a certain ethnic group living outside of their homeland. The Greek word for dispersal.

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Hebrew Bible

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a collection of sacred books reflecting the concerns, beliefs, values, experiences, and origins of the Israelites.

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Abraham

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the traditional founder of the ancient Hebrew Nations, the first of the Biblical patriarchs. His name means 'father of many'.

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Jesus

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a Jew from Galilee who reformed Jewish beliefs and practices, but was executed on a cross as a revolutionary by the Romans. Started Christianity.

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Dharma

answer

essential quality or character, or the right way of living, or phenomena. Many uses=no single western translation.

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Moksha

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the Hindu concept of the release of the spirit from the cycle of rebirth. Various avenues by which this can be achieved, such as physical discipline, meditation, and acts of devotion to the gods.

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Eightfold Path

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the eight pursuits of one seeking Buddhist enlightenment. Right Understanding, Motives, Speech, Action, Means of Livelihood, Effort, Intellectual Activity, and Contemplation

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Four Noble Truths

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Doctrines of Buddha. All life is suffering, the cause of suffering is ignorant desire, this desire can be destroyed, and the means to this is the eight-fold path.

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Nirvana

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the freedom from the endless cycle of personal reincarnations, or salvation like moksha, or a place or state characterized by freedom and oblivion to pain and the external world.

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Edict of Milan

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an agreement in Rome created in 313 AD that changed the way Christians were treated in Rome. Constantine.

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Ancestor Veneration

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the practice of living family members paying respect to their deceased ancestors. Not necessarily religious, just common in China.

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Theravada

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'way of the elders' branch of Buddhism that remains close to the original principles set forth by Buddha, but downplays the importance of goda and emphasizes severeness and the individual's search to enlightenment. Mostly followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia.

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Syncretism

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the attempted union of different or opposing religions, cultures, or schools of thoughts.

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Eastern Orthodox

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second-largest Christian church in the world, originating from the Great Schism. About 225-300 million members. There's a church in Antarctica. Why is there a church in Antarctica?

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Great Schism

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the division of the Christian faith into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Christianity. The Byzantine Empire took on Eastern Orthodox while the Roman Empire took on Roman Catholic.

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Sassanid Empire

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the last Iranian empire before the rise of Islam, one of the main political powers in Western and Central Asia during its rule from 224-651 CE. AKA Neo-Persian Empire, almost constantly at war with the Byzantine Empire, eventually defeated by Arabs who had formed under Islam.

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Heretical

answer

a disagreement with the current Christian doctrine.

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Caesaropapism

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the supreme authority of church and state held by one person, usually a king or non-religious leader. Roman Catholic Church=Pope appointed by Church. Eastern Orthodox Church=Pope appointed by the king.

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Justinian

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the emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 527 to 565 CE, recovered North Africa, Southeast Spain, and Italy from Barbarians for a short time. Codified Roman Law.

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Body of Civil Law

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one of the compilations of Roman law that Justinian codified. The first and one of the only codified versions of Roman Law (but what about the Twelve Tables??), one of the foundation documents for the Western legal tradition.

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Theodora

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Justinian's wife and counselor, living from 500 to 548 CE. 17 years younger than Justinian, died from cancer.

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Cyrillic

answer

the alphabet derived from that of the Greeks, supposedly from St. Cyril, for use in Slavonic languages. Primarily used in Russia, Bulgaria, and Serbia

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Battle of Manzikert

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the fight between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Turks that occurred August 26, 1071. The defeat of the Byzantines and the capture of the emperor played an important role in harming Byzantine control in Anatolia and Armenia, and gradual Turkish takeover of Anatolia.

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Toltecs

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a powerful post classic empire in central Mexico that lasted between 900 and 1168 CE. They influenced much of Mesoamerica, and the Aztecs claimed ties to them.

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Quetzalcoatl

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an Aztec nature god who is usually portrayed as a feathered serpent. His disappearance and promised return coincided with the arrival of Cortes, the Spanish conquistador who would conquer the Aztecs.

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Aztecs

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the creators of a powerful empire in central Mexico, who grew powerful by forcing defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. The Mexicans take a lot of pride in their believed lineage with them, and honor the empire, which lasted from 1325 to 1521 CE.

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Tenochtitlan

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the capital of the Aztec empire, on an island in Lake Texcoco and had a population of about 15000 people before the Spanish conquered and destroyed it. The Mexicans treasure their past so much that Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

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Chinampas

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raised fields that are constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica that were made to increase agricultural yields.

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Anasazi

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an important Native American culture of current southwest United States, centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, lasting from 1000-1300 CE. Most famous for building multi-story residences and worshiping in subterranean buildings called kivas.

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Mound Builders

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various American Indian tribes who were centered in the Ohio River Valley, most famous for their large mounds that were erected in prehistoric and historic times, from around 3400 BCE to the 16th century CE. Some mounds were shaped like birds, snakes, or other animals from very far up.

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Inca

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The largest and most powerful of the Andean states, who controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital Cuzco. Made buildings with rocks cut to fit each other so perfectly a knife couldn't slip through, as protection from earthquakes. Emperor Kuzco's New Groove takes place here.

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Mit'a System

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An Andean labor system that was based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on the behalf of the ruler and religious organizations. Short term required service required by everyone for 65 days a year for the government, helping to build highways or noble houses while the government took care of their families while they were away.

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Allyus

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The traditional form of a community in the Andes mountain range, including the Inca. Basically extended family groups that could adopt non-related members, having more security of the land they farmed. Self sustaining, growing or trading for all the food they ate.

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Quechua

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The language of the Inca's. Still used today, has its own alphabet based on the Latin writing alphabet.

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Cuzco

answer

Capital of the Incan empire

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Abu Bakr

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First caliph in the Muslim caliphate. Muhammad's father in law, the reason for the split between Sunni and Shi'ite Muslims.

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Black stone

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Eastern cornerstone of Kabaa, towards which Muslims pray. Revered as a relic. Located in the center of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Muslims are required to take a pilgrimage to it at least once in their lifetime as part of the hajj

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Caliph

answer

An office established due to the succession to the prophet Muhammad to rule the Islamic empire.

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Caliphate

answer

Name of the Islamic empire. The last one was the Ottoman Empire

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Five pillars of islam

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Basic precepts of Islam, which includes profession of faith, ritual prayer five times a day, month long fast during Ramadan, almsgiving, and the pilgrimage to Mecca.

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Hadith

answer

A tradition relating the words or deeds of the prophet Muhammad, basis of Islamic law other than the Quran

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Hajj

answer

Pilgrimage to Mecca that every adult Muslim is required to make at least once in their lifetime, provided that they are healthy and have enough money to do so.

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Jihad

answer

Religious duty of the Muslims. Sometimes considered a holy war fought by Muslims.

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Ka'ba

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A small cubical building in the courtyard of the Great Mosque in Mecca that is the objective of the hajj. Regarded by Muslims as the House of God.

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Madrasas

answer

A school or college, specifically one that is attached to a mosque. Place where young men study theology, can be attached to a church of any religion.

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Minaret

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Tower or turret attatched to a mosque that is often surrounded by balconies. Where the muezzin calls the people to pray.

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Muhammad

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An Arab prophet who was the founder of the religion Islam. Considered the last prophet sent by God to mankind by the Muslims.

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Mosque

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A Muslim temple or place of worship.

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Mecca

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A city in western Arabia that was the birthplace and home of the Prophet Muhammad, and the ritual center of the Islamic faith.

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Sunni

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A branch of Muslim faith who believe the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries.

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Shi'ites

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A branch of Muslim faith who believe that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son in law Ali. State religion of Iran.

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Umma

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Community of all Muslims.

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Umayyad

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The first hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs that lasted from 661-750 CE. Ruled an empire that stretched from Spain to India.

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Abbasid

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The empire that overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled from 750-1258 CE, descendants of the prophet Muhammad's uncle al-Abbas.

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People of the Book

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A term used to designate non-Muslim adherent faiths with revealed texts. Jews, Serbians, and Christians.

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Qur'an

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A book made up of the divine revelations made to the prophet Muhammad between 610-632 CD, when he died. Sacred text of Islam.

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Shari'a

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Law seen as deriving from the Qur'an and other sacred texts. Deals with many topics addressed by secular law including crime, politics, and economics, but also discusses more personal things such as diet, hygiene, and sexual intercourse.

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Sultan

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The sovereign of an Islamic country. Claimed almost full sovereignty in practical terms without claiming an overall caliphate.

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Ulama

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Muslim religious scholars. Primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of urban Muslim societies.

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Seljuk/mamluk Turks

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Military slaves who formed an important part of the Abassid Caliphate's armed forces of the 9th and 10th centuries under the Islamic system of military slavery. Mamluk generals used their power to establish a dynasty that ruled from Egypt to Syria from 1250 to 1517

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Henry the navigator

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A Portuguese prince who lived from 1394 to 1460. Promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.

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Caravel

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A small and very maneuverable three-masted ship. Both the Spanish and the Portuguese used these to explore the Atlantic.

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Dias

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A Portuguese explorer who lived from around 1450 to 1500. Led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic Ocean and to see the Indian Ocean in 1488.

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Da Gama

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A Portuguese explorer who lived from around 1460 to 1524. Led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

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Columbus

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A mariner from Genoa who was sponsored by Spain to lead expeditions across the Atlantic. Failed to find India, but lead to a new connection between the Americas and the Old World, which eventually lead to Spanish conquest and colonization of if.

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Treaty of Tordesillas

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An agreement between Portugal and Spain made on June 7th 1494 that split the world into two halves. One half could be occupied by Spain and the other by Portugal, as long as it wasn't already occupied by a Christian ruler. None of the other European colonies accepted this treaty, and Portugal ended up with far less available land.

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Magellan

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A Portuguese explorer who lived from around 1480 to 1521. Led the Spanish expedition if 1519 to 1522 that was the first to sail around the world, even though only one of his ships made it back and he didn't survive.

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Conquistadors

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The early 16th century explorers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru.

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Cortez

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Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs in 1519 to 1521 for Spain.

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Moctezuma

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The last Aztec emperor, who lived from around 1466 to 1520. Overthrown by Hernan Cortez.

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Pizarro

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A Spanish conquistador who lived from 1475 to 1541. Conquered the Inca empire of Peru in 1531-1533

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Atahualpa

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The last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. Executed by the Spanish once they took over his land.

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Vice royalties

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Countries or provinces ruled by viceroys (people appointed to rule as the deputy of the sovereign). Viceroyalty of New Spain and Viceroyalty of Peru. Think Code Geass. Japan was a...

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De Las Casas

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A Spanish priest who lived from 1474 to 1566. The most influential defender of the American Indians and advocate against their mistreatment, writing many books that detailed how exactly they were treated.

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Encomienda

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A grant of authority over a population of American Indians in the Spanish colonies. It gave the grant holder a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the American Indians, and obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Indians. This helped to dehumanize them.

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Encomienderos

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People who held the grant of authority that was an encomienda. The American Indians were often worked relentlessly by them.

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Peninsulares

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Spanish-born Spaniards, or mainland Spaniards, who came to the Americas. They lived in a society where they were the minority, with the soviet comprising mainly of American Indians, Creoles, Africans, and people of mixed ancestry.

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Creoles

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Someone of European descent who was born in the Americas. Used to define all non-native peoples in the rest of America.

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Mestizos

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People of mixed American Indian and European descent, as called by Spanish authorities. Often unacknowledged by their fathers, whether they be European or American Indian, but they came to dominate urban artisan trades and small-scale agriculture and ranching.

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Mulattoes

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People of mixed African and European descent, as called in Spanish and Portuguese colonies.

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Castas

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The term for mixed-descendant groups in Spanish America. They dominated small-scale retailing and construction, and were also wage-laborers, small ranchers, and small farmers.

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Protestant work ethic

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A concept that emphasizes hard work and diligence as a constant display of a person's salvation by Christ.

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Joint-stock companies

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Businesses, often backed by a government charter, who sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises. Good safety net to spread the risks of investing among many investors, also spread profits amongst said investors.

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Jamestown

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A village in eastern Virginia that was the first permanent settlement in North America, founded in 1607. Nearly 80% of all settlers died from either disease or American Indian attacks in the first 15 years. Also didn't grow enough food and were saved on many occasions by nothing but the generosity of the neighboring Indian tribes.

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Mercantilism

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The European government policies of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring countries to trade only with its motherland country.

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Plantation economy

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An economy based on agricultural mass production, which were usually a few staple products, as was done on plantations. Usually worked by the means of slave labor, causing a steady rise in the numbers of African slaves.

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Indentured Servitude

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Method of service in which a migrant to the British colonies in the Americas would pay for passage by agreeing to work for someone else for a set term, tending to range from four to seven years.

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Tang Dynasty

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an empire that unified China and part of central Asia, which was founded in 618 CE and ended in 907 CE.

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tributary system

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a system in which countries in the east and southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the Chinese emperors in exchange for trading rights or strategic alliances. It started in the Han dynasty. The tributary states were usually still seen a barbarians--just more civilized barbarians.

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kowtow

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to touch the forehead to the ground while kneeling as an act of worship, reverence, or apology. Widely used to show one's respect towards the elders, superiors, the Emperor, and religious and cultural objects of worship.

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Grand Canal

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the 1100 mile man-made waterway linking the Yellow River to the Yangzi River. Started in the Han period and finished in the Sui Dynasty.

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Xuanzang

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a Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator. He described the interactions between India and China in the early Tang Dynasty.

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Uighurs

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a group of Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire, reigning between 744 to 840 CE that resided in Mongolia and Central Asia. Today they are living mainly in Western China.

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Emperor Wuzong

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an emperor of the Tang Dynasty who reigned from 840 to 846 CE, who was mainly known today for the religious persecution during his reign along with his successful reactions against raids.

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Song Dynasty

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an empire in central and southern China from 960 to 1126 CE while the Liao people ruled in the north, and in southern China from 1127 to 1279 CE while the Jin people controlled the north

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Gunpowder

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a mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal, all in various proportions, that was brought into China in the 400s or 500s CE and eventually used to make explosives, grenades, and to propel cannonballs and bullets.

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Junk

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a large, flat-bottomed sailing ship designed for long-distance commercial travel, mainly produced and used during the Tang, Ming, and Song empires.

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printing/moveable type

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a type in which each individual letter is cast onto a separate piece of metal. A very important innovation that allowed for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page, and replaced woodblock printing in which you had to carve each and every page into a block of wood and print that repeatedly. May have been invented in Korea in the 13th century.

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Paper money

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a currency in paper form, such as banknotes and government notes. Allowed for standardization of value of money and was cheaper andf faster to make than coins.

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Flying money

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the paper currency of the Tang Dynasty. Tang government started paying merchants in paper money because it became inconvenient for them to transfer large amounts of copper coins, but due to their tendency to fly away they were called this. Either that, or traders could literally 'fly' through countries and still have their money without carrying it around with them.

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Neo-Confucianism

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the new approaches to understanding classic Confucianism texts. Became the basic ruling of philosophy of the Song Dynasty all the way until the twelfth century.

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Mencius

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a Chinese philosopher who lived from 372 to 289 BCE. He was the most famous Confucian after Confucius himself, and his interpretation of it helped begin Neo-Confucianism.

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Empress Wu Zhao

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the only female Chinese emperor in over 4000 years, ruling her self-proclaimed Zhou Dynasty (which is during the Tang) from 690 to 705 CE. Under her rule, China was expanded far beyond its previous borders and into central Asia, and her leadership resulted in changes in social classes and state support for Taoism, Buddhism, education, and literature.

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foot binding

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the act of tightly binding the feet of infant girls to keep their feet as small as possible. Mostly amongst those of higher classes, their feet would eventually break and theyy'd be proud of it, since it showed that they were so rich that they didn't have to work the fields or really do any sort of walking at all dudes would be attracted to it. Foot fetish?

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Monsoons

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seasonal winds, associated with the Indian Ocean, that are caused by the differences in temperature between the rapidly heating and cooling landmasses of Africa anfd Asia and the slowly-changing ocean waters. They have been ridden across the open sea by sailors for a long time, and the rainfalls they deposit on parts of India, southeast Asia, and China allowed for the cultivation of several crops a year.

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tropics

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the region near the Equator that is between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Caprcorn. Characterized by generally warm or hot temperatures year-round, but variation exists due to altitudes and other factors. Temperate zones north and south of these generally have a winter season.

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Stateless society

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a society that is not governed b a state. Little concentration of authority (those that exist are limited in n power instead of being exercised by a central government)

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Ghana

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the first-known kingdom in the sub-Saharan West Africa region between the sixth and thirteenth centuries CE. Also a modern West-African country, and was once known as the Gold Coastt

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Mali

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an empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa, which ruled from the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries CE. Famous for it's role in trans-Saharan trade, Mansa Musa, and Timbuktu.

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Sundiata

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the founder of the Mali empire. He is celebrates as a hero in the semi-historical Epic of Sundiata, a tale recited orally by Mandinka griots for generations. Mansa Musa is his grandnephew.

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griots

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a member of a hereditary caste in West Africa whose job is to memorize and preserve the oral history of a tribe or vilahe and to entertain with stories, poems, dances, etc.

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Mansa Musa

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a ruler of Mali from 1312 to 1337 CE. He made a very famous pilgrimage to Mecca in 1314 to 1315 CE, which established Mali's reputation for great wealth in Mediterranean world.

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Songhay

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a people, language, kingdom, and empire in Western Sudan of West Africa. At it;s peak in the 16th century, the Muslim Songhai Empire stretched from the Atlantic all the way to the land of the Hausa and was major player in the trans-Saharan trade.

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Syunni Ali

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the first king of the Songhai empire and the 5th king of the Sonni dynasty. Under his rule many citieswere captured and fortified, such as Timbuktu, which was captured in 1458.

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Hausa Statwes

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an agricultural and trading group of people of central Sudan in West Africa who were mostly autonomous. They remained mostly autonomous besides a brief incorporation into the Songhai empire, until the Sokoto Caliphate conquered them in the early 19th century.

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Swahili Coast

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the East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River.

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Great Zimbabwe

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a city that is now in ruins (the ruins now in the modern African country of Zimbabwe) which was many stone structures that were built between around 1250 and 1450. It used to be a trading center and the capital of a large state.

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Timbuktu

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a city n the Niger River in the modern country of Mali.Founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000 CE, but was conquered and became part of the Mali empire, where it became a major terminus of the trans-Saharan and a center of Islamic learning.

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Genghis Khan

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Temujin, ruler of the Mongols from 1206 to 1227 CE. Founder and ruler of the Mongol Empire.

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Kublai Khan

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the last of the Mongol Great Khans, who ruled from 1260 to 1294 CE. Founder of the Yuan Dynasty.

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Il-Khan

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a secondary or peripheral khan based in Persia. Their khanate was founded by Hulegu, a grandson of Genghis Khan, and was based at Tabriz, which is in modern Azerbaijan, and they controlled much of Iran and Iraq.

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Black Death

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an outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, killing a vast number of people.

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Factories

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Portuguese trading fortress and compounds with resident merchants, utilized throughout the Portuguese trading empire to assure secure landing places and commerce.

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Kongo

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an African kingdom located in west central Africa that lasted from 1390 to 1891 CE as an independent state. They traded with Portugal, acquiring goods and missionaries by selling more and more slaves.

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Middle Passage

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the part of the Atlantic Circuit that involved the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas. The worst and deadliest part.

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African Diaspora

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the communities throughout the world that are descended from the historic movements of peole from Africa, predominantly to the Americas, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. Typically applied to the descendants of people from West and Central Africa who were enslaved and shipped to the Americas by the Atlantic Slave Trade.

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Asante

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an African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded and prospered rapidly after 1680. They traded gold, slaves, and ivory in the Atlantic economy.

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Benin

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a small West African Kingdom that was highly centralized and lasted from 912 to 1897 CE. The king of Benin patronized the artists who created brass sculptures.

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Dahomey

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a West African kingdom that lasted from around 1600 to 1900. It's rise in 1720 relied heavily on firearms it received from the slave trade that it could then give to its armies, which consisted of both men and women.

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Cape Colony

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a Dutch colony established at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652 until the British came to power in 1795 to 1806 CE. Initially established to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire, and by 1770 the settlements had expanded enough to come into conflict with Bantus.

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Colombian Exchange

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the exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Old World and the New World after the Colombian Expeditions.

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Smallpox

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an infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants. Began in Europe and spread to Americas through conquest.

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Atlantic Economy

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the network of trade between the Americas and Europe. The _______________ was highly based off of the production of tobacco and sugar cane in the Americas, and transporting it to Europe.

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Great Circuit

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a trade route from Europe to Africa, from Africa to the Americas, and from the Americas back to Europe. The basis by which plants, animals, and other things made their way across the Atlantic, forming part of the Colombian exchange, and also how slaves got to America.

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Manila Galleons

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Spanish trading ships that made round-trip voyages once or twice a year across the Pacific Ocean, running trade between the Philippines and the Americas.

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Cash Crops

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crops considered easily marketable. The main production of plantations.

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Manumission

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a grant of legal freedom to an individual slave, usually to the slave mistress who mothered a slave owner's child, and the child. Mostly in Spanish colonies.

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Seasoning

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a period of adjustments to new climates, disease environments, and work routines that was experienced by slaves newly arrived in Americas and was often difficult for them. About 1/3rd of slaves going through this died of unfamiliar diseases.

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Plantocracy

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the rich men in the West Indian colonies who owned most of the slaves and land, especially in the 18th century. Also held most of the power.

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Maroons

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slaves who ran away from their masters, often becoming members of a community of runaway slaves in the West Indies and South America.

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Shintoism

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the religion of early Japanese culture, primarily a system of nature and ancestor worship. Devotees worshiped numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world, and offered food and prayers made to gods and nature spirits. Think ninjas.

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Fujiwara Family

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the aristocratic family that dominated the imperial court between the 9th and 12th centuries. They experienced exceptional influence over imperial affairs, and aided in the decline of imperial power.

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Heian Era

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300 years of developing a new culture, taking place between 794 and 1100, and the movement of the capital to the city of Heian. Characterized by the groth of significance of large estatesk the moving away from Chinese culture, and Japan beginning to become more distinct. n

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The Tale of Genji

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the first novel in any language, written by Lady Muraski. Relates the life history of a prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor. This novel provides evidence for the mannered style of Japanese society.

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Shogun

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a hereditary commander in chief of Japan. Generally the real ruler of the country until feudalism was abolished in 1867.

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Samurai

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the hereditary military elite of the Tokuawa Shogunate. Loyal to local lords, not the emperor. Literally translates to ;'those who serve'. Opposite of ninjas. Watch out for Shredder.

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Daimyos

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the Japanese warlords and great landowners who owned armed samurai and controlled the Japanese slands from the 8th to later 19th centuries. Under the Tokugawa Shogunate they were subordinated to the imperial government. Literally translates to 'great names'.

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Toyotomi Hideyoshi

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a general under Nobunaga, became a military master of Japan in 1590 and died in 1598. He succeeded as the leading military power in Japan, and continued efforts to beak the power of daimyos, while constructing a series of alliances that led to him being made the military master of Japan.

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Tokugawa Ieyasu

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a vassal of Hideyoshi who succeeded him as the most powerful military figure in Japan. Granted the title of shogun in 1603 and established the Tokugawa Shogunate and political unity in Japan.

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Alternate attendance

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the requirement that daimyo and samurai move periodically between the court in Edo and his han, typically sending alternate years in each place while his wife and heir were rrequired to remain in Edo as hostages. This expenditure was necessary to maintain lavish residences in both places, and for the procession to and from Edo, placed financial strains on the daimyo and made them unable to wage war. It also encouraged road building and the construction of inns and facilities along the routes, which generated economic activity.

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Floating worlds

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the center of Tokugawa Urban Culture, called ukiyoa here,. Entertainment and pleasure quarters housed tea houses, theaters, brothels, and public baths to offer escape from social responsibilities and the rigid rules of conduct that governed civil behavior.

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Kabuki

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a popular type of Japanese drama that was combined with music and dance, and is the type of theatre in Japan. The oparts were played by all-male actors.

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Ivan III

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also known as Ivan the Great, he was the prince of Duchy of Moscow, was responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols after 1462, and took the title of tsar, or czar, which is the equivalent of emperor.

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Cossacks

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the people of the Russian Empire who did not livwe inside the farming villages, but outside of them as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Led the conquest of Serbia in the conquest of Serbia in the 16th and 17th centuries.

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Ivan IV

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also known as Ivan the Terrible, he established contacts with western Europe commerce and trade. He also confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of boyars, or aristocrats.

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Boyars

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Russian aristocrats. Possessed less political power than their Western European counterparts.

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Romanov Family

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the Russian imperial line that ruled from 1613 to 1917. They were elected at the end of the Time of Troubles.

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Peter the Great

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living from 1672 to 1725, he was a Russian tsar who ruled from 1689 to 1725. He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite and moved the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. Basically a college frat boy as far as housekeeping in guest houses, and liked to tear off people's beards.

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Window on the West

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after the great Northern War, Russia made important gains in Lativa and Estonia in the Baltic Sea. This all happened in the Treaty of Nystad.

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Table of Ranks

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an opportunity, created by Peter, for non-nobles to serve the state and join the nobility. Based off of 'nobility based on merit'.

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Gunpowder empire

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an empire formed by outside conquerors who unified the regions that they conquered through their mastery of firearms. Some examples include the Muslim Ottoman Empire, Safavids, and the Mughals.

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Osman

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the Turkish leader who began to build a new empire in the corner of Asia Minor in early 1300s. These turks later became known as the Ottoman Turks, and formed the Ottoman Empires.

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Suleiman the Magnificent

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living from 1494 to 1566 and also known as Suleiman Kanumi, or 'the lawgiver', he was the most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire when he reigned from 1520 to 1566. He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.

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Janissaries

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infantry whooriginated from slavery at first and were armed with firearms. They constituted the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.

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Devshirme

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the system by which boys from Christian communities were selected by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries. Translates to 'selection' in Turkish.

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Vizier

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a high official in a Muslim government. Also the high government officials in ancient Egypt. Jafar was one.

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Istanbul

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the new capital of the Ottomkan Empire. Used to be Constantinople, and the capital of the Byzantine Empire, until it was taken by the Turks.

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Imams

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Rulers who could trace descent from the successors of Alli, according to Shi'ism. It is sometimes used to mean a worship leader of a mosque and Muslim community by Sunni Muslims. It may also be used in the form of a title for renowned Muslim scholars.

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Hidden Imam

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The last in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali--the one who Shi'ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In occlusion since around 873, he is expected to return as a messiah at the end of time.

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Ismail

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the Shah of Iran in 1501 and the founder of the Safavid dynasty, ruling from 1501 to 1524. He had unified all of Iran by 1509

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Shah Abbas I

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the fifth and most renowned ruler of the Safavid Dynasty in Iran. He moved the royal capital to Isfahan in 1598

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Twelver Shi'ism

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the largest branch of Shi'a Islam. The term Twelver refers to it's member's belief in twelve divinely ordained leaders, known as the Twelve Imams, and their belief that Madhi will be the returned Twelfth Imam who disappeared and is believed by Twelvers to be in occultation.

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Isfahan

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the capital of Persia's Safavid Empire. The city flourished from 1050 to 1722, particularly in the 16th century under the Safavids

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Babur

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the founder of the Mughal dynasty in India,. He descended from Turkic warriors

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Mughal Empire

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a Muslim state, lasting from 1526 to 1857. It exercised dominance over most of India during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

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Akbar

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Living from 1542 to 1605, he was the most illustrious sultan of India's Mughal Empire. He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus

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Taj Mahal

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the most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India. It was originally built as a mausoleum for the wife of Shah Jahan, Mauntaz Mahal

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Sati

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a ritual in India of sacrificing surviving widows with the bodies of their deceased husbands. Mention of the practice can be dated back to the 4th century BCE

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Purduh

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the Indian term for the practice among Muslims and some Hindus of isolating women and preventing them from associating with men outside the home. Sometimes the isolation is physical, and sometimes it is the requirement that women cover their bodies so as to cover their skin and conceal their form

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Divine Faith

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a syncretic religion that Akbar developed, which claimed to blend all religions, but mainly focused on Akbar himself. Akbar picked the members of the religion himself; there were never more than 19 adherents. The religion didn't survive past Akbar's death, but it did trigger a strong orthodox reaction in Indian Islam

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Nanuk

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an emperor who created the religion Sikhism. It was a blend of various religions to promote less conflicts

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Guru

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a religious leader of Sikhism. They were brahmans who were the teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the guptas

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Army of the Pure

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a challenge by the 10th guru against the Mughal army. They signaled their faith by not cutting their hair; covering it with a turban; carrying a comb, a steel bracelet, a sword or dagger, and wore military style breeches

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Fatehpur Sikri

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Akbar's entirely new capital city. It was planned and constructed by him, and served as his capital from 1569 to 1585

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Humanism

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interest in the capabilities and accomplishments of individuals. It was essentially an emphasis on humans across Europe

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Patrons

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wealthy supporters of the arts. They provided money, supplies, and a place to live for artists.

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Da Vinci

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a famous 'Renaissance Man'. He was known for his sketches and paintings. such as the Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, parachute, helicopter, etc.

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Michelangelo

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a famous 'Renaissance Man'. He was famous for painting the Sistine Chapel

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Raphael

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a famous 'Renaissance Man'. He was famous for his paintings and architecture, such as The School of Athens'

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Renaissance Man

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a person of high skill who is considered a genius in multiple areas. Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael were all considered Renaissance Men

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Shakespeare

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a famous playwright, both in his time and in modern times. He wrote Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, and many other plays

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Cervantes

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a famous Spanish author, living from 1547 to 1616, who is best remembered for writing Don Quixote. In Don Quixote, he satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form

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Gutenberg

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the man who invented the movable type printing press. He also printed the first Bible

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Protestant Reformation

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A religious Reform movement within the Latin Christian Church that began in 1519. It resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England

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Martin Luther

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the author of the 95 Theses. The 95 Theses were 95 propositions that criticized the Catholic Church

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John Calvin

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the founder of Calvinism, which was a reformed Catholicism. He wrote Institutes of a Christian Religion, which was published in 1536. His religion centered on a stern and vengeful god who was all knowing, and that everyone was predestined for either heaven or hell

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Anglican Church

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the church established by Henry VIII. He created this religion simply because the Catholic Church wouldn't grant him a divorce

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Catholic Reformation

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a religious reform movement that took place in the Latin Christian Church and began in response to the Protestant Reformation. The Reformation clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.

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Edict of Nantes

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a decree announced at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion. The edict defined the rights of the French Protestants

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Treaty of Westphalia

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the treaty that ended the Thirty Years Wars. It allowed regions to choose their own religions

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English Civil War

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taking place from 1642 to 1649, it was a conflict over the royal rights against the Parliamentary rights, and was caused by King Charles I's arrest of parliamentary critics. The war ended with his execution. The outcome of the war both A) checked the growth of royal absolutism, and B) alongside the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the English Bill of Rights of 1689, ensured that England would be a constitutional monarchy.

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Scientific Revolution

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the intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics but by the seventeenth century would lay the groundwork for modern science. Essentially, it was an era of people wanting to know more about the world around them

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Scholasticism

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a philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman catholic theology in the thirteenth century. Scholars based their inquiry on the principles established by the Church

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Copernicus

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the first person who said that Earth rotates the Sun. Originally, everyone believed he was ridiculous, but it was later proven over and over again to be true.

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Nasir al-Din

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a Persian mathematician and cosmologist. His academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system

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Galileo

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the inventor of the telescope, he also said that Earth rotated around the Sun. The Church finally took action after his works

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Newton

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The person who invented calculus, the laws of motion, and other things. He also wrote the Principia Mathematica

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Deism

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the belief that a divine spirit set the natural laws in motion. Alongside it is the belief that religious knowledge should be rejected as a source of authority and that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to determine the existence of a single creator of the universe.

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Enlightenment

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a philosophical movement occurring in the eighteenth century that fostered the belief amongst Europeans that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. This movement was inspired by the scientific revolution

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Locke

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an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. He expounded upon the laws of nature regarding human liberties, and would later be an inspiration for the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution

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Hobbes

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an English philosopher best known for his work on political philosophy. He said that people needed to be controlled by force

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Adam Smith

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a Scottish moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy, and a key Scottish Enlightenment figure. He analyzed supply and demand, and wrote the book The Wealth of Nations

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Habsburg Family

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a powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later on, the Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth and seventeenth century Spain. They had so many power claims all over Europe that they were thought to be the future controllers of the region.

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Absolute monarchs

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people who held complete control. The head of state is a hereditary position in absolute monarchies

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Divine Right

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a justification to rule from divine figures. An example of this is the Mandate of Heaven, used by Chinese emperors to justify the overthrowing of the dynasty before them

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Constitutionalism

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the limitation of government by law, implying balance between authority of government and rights of the subjects. England and Holland evolved towards constitutionalism first

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Louis XIV

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the king of France from 1643 to 1715. His reign was marked by the expansion of French influence into Europe and the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles

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Versailles

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the huge palace built for French King Louis XIV south of Paris in the town of the same name. The palace symbolized the preeminence of French power and architecture in Europe and the triumph of royal authority over the French nobility

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Ming Dynasty

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an empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after overthrowing the Ming dynasty, lasting from 1368 to 1644. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He.

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Jesuits

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Missionaries from the Catholic Church who convinced people to come back to it after the Catholic Reformation. They also tried to convert the Chinese and Japanese to Christianity, and gained their status by displaying their knowledge

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Matteo Ricci

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a famous Jesuit missionary. He utilized his knowledge of Chinese culture to spread Christianity to the Chinese people

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Qing Dynasty

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an empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming dynasty in 1644. At various times the Qing also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet

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Queue

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a hairstyle that showed submission to the Qing dynasty. It's typically worn my male Manchu people, and was later imposed on the Han Chinese. The hair on the front of the head was shaved off above the temples every ten days, while the rest of the hair was braided into a long ponytail

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Kangxi

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the emperor of the Qing empire, ruling from 1662 to 1722. He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing empire

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Qianlong

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a Chinese emperor who reigned over the height of the Qing dynasty. He composed over 100,000 poems, and was a connoisseur of art

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Macartney Mission

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the unsuccessful attempts by the British Empire, lasting from 1792 to 1793, to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing empire. It was named for George Macartney, who lead the endeavor. They were trying to convince the Qianlong emperor of China to ease restrictions on trade between Great Britain and China.

AP World History Stanton College Prep Mr. Tovrea’s Class

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